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1. Introduction to Combined 1. Introduction to Combined Cycle Cycle Power Plants Power Plants
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 1 / 109
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Introduction to Combined Cycle Power Plants 21Electricity Demand and Supply 222Cost of Electricity 443Electricity Demand and Supply 222
Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants 534Wide Use of Gas Turbine 1025Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants 534
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 2 / 109
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Gas Turbine In a gas turbine, the working fluid for transforming thermal energy into rotating mechanical energy is the hot
combustion gas, hence the term gas turbine.
The first power generation gas turbine was introduced by ABB in 1937 it was a standby unit with a thermal The first power generation gas turbine was introduced by ABB in 1937. it was a standby unit with a thermal efficiency of 17%.
The gas turbine technology has many applications. The original jet engine technology was first made into a h d t li ti f h i l d iheavy duty application for mechanical drive purposes.
Pipeline pumping stations, gas compressor plants, and various modes of transportation have successfully used gas turbines.
While the mechanical drive applications continue to have widespread use, the technology has advanced into larger gas turbine designs that are coupled to electric generators for power generation applications.
Gas turbine generators are self-contained packaged power plants.
Air compression, fuel delivery, combustion, expansion of combustion gas through a turbine, and electricity generation are all accomplished in a compact combination of equipment usually provided by a singlegeneration are all accomplished in a compact combination of equipment usually provided by a single supplier under a single contract.
The advantages of the heavy-duty gas turbines are their long life, high availability, and slightly higher overall
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 3 / 109
efficiencies. The noise level from the heavy-duty gas turbines is considerably less than gas turbines for aviation.
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Power Generation Requirement
CoalGas
Variety of Fuels Competitive Machine
GasOilWaterNuclearWind
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WindSolarGeothermalBiomass
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 4 / 109
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Type of PlantBase Load Intermediate Load Peak Load
OperatingOperating Hours [hr/a] 5000 2000 to 5000 2000
Nuclear plant Gas turbine
Generating Units
High-performance steam turbine plant
High efficient combined cycle
Simple steam turbine plant
Old base-load plant
Combined gas and steam
Diesel engine
Pumping-up power plantg yplant
Hydropower plant
Combined gas and steam plant Old simple steam turbine
plant
Characteri-
Operated at full load as long as possible during the year
High efficiency and lowest cost
Operated on weekdays andshutdown at night and on the weekend
Low capital investment, buthighest operating costs
Characteri-stics
High efficiency and lowest cost
Poor load change capability (take more time to respond load demand)
The efficiency is higher than that of peak-load plants, but lower than that of base-load plants
Ease in startup
Used as standby or emergency also
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 5 / 109
) plants
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Combined Cycle Power PlantsIn simple cycle mode, the gas turbine is operated alone, without the benefit of recovering any of energy in the hot exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are sent directly to the atmosphere.Fuel
In combined cycle mode, the gas turbine exhaust gases are sent into HRSG. The HRSG generates steam that is normally used to power a steam turbine.
Combustor
Turbine G
Compressor
Inlet Air
Steam GHP LP
Exhaust GasAir Turbine G
Condenser
HP Drum
LP Drum
HRSGCondenser
DeaeratorHP Superheater
HP EvaporatorHP Economizer
LP Superheater
Condensate
LP Boiler Feed Pump
pLP Evaporator
LP Economizer
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 6 / 109
PumpHP Boiler Feed Pump
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Simple Cycle Simple cycle gas turbines for electricity generation are typically used for standby or peaking capacity and
are generally operated for a limited number of hours per year. Peaking operation is often defined as fewer than 2,000 hours of operation per year., p p y
In mechanical drive applications, and for some industrial power generation, simple cycle gas turbines are base load and operate more than 5 000 hours of operation per yearbase-load and operate more than 5,000 hours of operation per year.
Some plants are initially installed as simple cycle plants with provisions for future conversion to combined cycle.
Gas turbines typically have their own cooling, lubricating, and other service systems needed for simple yp y g g y pcycle operation. This can eliminate the need to tie service systems into the combined cycle addition and will allow continued operation of the gas turbine during the conversion process and, with proper provisions, during periods when the combined cycle equipment is out of service.
If future simple cycle is desired, a bypass stack may be included with the connection of the HRSG. A typical method for providing this connection is to procure a divert damper box at the outlet of the gas turbine.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 7 / 109
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Schematic of a CCPP
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 8 / 109
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3 P R h C l (F Cl G T bi )
Cycle Diagram3 Pressure Reheat Cycle (F-Class Gas Turbine)
Fuel
G Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Air
Gas Turbine
IP Steam LP SteamCold ReheatHot Reheat Main
G
SteamCold Reheat Steam
Hot Reheat Steam
Main Steam
St
Condenser
G
Steam Turbine
Condensate Pump
SteamWaterFuelAir
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 9 / 109
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T-s Diagram for a Typical CCPP
T
Topping Cyclepp g y(Brayton Cycle)
Bottoming Cycle(Rankine Cycle)
s
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 10 / 109
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CHP; Combined Heat and Power
In the simplest arrangements, the gas turbine waste heat is used directly in an industrial process, such as for drying in a paper mill,such as for drying in a paper mill, or cement works.
Adding an HRSG converting t h t i t t iwaste heat into steam, gives
greater flexibilities in the process for chemical industries, or district heating
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 11 / 109
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Thermodynamic Consideration
THH
W
QHGas
TH
WTurbine
W
QH
HRSG
Q
W
Q
WSteamTurbine
TL
QLTL
QL
[ F il / N l ] [ C bi d C l ]
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 12 / 109
[ Fossil / Nuclear ] [ Combined Cycle]
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Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Topping Cycle Bottoming Cycle
Main Components GT ST/HRSG
Working Fluid Air Water/Steam
Temperature High Medium/Low
Thermodynamic Cycle Brayton Rankine
Coupling Two Cycles Heat Exchanger
Topping Cycle Bottoming Cycle
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 13 / 109
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Combined Cycle Power Plants Combined cycle means the combination of two thermal cycles in one plant.
When two cycles are combined, the efficiency increases higher than that of one cycle alone.y y g y
Thermal cycles with the same or with different working fluid can be combined.
In general a combination of cycles with different working fluid has good characteristics because their In general, a combination of cycles with different working fluid has good characteristics because their advantages can complement one another.
Normally, when two cycles are combined, the cycle operating at the higher temperature level is called as t i l Th t h t i d f d th t i t d t th l t t l ltopping cycle. The waste heat is used for second process that is operated at the lower temperature level, and is called as bottoming cycle.
The combination used today for commercial power generation is that of a gas topping cycle with a water/steam bottoming cycle. In this case heat can be introduced at higher temperature and exhausted at very low temperature.
Temperature of the air used as a working fluid of gas turbines can be increased very high under lower Temperature of the air used as a working fluid of gas turbines can be increased very high under lower pressure. Water/steam used as a working fluid can contain very high level of energy at lower temperature because it has very high specific heat.
N ll th t i d b tt i l l d i h t h
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 14 / 109
Normally the topping and bottoming cycles are coupled in a heat exchanger.
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Combined Cycle Power Plants Air is used as a working fluid in gas turbines having high turbine inlet temperatures because it is easy to get
and has good properties for topping cycle.
Steam/water is an ideal material for bottoming cycle because it is inexpensive, easy to get, non-hazardous, and suitable for medium and low temperature ranges.
