C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · [email protected] |...
Transcript of C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · [email protected] |...
![Page 1: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
C. Tyler Dick, P.E. HDR Engineering Inc.
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 2: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Railway geometry is designed with a specialized application running within a CAD program
InRail or Geopak most common
Both run inside MicroStation
Civil3D within AutoCAD is also used
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 3: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
MicroStation CAD platform Generates, manipulates and prints graphics
Displays aerial images, backgrounds
Layer drawings into design plans
InRail or Geopak Design Software Intelligent “brains & math” behind graphics
Ties track alignment and profile geometry to graphics
Stores elevation and terrain model data for existing ground and proposed subgrade surfaces
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 4: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Early days of computing, method of math processing leads to efficiency in certain areas
MicroStation for large spatial civil projects AutoCAD for detailed mechanical design
Many State DOTs adopted MicroStation
Railways and consultants did the same
Some structures work with AutoCAD, used for rail design in states with “AutoCAD DOTs”
MicroStation and AutoCAD interfaces converging over time… MS v8i offers complete cross-functionality
4 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 5: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Bentley InRail is a specialized version of the InRoads highway design software
95% of the commands and functions are the same
Same workflow
InRail offers additional capability for turnouts, superlevation, rail design criteria
5 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 6: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6 Turnout commands Rail design options
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 7: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Aerial and ground survey
Geotechnical field investigation
Track design
Horizontal and vertical geometry
Subgrade, earthwork and basic drainage
Culverts and special ditches
Roadway crossings and signage
Bridge and facilities design support
InRail
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 8: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Survey
Contours and topo information provided in AutoCAD or MicroStation format
Aerial images may also be provided
Use InRail and survey drawing to create 3D model of existing ground
Digital Terrain Model or “DTM”
Network of triangles represents the surface
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 9: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 10: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Preliminary Route Detailed Topo
Horizontal Alignment
Vertical Alignment (Profile)
DTM
Preliminary Subgrade Earthwork Quantities
Typical Section
Preliminary Limits of Cut and Fill
Preliminary ROW Final Geometry (H&V)
In ROW?
Balanced?
Grades OK?
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 11: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Can set design criteria to auto-generate curves, spirals and super elevation based on track design speed and maximum super elevation
11 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 12: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Design vertical curves by “R” value for track design
Can also automate with design criteria
12 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 13: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
DTM & Typical Section Template Final Geometry
Corridor & Preliminary Earthwork Model
Set Special Ditch Profiles
Detailed Earthwork Model
Final Limits of Cut and Fill
Final ROW Final Cross Sections
In ROW?
Hydraulic check
Final Quantities
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 14: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Define subgrade and ditch width, side slopes
14 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 15: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Assign templates to horizontal and vertical geometry
Preview cross sections
15
Plan
Profile
X-section
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 16: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Templates create 3-D proposed subgrade earthwork surface
16
Cut with Ditches
Fill
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 17: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Locomotive cab perspective view of proposed and existing earthwork surfaces
17
Cut with Ditches
Fill
Proposed Centerline
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 18: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Detailed earthwork model and DTM combined into proposed terrain
Drainage area analysis determines flows and culvert locations
Culverts sized using hydraulic analysis programs outside CAD
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 19: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Roadway crossings
Layout of panels, protection devices
Horizontal and vertical reconstruction
Culverts to carry ditches under roadways
Locate signage, derails, bumping posts
Coordinate with bridge and/or facilities designers
Railway geometry and earthwork sections
Quantities & Cost Estimates
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 20: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Project Layout
Geometry and Quantity Summaries
Typical Sections
Plan and Profile Track
Culvert
Roadway
Cross Sections
Standard Details
Sign Layouts
Grade Crossing Layouts
Drainage Area Map
Bridge/Facility Drawings
Standard CAD tools used to create
sheets from rail design program output
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 21: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 22: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MicroStation v8i and InRail (Bentley Rail Track v8i) are available on a student/faculty academic license from Bentley
Individual and institution licenses available
www.bentley.com
Training & learning Academic program
Educators
Students
22 Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 23: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Presentation Author Tyler Dick Professional Associate, Engineer-Rail HDR Engineering 600 West 6th Street, Suite 100 | Fort Worth, TX 76102 817.333.2803 [email protected] | hdrinc.com …….
