Chapter 13a Organic Chemistry

13-1. Carbon Bonds13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon.

The general properties of carbon compounds are:

1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.

2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.

3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.

4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.

13-3. Petroleum Products Fractional distillation

                                                                                               

Catalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the

catalyst.

Polymerization-the making of plastics

Vinyl

13-3. Petroleum Products

13-3. Petroleum Products

13-5. Isomers

Optical Isomers Structural Isomers

13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).

http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm

http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm

13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings.

13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups

Alkanes or Hydrocarbons

Methane 1 carbon

Ethane 2 carbons

Propane 3 carbons

Butane 4 carbons

Pentane 5 carbons

Hexane 6 carbons

Heptane 7 carbons

Octane 8 carbons

Table 13.1

13-9. Functional Groups

Alkenes

Ethene 2 carbons

Propene 3 carbons

Butene 4 carbons

Pentene 5 carbons

Hexene 6 carbons

Heptene 7 carbons

Octene 8 carbons

Alkynes

Acetylene 2 carbons

Propyne 3 carbons

Butyne 4 carbons

Pentyne 5 carbons

Hexyne 6 carbons

Heptyne 7 carbons

Octyne 9 carbons

Fig. 13.9, etc.

Acetylene gas welding and cutting.

Alcohols

Ethanol 2 carbons

Propanol 3 carbons

Butanol 4 carbons

Pentanol 5 carbons

Hexanole 6 carbons

Heptanol 7 carbons

Octanol 8 carbons

13-9. Functional Groups

Ethersoxygen in the middle

AldehydesDouble bond “O” with “H” on end

13-9. Functional Groups

KetonesDouble bond “O” in middle

13-49 Functional Groups

Carboxylic AcidsDouble bond “O” with “OH”

AminesNH2 on end

13-9. Functional Groups

EstersDouble bond “O” with “O” both in middle

Table 13.2

13-10 Polymers

A polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling..

Table 13.3

13-10 Polymers

.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers.

13-10 Polymers

.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-stick surface in cookware.

Chapter 13b Organic Chemistry

13-11. Carbohydrates

13-12. Photosynthesis

13-13. Lipids

13-14. Proteins

13-15 Soil Nitrogen

13-16. Nucleic Acids

13-17. Origin of Life

13-11. Carbohydrates

                    

          

          

          

           

          

           

          

           

          

           

          

           

          

           

D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose

                                                                       

D-Glucose(an aldose)

α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose

                    

    

                    

    

                              

      

β-D-Glucose(chair form)

                                                                                                

                                                  

Sucrose Lactose Maltose

13.11 Polysaccharides

Amylopectin

Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants.

13.11 Polysaccharides

13.12 Photosynthesis

13.12 Photosynthesis

13-13. Lipids

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Soap Molecule with Polar head and non-polar tail

13-13. Lipids

13-14. Proteins The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins:

                                                     

                                                 

On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:

                                    

                                            

                                                                                                     

                                                  

                                                  

13-15 Soil Nitrogen

13-16. Nucleic Acids

. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.

13-17. Origin of Life