The initial breakthrough of gas-steam cycle onto the commercial power plant market was possible due to the development of the gas turbine.
In the late 1970s, EGT reached sufficiently high level that can be used for high efficiency combined cycles.
The breakthrough was made easier because gas turbines have been used for power generation as a simple cycle and steam turbines have been used widely.
For this reason, the combined cycle, which has high efficiency, low installation cost, fast delivery time, had been developed easily.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 15 / 109
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CCPP System OptionsItems Options Remarks
Single pressure / Two pressure /Three pressure *Steam Cycle Reheat
Non-reheatDependent on EGT
Natural gas */ Distillate oil / Ash bearing oilFuel Low BTU coal and oil-derived gas
Multiple fuel systems
Water injection / Steam injectionNOx Control SCR (NOx and/or CO)
Dry Low NOx combustion *
Condenser Water cooled (once-through system) *
Condenser Water cooled (cooling tower) /Air-cooled condenser
Deaeration Deaerating condenser * Deaerator/evaporator integral with HRSGg
HRSG Design
Natural circulation evaporators * Forced circulation evaporators Unfired *
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 16 / 109
Supplementary fired
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Base Configurations for CCPP
Unfired, 3-pressure steam cycle Non-reheat for rated EGT less than 1000F/538C Reheat for rated EGT higher than 1050F/566C and fuel heating Heat recovery feedwater heating Feedwater dearation on condenser Feedwater dearation on condenser Natural circulation HRSG evaporators
GT with DLN combustors
Once-through condenser cooling water system
Multi-shaft systems
Single-shaft systems Integrated equipment and control system
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 17 / 109
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GT vs. STGas Turbine Steam Turbine
Combustion Internal External
Thermodynamic cycle Brayton Rankine
Cycle type Open Closed
Working fluid Air Water/Steam
Max. pressure, bar 23 (40 for Aviation) 350 (5050 psig)
Max. temperature, C(F) 1350 (2462) 630 (1166)a te pe atu e, C( ) 350 ( 6 ) 630 ( 66)Blade cooling Yes No
Shaft cooling No Yes (USC only)
Max. cycle efficiency, % 40 49 (USC only)
Max. number of reheat 1 2
Power density High Lowy g
Steam conditions of the steam turbines for combined cycle applications are lower than those for USC steam turbines.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 18 / 109
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CCPP Major equipment of combined cycle power plant
Gas turbine, steam turbine, generator, HRSG
Main advantages of the combined cycle power plant Higher thermal efficiency than the others (up to 60%)
- SC steam plants: 35~40%, USC steam plants: 49%p , p Shorter construction period Lower initial construction cost
- Capital costs of gas fired combined cycle are about 40% of coal fired steam plants Lower emission (low NOx burners, SCR, CO catalysts are available)
Current situationC t ti f CCPP h i d d ti ll i 1970 Construction of CCPP has increased dramatically since 1970s
Market is governed by GE and SIEMENS It is hard to develop a new competitive model because it requires both advanced technologies and
high costhigh cost
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 19 / 109
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CCPP Concept
Electricity Demand Process-energy (steam/water) demand Operating Philosophy Financing
Customer Requirements
(steam/water) demand
Site Related FactorsSite conditions / Ambient conditions50 or 60Hz Site conditions / Ambient conditions
Legislation / Emission requirements
Resources
50 or 60Hz
Fuel Water Space
Plant Concept SolutionpCapital cost
US$/kWType / Number of GTs
Single shaft Multiple shaft
Cycle selection with parameter optimization
Final optimization Plant /Cycle
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 20 / 109
Plant /Cycle
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A Typical HRSG
StackHPSection
IPSection
LPSection
TransitionDuct
starting
DuctBurner
Air Inlet
Duct
AddtionalAir supply
startingMoter
GeneratorGasTurbine
GasTurbine
FlowCorrectionDevice
HRSG
Inlet duct
A-A section
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 21 / 109
Exhaust duct
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Introduction to Combined Cycle Power Plants1Electricity Demand and Supply2Cost of Electricity 3Electricity Demand and Supply2
Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants4Wide Use of Gas Turbine 5Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants 4
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 22 / 109
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Demand and Supply Electricity must be produced when the consumers need it because it cannot be stored in a practical manner
on a large scale.
Electricity can be stored indirectly through water, but it is not economical.
Actually only storage of water pumped into lakes during off-peak time to be used during peak hours has been used practically.
Large fluctuation in demand during the day requires quick response from power plants to meet the balance between demand and supply.
Gas turbine combined cycle power plants have good characteristics in terms of fast start-up and shut-down.
In addition, they have low investment costs, short construction times compared to large coal-fired power stations and nuclear plants.
The other advantages of combined cycles are high efficiency and low emission.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 23 / 109
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Power Demand during a Day
Excellent start-up and shut down capabilities are essential for thisare essential for this
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 24 / 109
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 25 / 109: , (2012)
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 26 / 109: , (2012)
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 27 / 109: , (2012)
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 28 / 109: , (2012)
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 29 / 109: , (2012)
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 30 / 109: , (2012)
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 31 / 109: , (2012)
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Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 32 / 109: , (2012)
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- GT GT ST
GS EPS Siemens V84.3 SGT6-8000H
41
710.0274 0
378.0136 0 2013/8 SGT6 8000H 1 274.0 136.0 2013/8
GS WH 501D5 3 315.6 100.0 CHP ABB GT11N 4 317.6 100.0 CHP
SK E&S GE 7FA+e 4 686.8 340.0 K-Power 3 515 1 285 0 833 3 on 1 Conf 3 515.1 285.0 833 3-on-1 Conf.
POSCO GE 7FA+ 2 337.6 165.0 GE 7FA+ 2 337.6 165.0
POSCO WH W501D5 12 1,200.0 600.0POSCO WHV84.3A 4 812.0 440.0
MPC Siemens W501F 2 340.0 160.0
MHI M501J 2 640.0 280.0 920 2-on-1 Conf. WH W501D5 4 408.0 100.0
2 340.0 7EA GE 6F 2 154.0
NCC GE 6B 5 190 0NCC GE 6B 5 190.0 2 1560S-Power Siemens SGT6-8000H 2 548.0 272.0 2014/10
() 556 2013/12
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 33 / 109
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- Site GT () GT GT ST
GE 7FA+e (171.7) 8 1373.6 680.0 GE 7FA (170) 8 1360.0 680.0
GE 6B (38) 2 76.0 38.0 MHI M501F 3 550.0 310.5 Siemens SGT6-8000H 1 274.0 136.0 2014 ABB GT24 (150) 6 900 0 450 0
ABB GT24 (150) 6 900.0 450.0
Siemens V84.3A?