It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be used for non-commercial, educational purposes with as few restrictions as possible. However, there are some necessary constraints on its use as described below.
Copyright Restrictions and Disclaimer:
The materials used in this file have come from a variety of sources and have been assembled here for personal use by the author for educational purposes. The copyright for some of the images and graphics used in this presentation may be held by others. Users may not change or delete any author attribution, copyright notice, trademark or other legend. Users of this material may not further reproduce this material without permission from the copyright owner. It is the responsibility of the user to obtain such permissions as necessary. You may not, without prior consent from the copyright owner, modify, copy, publish, display, transmit, adapt or in any way exploit the content of this file. Additional restrictions may apply to specific images or graphics as indicated herein.
The contents of this file are provided on an "as is" basis and without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. The author makes no warranties or representations, including any warranties of title, noninfringement of copyright or other rights, nor does the author make any warranties or representation regarding the correctness, accuracy or reliability of the content or other material in the file.
Copyright C. Tyler Dick, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 24: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dr. Jerry G. Rose, PE Professor of Civil Engineering University of Kentucky
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 25: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Kentrack is a computer program designed to analyze a railway track segment as a structure
Uses Bousinessq’s Elastic Theory
Uses Burmister’s Multi-Layer System and Finite Element Analysis to perform calculations
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 26: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Critical Stresses and Strains are Calculated at Various Interfaces within the Track Structure
Design Lives are Predicted
Based on Fatigue Effects (Cumulative Damage Criteria) of Repeated Loadings
Uses DAMA Program – Developed for Highway Pavements (Applicability for RR Trackbeds?)
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 27: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Originally Kentrack was written in FORTRAN for DOS operation
Since been upgraded to a Windows Platform
3.0 was written in Visual Studio using a .Net Framework in C#
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 28: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The original development goal was to analyze traditional All-Granular trackbeds and Asphalt Underlayment trackbeds
3.0 has the option for All-Granular
Asphalt Underlayment
Combination – Granular & Asphalt
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 29: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 30: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Superposition of Loads
P
PS
P
PSS 2
41
2
'
1
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 31: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Finite Element Method
Used to calculate the stress and strain in the rail and tie
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 32: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
En-1 n-1
a
En n
E2
E1
H
zn-2
z2
z
z1
a
qr
Multilayered System
Used to calculate the stress and strain in each layer
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 33: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Each type of trackbed is composed of different materials
All-Granular trackbed layers include Ballast, Subballast, and Subgrade
Asphalt trackbed layers include Ballast, Asphalt and Subgrade
Combination trackbed layers include Ballast, Asphalt, Subballast, and Subgrade
Different equations are used to describe the properties of each material
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 34: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ballast
In new trackbeds the ballast behaves non-linearly
In aged trackbeds the ballast behaves linearly
Subgrade
Behaves as a linear elastic material
2
1
KKE
)21( 0321 Kz
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 35: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Asphalt is a visco-elastic material
The dynamic modulus depends on the following:
Temperature
Aggregate passing the No. 200 sieve in %
Volume of bitumen %
Volume of air voids %
Asphalt viscosity
Load frequency
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 36: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Damage Analysis
Based on minor linear damage analysis criteria
Performance is based on periods For Kentrack this is four seasons
n
i da
p
orNN
NL
1
1
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 37: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Predicted number of repetitions
•Each car equals one repetition
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 38: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Predicted number of repetitions Wheel Load = 36000 lb/wheel
For one car the total weight = 36000 lb/wheel x 8
= 286,000 lb/rep / 2000
= 143 ton/rep
The number of repetitions assumed per year = 200,000 rep/yr
The traffic per year = 200,000 rep/yr x 143 ton/rep
= 28,600,000 GT/yr / 1 x 106
= 28.6 MGT/yr
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 39: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Excessive permanent deformation controls failure
Deformation is governed by the vertical compressive stress on the top of the subgrade
Based on Highway experience
The number of allowable repetitions before failure
583.3734.3510837.4 scd EN
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 40: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fatigue cracking controls failure
Fatigue cracking is governed by the tensile strain in the bottom of the asphalt
Based on highway experience
The number of allowable repetitions before failure
853.0291.30795.0 ata EN
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 41: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
All-Granular Trackbed
Vertical Compressive Stress on Subgrade
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 42: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Asphalt Trackbed
Vertical Compressive Stress on Subgrade, Tensile Strain at Bottom of Asphalt
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 43: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Combination Trackbed
Vertical Compressive Stress on Subgrade, Tensile Strain at Bottom of Asphalt
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 44: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 45: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Figure 4a. Effect of Subgrade
Modulus on Subgrade
Compressive Stress.
