C1 Study of Sociology

8/8/2019 C1 Study of Sociology

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THE STUDY Of SOCIOLOGYChapter 1


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All fie lds of s tu dy s tarte d a s attempt s to an sw er que s tion s about one s environment, one s re lation to it, an d one s o w n nature.Bet w een the 18th an d 19th centurie s ,the s ocia l s cience s gre w out of s ocia l phi lo s oph y.The s ocia l s cience s d re w heavi ly on

the s cientific logic of the ph ys ica l s cience s that yie ld e d fruitfu l re s u lt s .The mo s t recent of the s e s pecia lize d

s ocia l s cience s is s ocio log y.


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W hat i s Socio log y?

Socio log y is the s cience of s ociet y an d the s ocia l interaction s taking p lace

w ithin it.It i s concerne d w ith the s ocia l interaction invo lving s ocia l act s , s ocia l re lation s hip s , s ocia l organization s ,s ocia l s tructure s an d s ocia l proce ss e s .


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W hat d oe s Socio log y gather s?

It gather s the recurrent an d repetitive form s of behavior (attitu d e s , be lief s ,

va lue s , norm s) an d s ocia l in s titution s that make up the s ocia l or d er.Socio log y s tu d ie s not on ly thes tructure an d function s of s ocia l organization, but a ls o the change s w hich take s p lace w ithin it.


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Socio logi s t s ro le:

Socio logi s t s ana lyze s the pattern s an d proce ss e s of s ocia l re lation s in a s cientifican d sys tematic w a s , the y formu late theorie s an d princip le s about human behavior a s s hape d b y group life an d ho w, in turn, grouplife i s affecte d b y in d ivid ua ls .Socio logi s t s ab s tract variou s factor s fromthe behavior of peop le an d d eve lop metho ds of contro lling ob s ervation through rigorou s categorization.


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Conc lu s ion s in s ocio log y are in the form of genera lization s , s pecif ying thecon d ition s un d er w hich certain form s of behavior take p lace.

Fin d ing s in s ocio log y d ebunk s omecommon s en s e notion s an d m yth s .It i s concerne d w ith w hat goe s on

bet w een an d among peop le an d thepatterne d re lation s hip s w ithin s ocia l group s .


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Area s of Socio log y

The variou s area s of s tu dy in s ocio log y inc lu d e s ocia l organization, rura l an d

urban communitie s , s ocia l change s an d s ocia l prob lem s , s ocia lization,s ocia l s tratification an d s ocia l c la ss ,popu lation an d d emograph y, me d icine,la w, age an d gen d er ro le s ,mo d ernization, s ocia l tran s formationan d d eve lopment.


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Area s of Socio log y

It d e lve s into topic s like fami ly life,s eparation an d d ivorce, povert y,

agrarian reform, eco logica l d egra d ation, labor re lation s , ethnicre lation s , crime an d other i ss ue s prevai ling in s ociet y.


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W h y s tu dy Socio log y?

1.To obtain factua l information about ours ociet y an d d ifferent a s pect s of our s ocia l life.

2.Socio logica l information enab le s u s toun d er s tan d our s ociet y more objective ly an d to s ee our p lace in it.

3.It enab le s u s to learn the app lication of

s cientific metho d o log y; w e learn man y examp le s of objective an d non-objectiveu s e s of d ata.


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4 .W e d eve lop the capacit y to s ee through

s ome of the fo lk, tra d itiona l an d conventiona l w isd om of our s ociet y.Socio log y perform s it s mo s t important

function w hen s uper s tition an d mi s information are rep lace d b y accuratekno wl e d ge about human behavior.

5.It enab le s u s to un d er s tan d our s ociet y

an d to ana lyze the s ocia l factor s cau s ingprob lem s an d , po ss ib ly, s ome mo d e s of thinking one ha s to fo llo w.


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6 .The s tu d ent learn s to ref lect upon human

ob s ervation s ma d e b y other s , makecommentarie s about them, an d gain in s ight s into w hatever s ocia l phenomenon i s beingob s erve d .