22
320.0360.0
160180.0
515.0 2013/11
GE 7FA+e (171.7) 8 1373.6 680.0
GE 7EA (87.9) 4 351.6 160.0MHI M501J 2 640.0 280.0
MHI M501G 2 508.0 210.0 MHI M501G 2 508.0 210.0 MHI M501J 4 1280.0 560.0
ABB GT11N (79.4) 8 635.2 300.0 WH 501D5 (105.2) 6 631.2 300.0
WH 501D5 (105.2) 2 210.4 100.0WH 501F (150) 4 600.0 300.0MHI M501J 2 640.0 280.0
500MW 340 0 160 0 2014 ()
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 34 / 109
500MW 340.0 160.0 2014 ()
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/ 4,300 MW (7FA+e x 16 Units)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 35 / 109
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(2,000 MW) (960 MW) (900 MW)
(1,800 MW) POSCO (500 MW) POSCO (500 MW)
POSCO (3 000 MW) GS EPS (1 000 MW) (500 MW) (500 MW) K P (1 074 MW)POSCO (3,000 MW) GS EPS (1,000 MW) (500 MW) (500 MW) K-Power(1,074 MW) (1,200 MW)
GS (1,000 MW)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 36 / 109
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(550 MW) (700 MW) (900 MW)( ) ( ) ( )
(507 MW) (960 MW) GS EPS (1020 MW)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 37 / 109
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Gas Turbine Production by SectorS D i F F I i l
18
Source: Davis Franus, Forecast International
7
)
15Commercial Aviation
l
a
r
s
(
2
0
0
7
12
Electrical Generation
o
n
s
o
f
D
o
l
6
9Electrical Generation
B
i
l
l
i
o
3
6Military Aviation
Mechanical Drive
2004 2006 2008 2010
Marine Propulsion
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 38 / 109
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(: QBtu, %)
162.1 99.1 100.4 26.5 32.7 420.8
38.5 23.6 23.9 6.2 7.8 100
: 2003 ( )
(7.8%)) , International Energy Outlook, 20061 QBtu = 25.2Mtoe1 QBtu 1 Qu d illi Btu {Qu d illi 1015
(38.5%)(23.9%)
(6.2%)
1 QBtu = 1 Quadrillion Btu {Quadrillion = 1015() or 1024 ()}
toe = Tonnage of Oil Equivalent (1 = 1 )
(23.6%)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 39 / 109
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World Primary Energy
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 40 / 109
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S IEO (2008)
World Power Generation by Fuel Type
Billion MW-h40
Source: IEO (2008)
40
30
Renewables
Nuclear
20
Renewables
Nat. Gas
10Coal
02005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Hydro
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 41 / 109
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
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B d C li d G i
World Power Generation by Fuel TypeBased on Centralized Generation
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 42 / 109
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Market Share and Product
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 43 / 109
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Introduction to Combined Cycle Power Plants1Electricity Demand and Supply2Cost of Electricity 3Electricity Demand and Supply2
Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants4Wide Use of Gas Turbine 5Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants4
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 44 / 109
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2007
: /kWh 677 4: /kWh 677.4
117.0 128.3 107.3
39.4 40.9
27.2
LNG
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 45 / 109
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S P Pl E i i (Bl k & V h)
Source: Power Plant Engineering (Black & Veatch)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 46 / 109
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400
300W
-
y
e
a
r
Coal-Steam
Gas Turbine
200
l
C
o
s
t
,
$
/
k
W
100
A
n
n
u
a Combined Cycle
0 1,500 5,000 8,760
Operation Hours/year
0
Comparisons will depend on fuel costs, capital costs, and maintenance costs.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 47 / 109
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In contrast to steam turbine-generators, the manufacturers of gas turbines have a defined product line,
allowing for substantial standardization and assembly line manufacturing.
The modular concept of the package power plants made gas turbines relatively quick and easy to install.
Standardization and modularization combine to provide the product benefits of relatively low capital cost and fast installation.
The benefits of low capital cost and fast installation were initially offset by higher operating costs when compared to other installed capacity. Therefore, early utility applications of gas turbine generator were strictly for peak load operation for a few hundred hours per year.
Improvements in efficiency and reliability and the application of combined cycles have added to the economic benefits of the technology and now give gas turbine based power plants a wider range of application on electric systems.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 48 / 109
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Cost of Electricity
< Inputs for the evaluation of the cost of electricity >
Type of Plant Output, MWDescripti
onInvestment
cost, US$/kW
Average efficiency (LHV), %
Fuel price, US$/MBTu
(LHV)
Combined Cycle Power Plant 800
2 x GT1 x ST
750 56.5 8.0 25
Gas Turbine Plant (gas) 250 1 x GT 413 37.5 8.0 25Plant (gas)
Steam Power Plant (coal) 800 1 x ST 1716 44.0 3.5 25
Nuclear Power 1250 1 x ST 3500 34 5 0 5 40Plant 1250 1 x ST 3500 34.5 0.5 40
No cost for CO2 emissions were included.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 49 / 109
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Cost of Electricity
100Capital
I t di t L dB L d
M
W
h
) 80
O&MFuel
Intermediate LoadBase Load
r
i
c
i
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y
(
U
S
$
/
M
60
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20
40
C
o 20
800 MW CCPP (gas)
800 MW Steam (coal)
250 MW GT PP (gas)
1250 MW Nuclear PP
800 MW CCPP (gas)
800 MW Steam (coal)
250 MW GT PP (gas)
1250 MW Nuclear PP
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 50 / 109
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GE S109H: Dry Low NOxCombustors(H System): Combined cycle: 14 Can-annular lean pre-mix DLN-2.5combustors : Output 480 MW (Gas turbine power 300 MW): Heat rate 6000 kJ/kWh: $153,500,000 ($320/kW) F15-K : $1
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 51 / 109
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Turbine Blade Prices (1998 )NOZZLE BUCKET MODEL (MW) TIT (C) ($)/Set MATERIAL ($)/Set MATERIAL
1 48 1,180,000 FSX410 92 2,200,000 GTD1112 48 1,180,000 GTD222 92 1,500,000 GTD1117FA 175 1,2603 60 1 190 000 GTD222 92 1 450 000 GTD1113 60 1,190,000 GTD222 92 1,450,000 GTD1111 32 680,000 FSX414 92 670,000 GTD1112 48 690,000 FSX414 92 680,000 IN7387EA 88 1,1043 48 740,000 FSX414 92 600,000 U5001 36 390,000 FSX414 92 430,000 GTD111
GE
2 48 450,000 GTD222 92 330,000 IN7386B 39 1,1043 64 420,000 GTD222 92 310,000 U5001 42 240,000 IN738 115 400,000 IN738LC2 66 210,000 IN939 115 400,000 IN738LC3 84 280 000 IN730 97 210 000 IN738LCGT11N 80 1 027 3 84 280,000 IN730 97 210,000 IN738LC4 90 210,000 X45 105 390,000 IN738LC
GT11N 80 1,027
5 40 390,000 20/25/2 59 500,000 ST 16/25MD1 100 1,170,000 MAR M247LC 197 800,000 DS CM247LC2 44 656,000 MAR M247LC 88 950,000 DS CM247LC
ABB
3 80 948,000 MAR M247LC 86 1,170,000 DS CM247LC4 78 1,170,000 IN738LC 84 950,000 MAR M247LC
GT24 150 1,255
5 76 800,000 IN738LC 82 1,240,000 MAR M247LC1 48 810,000 ECY-768 81 340,000 U5202 48 700 000 X45 73 300 000 U5202 48 700,000 X45 73 300,000 U5203 56 720,000 ECY-768 55 340,000 U520
501D2 105 1,198
4 56 770,000 X45 51 340,000 IN GC-7501 32 560,000 ECY-768 72 1,400,000 IN7382 24 410,000 X45 66 1,000,000 IN738
WH
501F 150 1 293
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 52 / 109
3 16 380,000 ECY-768 112 1,400,000 IN738501F 150 1,293
4 14 430,000 X45 100 1,100,000 U520
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Introduction to Combined Cycle Power Plants1Electricity Demand and Supply2Cost of Electricity 3Electricity Demand and Supply2
Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants4Wide Use of Gas Turbine 5Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants 4
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 53 / 109
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System Features of CCPPAdvantages Disadvantages
ff1. High thermal efficiency
2. Low initial investment
3. Short construction time
4. Fuel flexibility Wide range of gas and liquid fuels
5. High reliability and availability1. Higher fuel costs
g y y
6. Low operation and maintenance cost
7. High efficiency in small capacity increments Various gas turbine models
2. Uncertain long-term fuel supply
3. Output more dependent on ambient temperatures
Various gas turbine models8. Operating flexibility
Base, intermediate, peak load9 E i t l f i dli9. Environmental friendliness
10. Reduced plant space
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 54 / 109
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1. High Thermal Efficiency [1/6] The value of efficiency is very high because fuel spend may be about 70 percent of the total cost.