Figure 4b. Effect of Subgrade
Modulus
on Asphalt Tensile Strain.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All
Rights Reserved
![Page 46: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Figure 5a. Effect of
Subgrade Modulus on
Subgrade Design Life.
Figure 5b Effect of
Subgrade Modulus on
Asphalt Design Life.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All
Rights Reserved
![Page 47: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 6a. Effect of Ballast
Thickness and Subgrade Modulus
on Subgrade Compressive Stress
for All-Granular Trackbed.
Figure 6b. Effect of Ballast
Thickness and Subgrade Modulus
on SubgradeDesign Life for
All-Granular Trackbed.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All
Rights Reserved
![Page 48: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Figure 7a. Effect of Asphalt
Thickness and Subgrade Modulus
on SubgradeCompressive Stress for
Asphalt Trackbed.
Figure 7b. Effect of Asphalt
Thickness and Subgrade Modulus
on Subgrade Design Life for
Asphalt Trackbed.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All
Rights Reserved
![Page 49: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Figure 7c. Effect of Asphalt
Thickness and Subgrade
Modulus on Asphalt Tensile
Strain for Asphalt Trackbed.
Figure 7d. Effect of Asphalt
Thickness and Subgrade
Modulus on Asphalt Design
Life for Asphalt Trackbed.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All
Rights Reserved
![Page 50: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Figure 8a. Effect of Ballast
Thickness and Subgrade
Modulus on Subgrade
Compressive Stress for Asphalt
Trackbed.
Figure 8b. Effect of Ballast
Thickness and Subgrade
Modulus on Subgrade Design
Life for Asphalt Trackbed.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All
Rights Reserved
![Page 51: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Figure 8c. Effect of Ballast
Thickness and Subgrade
Modulus on Asphalt Tensile
Strain for Asphalt Trackbed.
Figure 8d. Effect of Ballast
Thickness and Subgrade
Modulus on Asphalt Design
Life for Asphalt Trackbed.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All
Rights Reserved
![Page 52: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Kentrack --- Layer-Elastic, Finite Element Computer Program
Highway Structural Design Program Adapted to Railway Loading Configurations and Magnitudes
Considers the Fatigue Lives of Various Layers for Repeated Loadings
Damage Analysis Predictions Based on Highway Failure Criteria
Uses the DAMA Program
Believed to be More Severe than Rail-Road Loadings and Environments
Thus -- Conservative Analysis?
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 53: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Kentrack --- Outputs are Performance Based
Calculate Stresses and Strains within the Track Structure
Predict Design Lives of Various Layers
Evaluate Effects of Varying Loadings and Track Parameters
Principle Factor -- Limit Subgrade Stress
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 54: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Questions ??? www.engr.uky.edu/~jrose
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 55: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Presentation Author
Jerry G. Rose, PE
University of Kentucky
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
261 Raymond Building
Lexington, KY 40506-0281
Phone: (859) 257-4278
Email: [email protected]
It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be used for non-commercial, educational purposes, with
as few restrictions as possible. However, there are some necessary constraints and warnings regarding its use as described
below.