7.The s tu d ent i s a ls o provi d e d the opportunit y to inve s tigate the connection s among thecomponent s of the s ocia l w or ld through theu s e of the variou s theoretica l

conceptua lization s .The s e enhance the s tu d ent s un d er s tan d ingof the s ocia l w or ld .


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The Socio logica l Imagination

C. W right Mi lls (195 6 :12 ) coine d thephra s e s ocio logica l imagination.

He d e s cribe s it a s a qua lit y of min d , acapacit y to un d er s tan d the interp la y of in d ivid ua l an d s ociet y, biograph y an d hi s tor y, of the s e l f an d the w or ld .Thi s is the abi lit y to s ee the re lationbet w een our per s ona l life an d thes ocia l w or ld w e live in.


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It enab le s u s to s ee thing s be yon d oure s tab lis he d w a ys of acting an d behaving, an d gain a better gra s p of the s ituation b y re lating one s e l f to the

bigger s ociet y.It i s a s et of min d that enab le s u s tolocate our s e lve s in the perio d in w hichw e live an d s tu dy the event s in ourper s ona l live s again s t event s ins ociet y, thu s gaining a w id er free d om.


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W hat i s Science ?

Science i s the sys tematize d an d d etai le d exp lanation of an y phenomenon.The bo dy of kno wl e d ge about thi s

phenomenon i s obtaine d throughob s ervation or experimentation.Science i s ma d e up of a ss umption s ,concept s an d rigorou s metho ds an d an sw er s .It aim s to organize fin d ing s about the natura l or s ocia l wor ld that are verifiab le.


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Two broa d area s of Science


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N atura l Science s

Dea ls w ith object s an d proce ss e s in naturean d provi d e information on the nonhumanan d ph ys ica l a s pect s in the natura l w or ld .The y inc lu d e the bio logica l s cience s s ucha s bio log y, botan y, zoo log y an d bacterio log y w hich s tu dy both human an d nonhumanliving organi s m s; an d ph ys ica l s cience s s uch a s a s tronom y, geo log y, chemi s tr y an d ph ys ic s w hich examine the non- livingph ys ica l characteri s tic s of the wor ld .


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Socia l Science s

Dea ls w ith peop le, their behavior an d s ocia l sys tem s .

Human behavior inc lu d e s a per s on s d ream s , hope s , ambition s , activitie s an d prob lem s w hich invo lve s otherpeop le.


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The Re lation s hip of Socio log y toother Socia l Science s

The s ocia l s cience s s hare commons ubject matter s : s ocia l re lation s hip s ,

s ocia l sys tem s an d s ocietie s .N everthe le ss , there are d ifference s inthe a s pect s of the human being

s tu d ie d , in their empha s is , too ls an d mo d e of ana lys is .The other s ocia l s cience s are:


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Anthropo log y

Is the s tu dy of humanit y an d thes imi laritie s an d d iver s itie s of cu lture.

It inc lu d e s the s tu dy of the bio logica l,s ocia l an d cu ltura l d eve lopment of humankin d .


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P sy cho log y

Is main ly intere s te d in a w id e range of menta l, p sy cho logica l an d behaviora l proce ss e s s uch a s learning, humanan d per s ona lit y d eve lopment,perception, emotion, cognition,motivation, creativit y, per s ona lit y

d is or d er s an d menta l illne ss e s .It s focu s is on in d ivid ua l behavior.


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Economic s

Is concerne d w ith human activitie s re late d to the pro d uction, con s umptionan d d is tribution of goo ds , s ervice s an d w ea lth w ithin s ocietie s , a s w e ll a s commercia l exchange.


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P o litica l Science

Is concerne d w ith the hi s tor y an d theor y of government.

It examine s the po litica l proce ss e s an d po w er s trugg le, noting pattern s a s the s e change from previou s e lection s an d the nature of voter s an d po litica l partie s .


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His tor y

Is primari ly intere s te d in the s tu dy of pa s t event s of human being s .