All major OEMs have developed air-cooled gas turbines for combined cycles with efficiencies around 61 percent.percent.
Siemens proved performance of 60.75% at the Irsching site outside Berlin.
The old paradigm that high performance meant advanced steam cooled gas turbines and slow started The old paradigm that high performance meant advanced steam cooled gas turbines and slow started bottoming cycles has definitely proven false.
Both GE and Siemens are able to do a hot-start within 30 minutes to full load.
Steam cooling will most likely only be used for 1,600C firing level since there will be an air shortage for both dry low emission and turbine cooling.
The key for 61% efficiency is high performance gas turbines having higher pressure ratio and firing The key for 61% efficiency is high performance gas turbines having higher pressure ratio and firing temperature.
In addition, the exhaust gas temperature has to be at a level for maximum bottoming cycle performance.
Currently, most OEMs have capability of steam turbine throttle temperature of 600C(1112F) and the optimum exhaust gas temperature should therefore be on the order of 25-30C higher.
B th GE d Si h t d d d th ttl diti f th i b tt i l 165
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 55 / 109
Both GE and Siemens have presented advanced throttle conditions for their bottoming cycles, 165 bar/600C and 170 bar/600C, respectively.
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1. High Thermal Efficiency [2/6]
Fuel EnergyThree Pressure
Combined cycle power plants have a higher thermal efficiency because of the application of two complementary thermodynamic cycles
Fuel Energy
100%
GT 37 6%L i HRSG
Three PressureReheat Cycle T
Topping CycleGT 37.6%Loss in HRSG0.3%
Loss
0 5%
pp g y(Brayton Cycle)
ST 21.7%
e
n
s
e
r
0.5%
Loss
C
o
n
d
eStack8.6%Loss
0.3% Bottoming Cycle(Rankine Cycle)
31.0%s
[ Heat balance in a typical combined cycle plant ]
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 56 / 109
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C i f Th l Effi i
1. High Thermal Efficiency [3/6]
Comparison of Thermal Efficiency
60
5049 48
60
,
%
50
4035
38 40
30
35
10
20
IGCC(SIMPLE)
(SC)
(USC)
()
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 57 / 109
(SIMPLE)(SC) (USC) ()
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E l i f H D G T bi D i F
1. High Thermal Efficiency [4/6]
1967 1972 1979 1990 2000 2008 2012
Evolution of Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Design Features
TIT, C (F) 900 (1650) 1010 (1850) 1120 (2050) 1260 (2300) 1426 (2600)1426
(2600) 1500
Press. Ratio 10.5 11 14 14.5 19-23 20-23 20-23
EGT, C (F) 427 (800) 482 (900) 530 (986) 582 (1080) 593 (1100) 623
Cooling 1 vane1&2 vane1 blade
1&2 vane1&2 blade
1,2,3 vane1,2,3 blade
1,2,3 vane1,2,3 bladeblade
SC Power, MW 50-60 60-80 70-105 165-240 165-280 400-480 (CC)
SC Heat RateSC Heat Rate, Btu/kWh 11,600 11,180 10,250 9,500 8,850
CC Heat Rate, Btu/kWh 8,000 7,350 7,000 6,400 5,880 5,690
SC Effi., % 29.4 30.5 33.3 35.9 38.6 40
CC Effi., % 42.7 46.4 48.7 53.3 58.0 60 61
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 58 / 109
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P L d Effi i
1. High Thermal Efficiency [5/6]
100 The gas turbine equipped with
Part Load Efficiency
95
90
The gas turbine equipped with VIGV or several rows of variable stator vanes keeps the efficiency of the combined cycle plant almost constant down to
85
80
almost constant down to approximately 80 to 85% load.
This is because a high exhaust
75
70
ggas temperature can be maintained as the air mass flow is reduced.
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
65
60
Below that level, the turbine inlet temperature must be reduced, leading to an increasingly fast
d i f ffi i iLoad, %
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100reduction of efficiencies.
The steam turbine is operated with sliding pressure mode down to 50% load. Below that point, the live-steam pressure is held constant resulting in throttling losses
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 59 / 109
steam pressure is held constant, resulting in throttling losses.
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P L d Effi i
1. High Thermal Efficiency [6/6]
110
Part Load Efficiency
95
1004GTs3GTs2GTs1GT
85
90
75
80
Down to 75% parallel reduction in load on all 4 GTs
65
70
Down to 75%, parallel reduction in load on all 4 GTs.At 75%, one GT is shut down.Down to 50%, parallel reduction in load on 3 remaining GTs.At 50%, a second GT is shut down.
Combined Cycle Load, %30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6020
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 60 / 109
4 GTs + 1 ST Arrangement
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C i f I i i l C i C
2. Low Initial Construction Cost [1/4]
Capital costs of gas-fired combined cycle are about 45% of coal-fired steam plants
Comparison of Initial Construction Cost
Type of Plant Output (MW) Specific Price (US$/kW)Combined Cycle Power Plant 800 550 650Combined Cycle Power Plant 800 550 - 650
Combined Cycle Power Plant 60 700 - 800
Gas Turbine Plant 250 300 - 400
Gas Turbine Plant 60 500 - 600
Steam Power Plant (coal) 800 1,200 1,400
Steam Power Plant (coal) 60 1,000 1,200
Nuclear Power Plant 1,250 2,000 3,000
Bi P Pl t 30 2 000 2 500Biomass Power Plant 30 2,000 2,500
These prices are valid for 2007.Interest during construction is not included.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 61 / 109
g
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C i f G T bi P i
2. Low Initial Construction Cost [2/4]
550
Source: Gas Turbine World (1999 Jan/Feb)
Comparison of Gas Turbine Price
500
550
1xV84.2
1xGT13D1x401
1x501D5A
1x701D
G.E.