Copyright Restrictions and Disclaimer: This Powerpoint (ppt) file is the property of the author(s) who retains the copyright, but offers it for use at no cost for noncommercial, educational purposes. Written permission must be obtained from the author to publish or use in any way other than the intended purpose described above.
Please be advised that the materials (photos, graphics, etc.) used within this ppt file have come from a variety of sources and have been assembled here for personal use by the author for educational purposes. The copyright for some of the images and graphics used in this presentation may be held by others. Where possible, this copyright information is listed. Regarding these materials, users may not change or delete any author attribution, copyright notice, trademark, or other legend. Users of this material may not further reproduce it without permission from the copyright owner and it is the sole responsibility of the user to obtain such permissions as necessary. Regarding these materials, you may not, without prior consent from the particular copyright owner, modify, copy, publish, transmit, adapt, or in any way exploit the content. Additional restrictions may apply to specific images or graphics as indicated herein.
The contents of this file are provided on an "as is" basis and without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. The author makes no warranties or representations, including any warranties of title, noninfringement of copyright or other rights, nor does the author make any warranties or representation regarding the correctness, accuracy, or reliability of the content or other material in the file.
Copyright Dr. Jerry G. Rose, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 56: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Line-of-Road Simulation Tool Samuel L. Sogin Graduate Research Assistant University of Illinois
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 57: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57 57
Network capacity analysis model
“RTC is a powerful software package that dispatches trains using the same elements as a human dispatcher.”
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 58: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58 58
What if? analyses Adding Infrastructure
Sidings Signals Double track
Operational changes
Rerouting Higher volumes Shorter dwells
Future Case
“What-if” Schedules
Mix
Impact
Growth Market Shift
High
Speed Rail Train Size
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 59: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59 59 Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 60: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 61: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61 61
Network
Track Layout
Signals
Switches
Speed Limits
Grades
Curvature
Trains
Origin and Destinations
Dwells
Crew Changes
Locomotives
Consist
Priorities
Meet/Pass Logic
Internal Train
Performance
Calculator
Priorities
Outputs
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 62: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62 62
Built of link and nodes Link Types
— Foul
— Crossover
— Turnout
— Road Crossing
— Signaled Siding
— Controlled Siding
— Main
— Industrial
— Storage
— Passenger Station
— Yard
— Foreign
Nodes Identify — Signal
— Switch
— Diamond
— Change in grade
— Change in
curvature
— Change in speed
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 63: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63 63
Detailed network information:
Grade crossings
Speeds
Curvature
Elevations
Configuration
Sources of data:
GIS
Engineering database
Track charts
Timetables
Engineering drawings
Yard maps
Google/Bing Maps
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 64: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64 64
0.930 Curvature
-0.052 Grade
55/50 Speed
Track Charts
RTC
139.230 141.460 139.370
2.11 Curvature
0.313 Grade
50/40 Speed
142.450 143.610 143.976
0.75 Curvature
0.385 Grade
50/40 Speed
0.30 Curvature
0.407 Grade
50/40 Speed
Main 1
142.800
2.08 Curvature
-0.024 Grade
50/40 Speed
2.60 Curvature
0.000 Grade
50/40 Speed
2.75 Curvature
0.000 Grade
55/50 Speed
1.87 Curvature
-0.230 Grade
55/50 Speed
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 65: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65 65
Signal BA 141.4 Orleans Rd CP 139
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 66: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66 66
Train consist characteristics
Tonnage
Length
Loaded/empty cars
Number and type of locomotives
Train route characteristics
Origin
Destination
Crew change locations
Turnaround locations
Pick-up and set-out locations
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 67: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67 67
Other data sources:
OS reporting
Dispatching replays
String-lines
Human sources:
Planners
Division managers
Trainmasters
Yardmasters
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 68: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68 68
Network
Track Layout