It d ocument s the chrono log y of s ignificant pa s t event s an d the fact s s urroun d ing them.


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N atura l an d Socia l Science s is d ivid e d into the pure an d app lie d s cience s :

P ure s cience i s concerne d w ith thepur s uit of kno wl e d ge an d truth w ithout

con s id ering it s practica l u s e.App lie d s cience focu s e s on the s earch

for s o lution s to practica l prob lem s .

W hi le examp le s of pure an d app lie d s cience s are interre late d , the y d iffermarke dly from each other.


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P ure Science

P ure s cience can provi d e verifiab le fact s an d genera l princip le s w hich theapp lie d s cience s can uti lize forprogram p lanning.P ure s ocia l s cience s are repre s ente d b y economic s , po litica l s cience,anthropo log y, p sy cho log y an d s ocio log y


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App lie d Science

App lie d s cience s are s ocia l w ork,pub lic a d mini s tration, management,e d ucation an d ethic s .App lie d s cience can provi d e pures cience ne w ob s ervation s an d ne w d ata, s o that ne w theorie s ma y be

formu late d an d o ld one s re d efine d .


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The Deve lopment of Socio log y in Europe

Socio log y, a s a s cience, gra d ua lly d eve lope d in W e s tern Europe a s a re s pon s e to the va s t s ocia l, cu ltura l, economic an d po litica l

change s .A number of s cho lar s w ere intere s te d ind eve loping a s cientific un d er s tan d ing of s ocia l life.In the 18th an d 19th centurie s , s ocia l change s sw ept Europe a s a re s u lt of theIn d u s tria l Revo lution.


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In France, s ocia l upheava ls like the

French Revo lution occurre d , re s u ltingin numerou s s ocia l prob lem s .Attempt s to un d er s tan d the s ocia l

force s , their cau s e s an d s o lution s ,w ere initiate d b y u s ing s cientificapproache s .Mo s t s ignificant of the forerunner s of s ocio log y are Augu s te Comte, Kar l Marx, Herbert Spencer, Emi leDurkheim an d Max W eber.


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Augu s te Comte (1798-1857 )

French philosopher, believed in applying thescientific method to the study of society andsocial relations.

He coined the term sociology w hich isderived from the Latin socius w hich meanssocial or being w ith others, and the Greek

logos meaning study or science.He is credited for being the FATHER OFSOCIOLOGY.


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Comte pub lis he d the book Po s itive

Phi lo s ophy, in w hich he s ummarize d thes tage s of d eve lopment of a ll kno wl e d geabout humanity.He a dv ocate d the u s e of po s iti v is m or the

empirica l metho d for s tu d ying an d un d er s tan d ing s ociety.His theory w a s that s ocietie s contain s ocia l s tati s tic s , the s tu d y of the s tructure of s ociety an d the force s for s ocia l or d er an d s tabi lity an d s ocia l d ynamic s w hich refer s tothe force s of conf lict an d change.


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Kar l Marx (1818-1883 )

German economi s t an d phi lo s opher, w a s one of the inf luentia l thinker s of the 19thcentur y w ho s e i d ea s per s is t up to thepre s ent time.Together w ith Frie d rich Enge ls , a life long

frien d , he w rote the Communi s t Manife s to in18 4 7.

The common feature in a ll of Marx s an d Enge ls work s w a s an inten s e anger over themi s er y of the lo w er c la ss e s cau s e d b y theexi s ting in d u s tria l or d er.


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Marx be lieve d that hi s tor y is a

continuou s s trugg le bet w eenconf licting i d ea s an d force s , an d that the mo s t important change w a s economic.He recognize d the exi s tence of s evera l s ocia l c la ss e s in the 19th centur y in d u s tria l s ociet y: laborer s , factor y w orker s , proprietor s of s ma ll bu s ine ss e s an d mone ye d capita lis t s .