SIEMENS
ABB
s
e
)
450
500
W
1x7FA
1xV94.21xV84.3A
1xGT11N2 1xGT24
1x701DW.H.
u
r
n
k
e
y
B
a
s
400
450
U
S
D
p
e
r
k
W
1x7EA
1 9FA
1xGT11N2 1xGT24
r
C
C
P
P
(
T
u
350
400
U 1x9FA
1xV94.2A
1x501F
e
L
e
v
e
l
f
o
r
100 200 300 400300
350
1xV94.3A1xGT26
1x701F
P
r
i
c
e
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 62 / 109
100 200 300 400ISO Net Combined Cycle Plant Output (MW)
300
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C B kd f CCPP
2. Low Initial Construction Cost [3/4]
Items Portion % CCPP
Cost Breakdown for CCPP
Integrated Services 15%
4 Project management / Subcontracting
2 Plant and project engineering / Software
8 Plant erection / Commissions / TrainingServices 8 Plant erection / Commissions / Training
1 Transport / Insurance
15 Civil works
Lots 85%
32 Gas turbine / Steam turbine / Generator set
16 Balance of plants
7 Electrical systems7 Electrical systems
4 Instrumental and control
11 HRSG island
Basis: 350~700MW CC plant with a V94.3A Gas Turbine
As a rule of thumb, a 1% increase in the efficiency could mean that 3.3% more capital can be invested.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 63 / 109
, y p
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C B kd f 400 MW CCPP
2. Low Initial Construction Cost [4/4]
Site
Cost Breakdown for a 400 MW CCPP
Steam Turbine Set
Power Island Mechanical System
9%Civil, Arrangement, Building Facilities
18%
Site Infrastructure
3%
8%Heat Recovery
Steam Generator 10%
Mechanical Systems Outside
18%
Control 3%
yPower Island
8%
Electrical (without high
Control 3%
Gas Turbine Set 32%
Electrical (without high voltage switchyard)
9%
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 64 / 109
32%
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C i f C i Ti
3. Short Construction Time [1/2]
T pe of Plant Time [Months] Combined cycle plants are relatively quick
to design and erect because all major
Comparison of Construction Time
Type of Plant Time [Months]
Combined Cycle Power Plant 20 - 30
Gas Turbine Plant 12 - 24
to design and erect because all major equipment is shipped to the field as assembled and tested components.
The gas turbine is assembled at theSteam Power Plant (coal) 40 - 50
Nuclear Power Plant 60 - 80
The gas turbine is assembled at the factory and mounted on a structural base plate or skid, minimizing the need for field assembly of the turbine.
Biomass Power Plant 22 - 26 Other components and support systems such as cooling water and lubricating oil are modules that are easily erected and connected to the gas turbine skid
The gas turbine usually can be operated in simple cycle mode while the steam portion of the combined cycle is erected.
connected to the gas turbine skid.
The gas turbine from the 1960s to the late 1980s was used only as peaking power in the countries where the large steam turbines were used as base load power plants.
However gas turbine was used as base load mainly in the developing countries where the need of power
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 65 / 109
However, gas turbine was used as base load mainly in the developing countries where the need of power was increasing rapidly because the waiting period of three to six years for a steam plant was unacceptable.
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3. Short Construction Time [2/2]
Design Philosophy for Combined Cycle Plants
/ /
Customizationstart from outside to inside
Standardizationstart from inside to outside
/ /
1980s 2000s
Pre-engineered solution has the following benefits: Time (shorter delivery time) Quality (robust design) Risk (exchangeable components in case of troubles) Cost
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 66 / 109
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4. Fuel Flexibility Most gas turbine applications rely on natural gas or No. 2 distillate
oil.
Because of the availability and economics of natural gas, the [Table] GE heavy-duty GT shipped for fuels (by 1983)y g ,majority of new power plants prefer natural gas as a fuel.
Fuel affects CC performance in a variety of ways. Fuel UnitsNatural Gas 1408
shipped for fuels (by 1983)
Natural gas containing high hydrogen content has a higher heat content and therefore output and efficiency increase when the natural gas is used as a fuel.
Process GasDual GasDistillateNaphtha
1360
78314
Plant output and efficiency can be reduced when the ash bearing fuels (crude oil, residual oil, blends, or heavy distillate) are used because of fouling occurred in gas turbine and HRSG.
KeroseneDistillate or GasDistillate and GasCrudeCrude and Distillate
30964
825932
Plant output and efficiency can be reduced when the fuels containing higher sulfur content are used. This is because higher stack gas temperature is required to prevent condensation of corrosive sulfuric acid
Crude and DistillateResidualResidual or GasResidual/Distillate/Gas
32120
41
corrosive sulfuric acid.
Heavy fuels normally cannot be ignited for gas turbine startup; therefore a startup and shutdown fuel, usually light distillate, is needed with its own storage forwarding system and fuel
Total 3570
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 67 / 109
needed with its own storage, forwarding system, and fuel changeover equipment.
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D fi i i f R li bili d A il bili
5. High Reliability and Availability [1/4]
Reliability = Availability =P F P S F
Definition of Reliability and Availability
P = period hours (normally one year, 8,760h)F = total forced outage hours for unplanned outages and repairs
Reliability = Availability =P P
No of Successful Starts
S = scheduled maintenance hours
The probability that a unit, which is classified as available, and in ready service, can be started, and be brought to synchronization within a specific period time is defined as above An inability to start
Starting Reliability =No. of Successful StartsNo. of Attempted Starts
be brought to synchronization within a specific period time is defined as above. An inability to start within the specified period and synchronize is considered a failure to start. However, repeated attempts to start without attempting corrective action are not considered additional failures to start.
MTBF =Fired Hours
Trips from a state of operation
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C i f R li bili d A il bili
5. High Reliability and Availability [2/4]
Source A Source B
Comparison of Reliability and Availability
Type of Plant Availability (%)
Reliability (%)
Availability (%)
Reliability (%)
Combined Cycle Power Plant 90 - 94 95 - 98 86 - 93 95 - 98y
Advanced GT CCPP 84 - 90 94 - 96
Gas Turbine Plant (gas fired) 90 - 95 97 - 99 88 - 95 97 - 99
Steam Power Plant (coal fired) 88 - 92 94 - 98 82 - 89 94 - 97
Nuclear Power Plant 88 - 92 94 - 98 80 - 89 92 - 98
SGT6-5000F (W501F): Reliability: 99%, Availability: 95%, Starting reliability: 93% (2010)
Many analyses show that a 1% drop in the availability needs about 2~3% increase in the efficiency to Many analyses show that a 1% drop in the availability needs about 2 3% increase in the efficiency to offset that loss.
The larger gas turbines, just due to their size, take more time to undergo any of the regular inspections, such as combustor, hot gas path, and major overall inspections, thus reducing the availability of these turbines
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 69 / 109
availability of these turbines.
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A il bili R d i i C l Fi d P Pl
5. High Reliability and Availability [3/4]Source: EPRI CS-3344 pp.1-3
Stack S.H.R.H.
Availability Reduction in Coal-Fired Power Plant
Stack
HP Turbine IP Turbine
Econ
Gas
Water
LP Turbines
I.D. fan
Generator
Gas clean up
Condenser
AshAsh
Air heater
Coal
HP heater
LP heater
Water treatment
Fans (0 6%) Boiler tubes (4 2%) Fouling/slagging (2 8%) Pulverizers (0 6%) Bearings (2 0%)
Pulverizer
Coal prep CoalF.D. fan
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 70 / 109
Fans (0.6%) Boiler tubes (4.2%) Fouling/slagging (2.8%) Pulverizers (0.6%) Bearings (2.0%) Pumps (1.7%) Condenser (3.8%) Turbine blades (2.7%) Generator (3.8%)
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5. High Reliability and Availability [4/4] Reliability is the percentage of the time between planned overhauls where the plant is generating or is
ready to generate electricity, whereas the availability is the percentage of the total time where power could be producedbe produced.
Availability and reliability are very important in terms of plant economy because the power stations fixed costs are constant whether the plant is running or not.costs are constant whether the plant is running or not.
A high availability has a positive impact on the cost of electricity.