Signals
Switches
Speed Limits
Grades
Curvature
Trains
Origin and Destinations
Dwells
Crew Changes
Locomotives
Consist
Priorities
Meet/Pass Logic
Internal Train
Performance
Calculator
Priorities
Outputs
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 69: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69 69 Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 70: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70 70
Network
Track Layout
Signals
Switches
Speed Limits
Grades
Curvature
Trains
Origin and Destinations
Dwells
Crew Changes
Locomotives
Consist
Priorities
Meet/Pass Logic
Internal Train
Performance
Calculator
Priorities
Outputs
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 71: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71 71
Network
Track Layout
Signals
Switches
Speed Limits
Grades
Curvature
Trains
Origin and Destinations
Dwells
Crew Changes
Locomotives
Consist
Priorities
Meet/Pass Logic
Internal Train
Performance
Calculator
Priorities
Outputs
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 72: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72 72
Priority-based dispatching
Train type specific
Coal min: 3500 initial:5000 max:6500
Intermodal min: 4500 initial:6000 max:7500
Increases and decreases based on early or late time versus prorated schedule
Peaks when hours of service approaches for crews
Q10001 V10001
5000 6000
Q10001
V10001
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 73: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73 73
When trains become tangled RTC will rewind, make changes and attempt to resolve
The model will fail if it is unable to resolve complicated conflicts
“The difference between RTC and the human is that RTC
solves the dispatching problem on a much larger scale:
greater distances and longer periods of time”
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 74: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74 74
Goal is for 28 days
7 days warm up
14 days statistical period
7 day cool down
Multiple random seeds
Randomize train departure times
Set by train type
Intermodal trains [-0:15,+0:30]
Merchandise [-0:30,+1:00]
Coal [-2:00,+4:00]
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 75: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75 75
Network
Track Layout
Signals
Switches
Speed Limits
Grades
Curvature
Trains
Origin and Destinations
Dwells
Crew Changes
Locomotives
Consist
Priorities
Meet/Pass Logic
Internal Train
Performance
Calculator
Priorities
Outputs
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 76: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76 76
Detailed train performance data
Delay reports
Time-distance charts
Animation
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 77: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Time
Dis
tance
6 Hour Disruption
Recovery
Normal
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 78: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 79: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved
![Page 80: C. Tyler Dick, P.E. - University of Kentuckyjrose/ce533_html... · tyler.dick@hdrinc.com | hdrinc.com It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022040516/5e7618843654253a5059c429/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Presentation Author Samuel L. Sogin Graduate Research Assistant Rail Transportation and Engineering Center Civil & Environmental Engineering Department University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1203 Newmark Civil Engineering Lab, B118 Urbana, IL 61801 (847) 899-2711 <[email protected]>
It is the author’s intention that the information contained in this file be used for non-commercial, educational purposes with as few restrictions as possible. However, there are some necessary constraints on its use as described below.
Copyright Restrictions and Disclaimer:
The materials used in this file have come from a variety of sources and have been assembled here for personal use by the author for educational purposes. The copyright for some of the images and graphics used in this presentation may be held by others. Users may not change or delete any author attribution, copyright notice, trademark or other legend. Users of this material may not further reproduce this material without permission from the copyright owner. It is the responsibility of the user to obtain such permissions as necessary. You may not, without prior consent from the copyright owner, modify, copy, publish, display, transmit, adapt or in any way exploit the content of this file. Additional restrictions may apply to specific images or graphics as indicated herein.
The contents of this file are provided on an "as is" basis and without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. The author makes no warranties or representations, including any warranties of title, noninfringement of copyright or other rights, nor does the author make any warranties or representation regarding the correctness, accuracy or reliability of the content or other material in the file.
Copyright Samuel L. Sogin, 2012 – All Rights Reserved