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He pre d icte d that there w ou ld be acon s tant s trugg le bet w een thecapita lis t c la ss an d the w orking c la ss .The laborer s or w orking c la ss repre s enting the force s of pro d uctionw ou ld be the ru le d or s ubor d inate s ,w hi le the bourgeoi s ie exp loit the

laborer s an d enjo y the economics urp lu s .


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Emi le Durkheim (1858-1977 )

French aca d emic s ocio logi s t conferre d b y the Univer s it y of P ari s a d octor s d egree ins ocio log y in 1892 an d 6 year s later, the fir s t

to ho ld a chair in s ocio log y.He taught an d became a pro lific w riter an d critic.Among hi s be s t book s are The Divi s ion of Labor in Societ y, The Ru le s of Socio logica l Metho d , Suici d e an d Elementar y Form s of Re ligiou s Life.


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Max W eber (18 64 -1920 )

German economi s t, s tu d ie d la w an d economic s at the Univer s it y of Hei d e lberg,w here he obtaine d hi s d octorate at the age

of t w ent y five.He w rote s ignificant book s , the be s t kno w nof w hich are The Prote s tant Ethic an d theSpirit of Capita lis m, The Socio log y of Hin d ui s m an d Bu dd hi s m, Theor y of Socia l an d Economic Organization an d Metho d o log y of the Socia l Science s .


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Like Kar l Marx, he a ls o fore s a w thed eve lopment of s evera l s ocia l c la ss e s in s ociet y an d examine d thecon s equence s of the peop le s re lation s hip to economic in s titution s .W eber be lieve d that po w er an d pre s tige are the major cau s e s of inequa lit y.


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Deve lopment of Socio log y in theUnite d State s

From Western Europe, sociology spread to theUnited States.

The first department of sociology in the USw as established at the University of Chicago.

Eventually, the American Sociological Society(no w American Sociological Association) w asfounded.


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American Socio logi s t s

Robert E. P ark, w ho pioneere d themu ltid is cip linar y approach an d s ocia l eco log y.Jane Ad am s w ho ma d e s tu d ie s in theimpoveri s he d area s of Chicago.Robert K. Merton, kno w n for the mi ddl e-range theor y, w a s more concerne d w ith

linking genera l theor y to empirica l te s tingan d d eve loping concept s of s ocia l s tructure function s , s e l f-fu l filling prophecie s ,d eviance an d bureaucracie s .


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Char le s Horton Coo le y, George Herbert Mea d an d W .I. Thoma s formu late d theorie s empha s izing the importance of s ocia l interaction in the d eve lopment of humanthought an d action, later kno w n a s sy mbo licinteraction per s pective.W illiam G. Summer co llecte d vo lume s of d ata on the cu s tom s an d mora l la ws of d ifferent s ocietie s .

He argue d that s tate w a ys cannot changefo lkw a ys overnight, that s ocia l changecome s on ly in it s o w n goo d time s , an d that mora lit y cannot be legi sl ate d .


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The Theoretica l P er s pective s inSocio log y

The variou s s ignificant w ork s ons ocio log y pro d uce d d iver s e theoretica l per s pective s w hich have s erve d a s gui d e line s to ana lyze an d te s t theorie s about human behavior an d s ociet y.Macro- or micro- ana lys is are uti lize d to examine s ociet y.


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Macro an d Micro Ana lys is

Macro-ana lys is l ook s at the broa d ,large picture s uch a s s ocia l in s titution s an d s ocia l organization s .W hen vie w ing s ocia l prob lem s , it fir s t look s at thi s leve l an d then ho w it affect s in d ivid ua ls .Micro- leve l ana lys is is centere d ons ma ll group s of in d ivid ua ls interactingw ith one another.


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Three major theoretica l per s pective s

the s tructura l-functiona l per s pectivethe conf lict per s pective w hich u s e s

macro leve l ana lys isthe sy mbo lic interaction per s pectivew hich u s e s the micro- leve l ana lys is .