The major factors affecting plant availability and reliability are: Design of the major components
Engineering of the plant as whole, especially of the interfaces between the systems
Mode of operation (whether base, intermediate, or peak-load duty)
Type of fuel Type of fuel
Qualifications and skill of the operating and maintenance staff
Adherence to manufacturers operating and maintenance instructions (preventive maintenance)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 71 / 109
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C i f O i d M i C
6. Low O&M Cost [1/4]
Type of Plant Output (MW) Fixed (Million US$/ )Variable
(US$/MWh)
Comparison of Operating and Maintenance Cost
yp p ( ) US$/year) (US$/MWh)
Combined Cycle Power Plant 800 6~8 2~3
Combined Cycle Power Plant 60 3~4 3~4y
Gas Turbine Plant 250 2~2.5 3~4
Gas Turbine Plant 60 1~1.5 4~5
Steam Power Plant (coal) 800 12~15 2.5~3.5
Nuclear Power Plant 1250 40~60 2.0
Biomass Power Plant 30 3~4 5~8
Fixed O&M: personnel and insurance costs. Variable O&M: cost depending upon the operation regime of the plant. Included items are:Variable O&M: cost depending upon the operation regime of the plant. Included items are: Inspection and overhauls, including labor, parts, and rentals Water treatment expenses Catalyst replacement Major overhaul expences
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 72 / 109
Major overhaul expences Air filter replacements
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C i f O i d M i C
6. Low O&M Cost [2/4]
Source: GE (1991)
Comparison of Operating and Maintenance Cost
Items Simple cycleCombined
cycle Steam coal IGCC
Fuel type NG NG Coal Coal
Fuel cost ($/MBtu) 2.65 2.65 1.5 1.5
Fixed O&M cost ($/kW/year) 0.7 3.7 28.1 38.8
Variable O&M cost ($/MWh) 7.3 3.3 2.7 3.7
Normalized plant cost 1.14 1 4.40 6.07
Some estimate that burning residual or crude oil will increase maintenance costs by a factor of 3, (summing a base of 1 for natural gas, and by a factor of 1.5 for distillate) and that those costs will ( g g , y )be three times higher for the same number of fired hours if the unit is started every fired hour, instead of once every 1000 fired hours.
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6. Low O&M Cost [3/4] O&M costs include operating labor, materials, and tools for plant maintenance on both a routine and
emergency basis.
These expenses are neither a function of plant capital cost nor plant generating capacity.p p p p g g p y
They vary from year to year and generally become higher as the plant becomes older.
These costs also vary according to the size of plant type of fuel used loading schedule and operating These costs also vary according to the size of plant, type of fuel used, loading schedule, and operating characteristics (peaking or base load).
In general, O&M costs are approximately equal to one-fourth of the fuel costs.
A good rule of thumb is that the maintenance cost is twice the initial cost during the plant life (normally, 25 years).
The running profile has a profound impact on the O&M cost The running profile has a profound impact on the O&M cost.
Usually, the first maintenance is scheduled for either 24,000 hours or 1,200 starts (whichever occurs first).
Nowadays it is common to have a maintenance agreement at some level for risk mitigation Nowadays, it is common to have a maintenance agreement at some level for risk mitigation.
There are different levels of contractual services ranging from part agreement to full coverage LTSA services.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 74 / 109
One can choose to use either the OEM or another third party service provider.
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6. Low O&M Cost [4/4] In many cases, financing organs or insurer requires and LTSA (or better) for risk mitigation to level the
insurance cost at a reasonable level.
There are ways of potentially reducing the maintenance cost and one should always lumped methods with equivalent hours.
The word lumped is used in a sense that the two different ageing mechanisms, such as creep, oxidation, regular wear and tear and stresses related to thermal gradients during start and stop, are evaluated as equivalent time by e.g. assuming that a start consumes time rather being a low cycle.
The total number of gas turbine operated in the world is about 47,000 units and the total value of the gas turbine after market was 19.3 billion USD in 2009.
The after market is valuable greatly to the manufacturers since all 47,000 units requires maintenance on a regular basis.
Certain in-house produced parts may be offered with several hundred percent margin. In contrast, the margin of a complete new turn-key power plant is about 10 percent.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 75 / 109
The reward for the user, by having a LTSA, is discounted parts and prioritized treatment by the supplier.
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7. Operating Flexibility [1/11]
Mode Baseload Plant (1990s) SCC5-4000F cycling plant (Siemens)Hot start (8 h) 90 min 45-55 min
Warm start (64 h) 200 min 120 min
C ld t t ( 120 h) 250 i 150 iCold start (>120 h) 250 min 150 min
Operational flexibility is essential in combined cycle power plants for frequency control.
Most OEMs are capable of 30 min hot-start and steep (35-50 MW/minute) ramp-rates.
The steam cooled gas turbine gas a longer start-up time. Thus, is has less flexibility in terms of DSS.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 76 / 109
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7. Operating Flexibility [2/11] Gas turbines as well as combined cycle power plants have the unique potential to react quickly and with
flexibility to changes in grid, because they have the following characteristics:
Short startup time High-loading gradients Possibilities for frequency support
Operational flexibility becomes a major topic in modern power
k t Good part load behavior Additional system for power augmentation
B ilt f b th b l d d k l d ti
markets
Built for both base-load and peak-load operation
High efficiency to maximize generation opportunities
Lower start-up emissions
Lower demineralized water consumption
Once-through HRSG
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 77 / 109
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7. Operating Flexibility [3/11][ Start-up procedure ]
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 78 / 109
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7. Operating Flexibility [4/11]
Hot start (start after an 8-hour shutdown) of a 400 MW CCPP with optimized steam turbine start-up technology (Siemens)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 79 / 109
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7. Operating Flexibility [5/11]
5 additional30 min. to baseload
30 MW/min 5 additional minutes to 150 MW
5 minutes to accelerate
13.5 minutes to accelerate
Improved
accelerate to accelerate
Improvement of SGT6-5000F (W501F) Starting Capability
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 80 / 109
Improvement of SGT6-5000F (W501F) Starting Capability
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7. Operating Flexibility [6/11]
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 81 / 109
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7. Operating Flexibility [7/11] Gas turbines are capable of relatively quick starts.
Heavy duty gas turbines can achieve starting times as low as 10 minutes but usually no higher than 30 minutes from cold start to 100% load.
Aeroderivative gas turbines can achieve 100% load in 3 minutes or less.
If equipped with bypass systems, the startup of the steam cycle portion of the combined cycle can be t d f th t biseparated from the gas turbine.
The gas turbine can be operated at full load while the steam turbine is warming up.
The HRSG can be warmed up nearly as quickly as the gas turbine with excess steam produced being The HRSG can be warmed up nearly as quickly as the gas turbine, with excess steam produced being bypassed to the condenser.
The startup time of the gas turbine and the combined cycle plant is significantly less than the time required for a comparably sized coal-fired power plantfor a comparably sized coal-fired power plant.
Supercritical plants require feedwater purity so that tube side deposition will not cause overheating damage.
Condensate polishing with oxygenated water treatment is required to achieve excellent water purity.p g yg q p y
Even many natural circulation (drum type) units now use oxygenated water treatment.
The deposition has been greatly reduced so that the requirement for frequent chemical cleaning is almost
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 82 / 109
eliminated.
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7. Operating Flexibility [8/11] For rapid changes in gas temperature, the edges of the bucket or nozzle respond more quickly than
the thicker bulk section.
These gradients, in turn, produce thermal stress that, when cycled, can eventually lead cracking.
Turbine start/stop cycle firing temperature changes Transient temperature distribution (1st stage bucket)
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 83 / 109
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B k L C l F i (LCF) T S i Hi
7. Operating Flexibility [9/11]
Key Parameters
Bucket Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) Temperature Strain History
FSNL
Fired Shutdown
T
e
n
s
i
l
e
(
+
)
Key Parameters Total strain range Max metal temperature
Tm
FSNL
r
a
i
n
T
Metal Temperaturem
%
S
t
r
max Base Load
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
(
)
Light Off & Warm-up
Acceleration
C
o
m
p
r
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 84 / 109
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7. Operating Flexibility [10/11] Currently, short start-up and shutdown times are emphasized by customers because of high fuel price. Especially, fast start-up is important for intermediate load application. The important parameters should be considered for fast start-up are as follows:
HRSG ramp capability Steam turbine ramp capabilityp p y Piping warm up times Steam chemistry Steam turbine back-pressure limitations
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 85 / 109
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HRSG
7. Operating Flexibility [11/11]HRSG
There has also been a debate over the years whether the once-through HRSG technology should be better off than drum boilers in terms of cyclingthan drum boilers in terms of cycling.
Detailed transient analysis showed that the majority of fatigue life consumption occurs at the hottest high pressure superheater and reheater during fast gas turbine loading
GE
the hottest high pressure superheater and reheater during fast gas turbine loading, regardless of whether the HRSG uses high pressure drum or once through technology.
The HRSG stack is equipped with an automatic damper that closes upon plant shutdown to reduce HRSG heat loss and the time required for next plant start-up as well as reduce thereduce HRSG heat loss and the time required for next plant start up, as well as reduce the cyclic stress of the start.
Once through HRSG eliminates the thick wall HP drum and allows an unrestricted gas
Siemens
Once-through HRSG eliminates the thick wall HP drum and allows an unrestricted gas turbine start-up.a. gas turbine start-up produces rapid boiling in the evaporatorb. if water level in the drum rises to the separators, water carry over into the superheaterp , y p
may occurc. the typical response to this is to either trip or slow gas turbine load ramp
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 86 / 109
It is hard to conclude that which one is better in terms of operating flexibility.
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8. Lower Emissions [1/6]Pollutants characteristics
Smoke Smoke is usually formed in small fuel rich regions especially during start-up.
Unburned hydrocarbons The unburned hydrocarbons and CO are formed incomplete combustion and CO typically at idling conditions.
CO2 production is a direct function of the CHx fuels burned it produces 3.14 times the fuel burned
CO2times the fuel burned.
The only way to reduce the production of CO2 is to use less fuel for the power produced.
NOx have been major pollutant in modern gas turbines.
New units under development have goals which would reduce NOx levels below 9 ppmNOx below 9 ppm.
SCRs have also been used in conjunction with DLN combustors.
New research of catalytic combustors will give 2 ppm in the future.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 87 / 109
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E i i [N 2 Oil]
8. Lower Emissions [2/6]Emission [No. 2 Oil]
4000 300
High SmokeEmissions
High CO Emissions
3000F
e
,
p
p
m
v
a
n
d
3000
m
e
T
e
m
p
.
,
200
N
O
x
R
a
t
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
O
p
t
i
m
u
m
B
2000Fl
a
100
c
h
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
O
1000
S
t
o
i
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 88 / 109
0.5 1.51.0Equivalence Ratio
Fuel richFuel lean
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W /S I j i
8. Lower Emissions [3/6] Most gas turbines control NOx emission with diluent injection into the combustor until 1990.
The injected diluent used as a heat sink that lowers the combustion zone temperature which is the primary
Water/Steam Injection
The injected diluent used as a heat sink that lowers the combustion zone temperature, which is the primary parameter affecting NOx formation.
As the combustion zone temperature decreases, NOx production decreases exponentially.
In order to increase thermal efficiency, gas turbines having higher firing temperature has being developed by manufacturers.
H hi h fi i t t hi h b ti t t hi h d NO However, higher firing temperature mean higher combustion temperatures, which produce more NOx, resulting in more diluent injection to achieve the same emission levels of NOx.
The increased diluent injection lowers the thermal efficiency because some of the energy of combustion i d t h t th t tgases is used to heat the water or steam.
Furthermore, as injection increases, dynamic pressure oscillation activity (i.e., noise) in the combustor also increases, resulting in increased wear of internal parts.
Carbon monoxide, representing the measure of the inefficiency of the combustion process, also increases as the diluent injection increases.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 89 / 109
The lowest practical NOx levels achieved with diluent injection are generally 25 ppm and 42 ppm when firing natural gas and distillate oil, respectively.
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L NO E i i
8. Lower Emissions [4/6]
CCPP includes gas turbines with DLN combustors that can operate with stack gas NOx emission concentration as low as 9 ppmvd at 15% oxygen without steam or water injection, when the natural gas is
f
Lower NOx Emissions
used as a fuel.
Water or steam injection may be required to meet NOx emission requirements, when distillate is used as a fuel.
Water or steam injection can be used in the gas turbines with diffusion flame combustors to meet NOxemission limits.
NOx can be reduced to less than 9 ppmvd by the installation of SCR in the HRSG.
Lower CO Emissions Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are low at gas turbine loads above 50%, typically less than 5~25 ppmvd
(9~43 g/GJ).
Low CO emissions are the result of highly-efficient combustion.
Catalytic CO emission abatement systems are also available, if required.
Combined Cycle Power Plants 1. Combined Cycle Power Plants 90 / 109
The CO catalyst is installed in the exhaust gas path, typically upstream of the HRSG superheater.
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L CO E i i
8. Lower Emissions [5/6]
The role of gas turbine has changed from either a special application or stand-by mode to combined cycle plants in either intermediate or base load.
Lower CO2 Emissions
The high efficiency combined with natural gas high hydrogen content result in relatively low levels of specific CO2 emission.
Unfortunately, however, the relative lower CO2 content in the flue gas makes the separation process more difficult, and may render in high separation tower heights to provide for sufficient residence time.
Another issue is the flue gas flow which is on the order of 1.5 kg/MW, compared to 0.95 kg/MW for than advanced steam plants.
The cross section of the separation tower should provide for a velocity around 5 m/s Therefore a combined The cross section of the separation tower should provide for a velocity around 5 m/s. Therefore, a combined cycle plant requires a higher and wider tower for CO2 capture plant compared to a coal fired plant.
No commercial full-scale technology for CO2 capture exists today and the road-maps towards feasible solution are still not clear.
It has been expected that the efficiency of combined cycle power plant with CO2 capture plant will drop 8 percent for a GE 9FB.03 with a 3-pressure HRSG. This is because a lot of LP steam is required for solvent
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percent for a GE 9FB.03 with a 3 pressure HRSG. This is because a lot of LP steam is required for solvent regeneration.
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CO E i i f Diff P Pl
8. Lower Emissions [6/6]
Lignite: 980~1,230
CO2 Emissions from Different Power Plants
Hard coal: 790~1,080
Oil: 890
NG: 640
NG Comb. cycle 410~430
Unit: g CO2/kWh
Solar 80~160
Nuclear: 16~23
Wind: 8~16
Hydro power: 4~13
Electricity generation with CCS
The CO2 emissions of the plant are having a more direct impact on the economics of a plant due to the effort to globally limitation.