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Structura l-Functiona lis m P er s pective

Functiona lis m exp lain s s ociet y in term s of s tructure an d function s .Socia l s tructure refer s to the inter d epen d ent net w ork s of s tatu s e s an d ro le s .W ithin a s tructure are s tatu s e s w hich area s cribe d b y birth ( s ex, age, race ) orachieve d (s choo l d egree, corporate or s ocia l po s ition s , profe ss ion s) interre late d s et s w hich are s ocia l sys tem s , i.e., parent s an d chi ld ren make up a fami ly sys tem.


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Ass ociate d w ith each s tatu s is a s et of expectation s that compri s e s a genera l id ea of appropriate behavior.The expectation of a behavior an d the

actua l performance in a certainpo s ition, ho w ever, ma y not a lw a ys becongruent.

Ro le performance an d behavior arelearne d through the s ocia lizationproce ss .


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Conf lict P er s pective

Marx maintaine d that hi s tor y w a s a s erie s of c la ss s trugg le s bet w een the o w ner s of pro d uction an d the w orker s , the d ominant

an d the d ominate d , the po w erfu l an d thepo w er le ss; an d that the s tructure of s ociet y is d etermine d b y economic organization an d o w ner s hip of propert y, in w hich per s ona l

be lief s , cu ltura l va lue s , re ligiou s d ogma s ,in s titutiona l organization, an d c la ss hierarch y are ref lecte d .


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Inequa litie s in the economic sys tem bringabout revo lutionar y c la ss conf lict w hen theexp loite d c la ss e s rea lize their inferior s tatu s an d rebe l again s t the d ominant propert y o w ner s an d emp loyer s .For W eber, the economic d imen s ion i s as ource of inequa lit y that eventua lly lea ds toconf lict.He vie w e d the in d u s tria l revo lution a s the

re s u lt of techno logica l a d vancement s ne w metho ds of mining, texti le w eaving, trave lingan d communication.


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The other conf lict per s pective s are theN eo-Marxi s t approach w hich ho lds that the s trugg le bet w een s ocia l c la ss e s is inevitab le an d is the primar y s ource of change.

Another vie w focu s e s on the racia l-ethnic inequa litie s .There i s a ls o the femini s t vie w w hich

s a ys that gen d er i s an e lement of s ocia l conf lict, an d thu s change i s nece ss ar y for peop le to achieve theirhuman potentia l.


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S ymbo lic Interaction P er s pective

Durkheim an d Marx a ss ume d that s ociet y w a s an entit y exi s ting apart

from the in d ivid ua l, w hi le tho s e w ho

a d vocate d the sy mbo lic interactiontheor y a s : s ociet y is ref lecte d in ever y s ocia lize d in d ivid ua l, an d it s externa l

form s an d s tructure s are like w is eref lecte d through the s ocia l interaction s occurring amongin d ivid ua ls at the sy mbo lic leve l.


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Language con s is t s of sy mbo ls repre s entingph ys ica l object s an d ab s tract i d ea s an d is u s e d for communication s .The sy mbo lic interaction per s pective

focu s e s on the communicative a s pect or

language that enab le s the in d ivid ua l tod eve lop a per s ona l id entit y w ithin a s ociet y w ith member s having s cripte d s tatu s e s an d ro le s .

An in d ivid ua l human being born in s ociet y is provi d e d w ith foo d an d other materia l nece ss itie s a s w e ll a s forma l an d informa l e d ucation.


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W .I. Thoma s

Significant contribution to sy mbo licinteractioni s m i s the concept of thed efinition of the s ituation.

A per s on s d efinition of the s ituation refer s to the act or behavior being examine d an d d e liberate d .Thi s d efinition ha s behaviora l con s equence s becau s e, if a per s on d efine s a s ituation a s rea l, it become s rea l in it s con s equence s .


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George Herbert Mea d

A s ignificant contributor to the d eve lopment of sy mbo lic interactioni s m, theorize d that human s are s et apart from anima ls becau s e

of their abi lit y to u s e language an d to createan d acquire s ocia l in s titution s , s ocietie s an d cu lture s .Socia l interaction enab le s in d ivid ua ls toacquire the be lief s , va lue s , an d language of the s ociet y to w hich the y be long.


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Coo le y

His contribution to sy mbo licinteractioni s m i s the concept of the looking-g la ss s e l f, w hich i s a s et of id ea s an in d ivid ua l ha s about him/her s e l f d erive d from the s ocia l interaction w ith other s .

Thi s mean s that w e s ee our s e lve s through our imagination of the

ju d gment of other peop le to w ar d u s .


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Deve lopment of Socio log y in theP hi lippine s

Socio log y w a s intro d uce d in theP hi lippine s d uring the latter part of the

Spani s h regime.Fr. Va lentin Marin intro d uce d a cour s eon crimino log y at the Univer s it y of Santo Toma s , u s ing a s ocia l phi lo s ophica l approach.


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In 1952, Fi lipino e d ucator s an d vis itingprofe ss or s from the Univer s it y of theP hi lippine s , Ateneo d e Mani la Univer s it y an d Si lliman Univer s it y organize d theP hi lippine Socio logica l Societ y (P SS ).

The objective s of the organization wereto increa s e kno wl e d ge about s ocia l behavior, to gather d ata about s ocia l prob lem s , to train s ocia l s cience teacher s

an d re s earcher s , an d to d eve lopcooperation bet ween P hi lippine s ocia l s cienti s t s an d tho s e from other countrie s .


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In 1957, the Communit y Deve lopment Re s earch Counci l (CDRC ) w a s create d to

con d uct or s upport s ocia l s ciencere s earcher s .Among the s evera l s ocio logi s t s w ho avai le d of it s re s earch grant w a s Mar y Ho lln s teiner

w ho s e w ork, The D ynamic s of Po w er in aPhi lippine Municipa lit y, became abenchmark for s tu d ie s on va lue s an d po w ers tructure.In 19 6 0, the In s titute of Phi lippine Cu lture(IPC ) w a s foun d e d at the Ateneo d e Mani laUniver s it y b y Fr. Frank L ynch, S.J. w ho w a s it s moving s pirit.


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IP C s pearhea d e d re s earche s on economicd eve lopment, mo d ernization, an d prob lem s of e d ucation w ith the aim of un d er s tan d ingthe Fi lipino w a y of life u s ing theinter d is cip linar y approach.

In 19 6 8, the P hi lippine Socia l ScienceCounci l (P SSC ) w a s forme d to improve d thequa lit y an d re levance of the s ocia l s cience s .Hence, the d ifferent s ocia l s cience s , through

their re s pective organization s , s et a s theirgoa l the improvement of their performancethrough communication an d co llaboration.


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The fir s t s choo l to offer a s major in

s ocio log y w a s the Univer s it y of theP hi lippine s , w hi le the fir s t s choo l tooffer a P h.D. program in s ocio log y w a s

Xavier Univer s it y in 1972, fo llo w e d b y the U P .A number of s choo ls offer s ocio log y a s a major in the un d ergra d uate leve l,w hi le mo s t co llege s an d univer s itie s offer ba s ic cour s e s in s ocio log y.


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W hether s ocio log y can once againbecome important an d re levant d epen ds on the d egree w hichs ocio logi s t s of the 21 s t centur y beginto bui ld ane w on the theoretica l

foun d ation s provi d e d b y the fir s t theori s t s .Socio logi s t s s upport the i d ea of ag loba l s ocio log y, going be yon d thes tu d ie s focu s e d on one s countr y an d d eve loping a more comprehen s iveg loba l approach.


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In the P hi lippine s , s ocio log y ha s

move d to w ar d a mu lti- d is cip linar y an d p lura lis tic approach in the 1900 s .It i s open to ne w metho d o logica l an d

theoretica l approache s an d ha s beeninvo lve d in mu ltid is cip linar y re s earch.Socio logi s t s have been engage d ins tu dy ing d iver s e i ss ue s , inc lu d ing theeconomic, po litica l, an d s ocia l-p sy cho logica l phenomena.


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C1 Study of Sociology

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