The combined cycle plant emits about 40% of the CO of a coal fired plant This is driven by the higher
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The combined cycle plant emits about 40% of the CO2 of a coal-fired plant. This is driven by the higher efficiency and the higher hydrogen content in natural gas.
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9. Options for Power Enhancements
O ti f P E h tTypical Performance Impact
Output = m h
Options for Power Enhancements Output Heat RateBase configuration Base Base
Evaporative cooling GT inlet air (85% effective cooler) +5.2 % -
Chill GT inlet air to 45F +10.7 % +1.6 %GT k l d i 2 % 1 0 %GT peak load operation +5.2 % 1.0 %GT steam injection (5% of GT airflow) +3.4 % +4.2 %
GT water injection (2 9% of GT airflow) +5 9 % +4 8 %GT water injection (2.9% of GT airflow) +5.9 % +4.8 %
HRSG supplementary firing +28 % +9 %
Note: 1. Site conditions = 90F, 30% RH(Relative Humidity)2. Fuel = NG3. 3-pressure, reheat steam cycle
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C i i h C l Fi d P Pl
10. Compactness [1/8]
BoilerFeedwater
Steam Turbine
Comparison with Coal-Fired Power Plants
FeedwaterPump
Turbine
10 Meters
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A f Si l Sh f [GE]
10. Compactness [2/8]Arrangement of Single-Shaft [GE]
[ Single-Shaft CCPP (107FA) ]
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A f M l i Sh f [207FA GE]
10. Compactness [3/8]Arrangement of Multi-Shaft [207FA GE]
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10. Compactness [4/8]Single Shaft (1-on-1 configuration) Multiple Shaft (2-on-1 configuration)
ComponentsLess generator required One large ST instead of 2 smaller STs
ComponentsOne compact lube oil system Less auxiliaries (pumps etc) required
Civil Smaller plant area Higher flexibility in plant layout
L i l f l bCosts
Lower capital cost of plant because one generator and one step-up transformer is eliminated
St t bi h hi h ffi i bPerformance Same level in larger plants Steam turbine has higher efficiency because of larger steam volume flow
Operating Fl ibilit
Suitable for daily start and stop (DSS) ti Suitable for base load operationFlexibility operation p
Availability Higher (less complexity)
Operation limit
Operation is limited to concurrent operation of the gas turbine and steam turbine, unless the steam turbine can be decoupled from the generator through a clutch
The gas turbine can be decoupled from the operation of the steam turbine, allowing for steam turbine shutdown with continued gas turbine operation
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generator through a clutch turbine operation
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A f Si l Sh f [Si ]
10. Compactness [5/8]Arrangement of Single-Shaft [Siemens]
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Si l Sh f
10. Compactness [6/8]
Single-shaft with generator between gas turbine and steam turbine enables installation of a clutch between steam turbine and generator.
Single-Shaft
One problem of a Jaw clutch, which was used previously, is that it can only be engaged when the gas turbine is at rest. This means that in the event of a failed gas turbine start, the operator must wait until the gas turbine is stationary before engaging the jaw clutch to re-start.
Currently, SSS(Synchronous Self-Shifting) clutch has been employed popularly. The SSS clutch engages in that moment when the steam turbine speed tries to overrun the rigidly coupled gas turbine generator and disengages if the torque transmitted from the steam turbine to the generator becomes zero.
The clutch allows startup and operation of gas turbine without driving the steam turbine.
This results in a lower starting power and eliminates certain safety measures for the steam turbine, such as g ycooling steam or sealing steam.
The clutch also provides design opportunities for accommodating axial thermal expansion.
However, the clutch is an additional component with a potential impact on availability. Additionally, the generator located at the end of the line of shafting has advantages during generator overhaul.
Single-shaft units without a clutch definitely need auxiliary steam supply to cool the steam turbine during
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Single shaft units without a clutch definitely need auxiliary steam supply to cool the steam turbine during startup. This is not necessary in units with a clutch.
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A f Si l Sh f [GE 6FA]
10. Compactness [7/8]Arrangement of Single-Shaft [GE, 6FA]
A b i i li ti hA gearbox is necessary in applications where the manufacturer offers the package for both 60 and 50 cycle applications. The gearbox will use roughly 2 percent of the power produced b th t biby the turbine.
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T i l Pl A [GE S207EA]
10. Compactness [8/8]Typical Plant Arrangement [GE, S207EA]
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Introduction to Combined Cycle Power Plants1Electricity Demand and Supply2Cost of Electricity 3Electricity Demand and Supply2
Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants4Wide Use of Gas Turbine 5Characteristics of Combined Cycle Power Plants 4
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C i [1/2]
Wide Use of Gas Turbine
Cogeneration means the simultaneous production of electricity and thermal energy in the same plants.Cogeneration [1/2]
The thermal energy is usually steam or hot water.
The types of cogeneration plants:
Industrial power stations supplying heat to an industrial process
District heating power plants
Power plants coupled to seawater desalination plants
The supplementary firing in the HRSG gives greater design and operating flexibility, but the cycle efficiency is normally lower if supplementary firing is used.y pp y g
Thermal energy in the form of steam can be extracted from HRSG, or from an extraction in the steam turbine.
The power coefficient (also called the alpha-value) is defined as the ratio between the electrical and the thermal output.
Fuel utilization is a measure of how much of the fuel supplied is usefully used in the plant It is equal to the
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Fuel utilization is a measure of how much of the fuel supplied is usefully used in the plant. It is equal to the sum of electrical output and thermal output divided by the fuel input.
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C i [2/2]
Wide Use of Gas TurbineCogeneration [2/2]
Single PressureSupplementary FiringB k T bi
Heat Balance
Backpressure Turbine
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S D li i Pl
Wide Use of Gas TurbineSeawater Desalination Plant
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P ll l P i
Wide Use of Gas TurbineParallel Powering
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Parallel powering: Gas turbine exhausts are used in the existing steam cycle.
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IGCC
Wide Use of Gas TurbineIGCC
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Load Control & Frequency Response Combined cycle plants are very well suited to rapid load changes because gas turbine react extremely
quickly to frequency variations.
As soon as fuel valve opens more added power becomes available on the shaft and gas turbine load jumps As soon as fuel valve opens, more added power becomes available on the shaft and gas turbine load jumps of up to 35% are possible, but this is detrimental to the life expectancy of the turbine blades.
To perform a plant load jump while the frequency is falling, it is essential that gas turbine is operating below the maximum output levelthe maximum output level.
For frequency support gas turbines are typically operated between 50 and 95% load.
The electrical output of the combined cycle power plants is controlled by means of gas turbine only This is The electrical output of the combined cycle power plants is controlled by means of gas turbine only. This is because the gas turbine generates two-thirds of the total power output, a solution without control for the steam turbine power output is generally preferred.
The gas turbine output is controlled by a combination of VIGV and TIT control The gas turbine output is controlled by a combination of VIGV and TIT control.
The TIT is controlled by a combination of the fuel flow into the combustor and VIGV setting.
VIGV ll hi h t bi h t t t d t i t l 40% GT l d B l thi l l VIGVs allows a high gas turbine exhaust temperature down to approximately 40% GT load. Below this level, TIT is further reduced because the airflow cannot be further reduced.
The steam turbine will always follow the gas turbine by generating power with whatever steam is available.
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: (): 2014 03 03 (Ver 3)
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: 2014. 03. 03 (Ver.3): ebyeong @ naver.comMobile: 010-3122-2262: /