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C: The story of steel - Transforming Resources Interpretive plan September 1, 2016

Module Big Idea: To transform natural resources into a product we use various tools, technologies and

processes. Case study: steel.

Core messages:

1. Steel is an alloy of various elements that we extract from the Earth.

2. We have been developing steel for thousands of years and have altered its characteristics to

meet our needs and wants.

3. Canadians develop scientific knowledge related to steel processing.

C Steel. Visitors can see the different ore samples which make steel and see that steel is a

combination of specific elements. Visitors can touch different types of steel, will learn about basic steel

making processes and will understand which alloys make up specific types of steel and why.

C L1 module title: Steel

C L1 module text: We have been extracting resources from the Earth for thousands of years to develop

first irons and then steel to meet our needs and wants.

Accessibility considerations.

Physical Accessibility – Assure appropriate viewing heights, reach length and close approach to

artifacts and loans. Assure reader rails provide clear knee space. Assure 70% contrast.

Sensory Accessibility – This is a very visual experience. Provide alternative output such as described

audio with jack.

Intellectual Accessibility – Choose easily understandable icons and minimal, simple text. Text shall be

written for language skill of about Grade 6 level reading comprehension. Use short sentences and

avoid words that represent complex concepts. Labels for objects should be located in close proximity

to the object themselves. Extra effort is required to make the complex timeline understandable.

Accessibility exemptions:

Programming and Outreach opportunities.

Floor staff could have different samples of steel, or could develop a very hands-on experience around

steel processing.

Visitor experiences:

C1 - Overview - Basic information.

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C1-1 graphic (to be produced by design team): Graphic showing the different ores which go into alloy

steel with short caption text identifying what the different elements change about steel properties.

Alongside touchable alloy steel sample, there will also be touchable samples of different types of steel

where visitors can touch and check magnetism (and other properties?). Touchable steel samples: alloy

steel, stainless steel, tool steel, carbon steel, galvanized steel, weathering steel (see object list below).

C1-1 L2 title: What is steel?

C1-1 L2 module text – Steel is a combination of specific elements made in a series of steps.

(Call out text done graphically on steel beam?)There are more than 3,500 types of steel with different

properties.

(Call out text done graphically on steel beam?) Over 75% of the steels in use today did not exist 20 years

ago.

(Call out text done graphically on steel beam?): Steel = 90-99% of iron + 0.01% to 1.99% carbon +

alloying elements.

Objects to be embedded on C1-1-1 graphic: How big do these samples need to be?

Code Sample Artifact/Loan/

Prop

Object Caption

C1-1-1-1 Iron ore

Carbon ore

Loan Iron ore, carbon

Periodic element symbols Fe and C

- Core elements in steel.

C1-1-1-2 Chromium Loan Chromium

Periodic element symbol Cr

- hardness

C1-1-1-3 Nickel Loan Nickel

Periodic element symbol Ni

- ductility

C1-1-1-4 Molybdenum Loan Molybdenum

Periodic element symbol: Mo

- toughness, corrosion resistance and thermal

qualities.

C1-1-1-5 Copper Artifact? Copper

Periodic element symbol: Cu

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- corrosion resistance, machinability and

formability.

C1-1-1-6 Manganese Loan Manganese

Periodic element symbol: Mn

- strength, ductility.

C1-1-1-7 Aluminum Loan Aluminum

Periodic element symbol: Al

- oxidation resistance, strength and weight

reduction.

C1-1-1-8 Silicon Loan Silicon

Periodic element symbol: Si

Strength, magnetism

C1-1-1-9 Tungsten Loan Tungsten

Periodic element symbol: W

- thermal qualities, specialized corrosion

resistance, impurity in most steels

C1-1-1-10 Titanium Loan Titanium

Periodic element symbol: Ti

- corrosion resistance, improved mechanical

properties at high temperatures,

- Specialized toughness, formability, strength,

and tempering resistance.

C1-1-1-11 Niobiom Artifact Niobium samples IAMGOLD Corporation Nobec Mine, Quebec 2011 Artifact no. 2011.0086

Periodic element symbol: Nb

- resistance to corrosion, mechanical

properties at high temperatures, toughness.

C1-1-1-12 Antimony Artifact Antimony ingot Prince William York County, New Brunswick

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1850 Artifact no. 2015.0288

Periodic element symbol: Sb

- corrosion resistance

C1-1-1-13 Sulfur Loan Sulfur

Periodic element symbol: S

machinability

C1-1-2 Types of steel (This could go anywhere in this section as a touchable counter panel.).

(Touchable props with a label and 15 word maximum caption with explanation and 3 uses. )

C1-1-2 Stainless steel Prop(s) –

touchable.

Stainless steel

- contains high amounts of chromium, nickel,

or molybdenum (11%-30%) and is extremely

resistant to corrosion.

Uses: food handling/processing, medical

instruments, hardware, appliances, and

structural/architectural uses

Note: there are many diverse uses of stainless

steel which have wide ranging different

properties. Anna to speak with Steel

association/distributor to check availability

C1-1-3 Tool steel Prop -

touchable

Tool steel

- High-hardness, abrasion resistant steels

contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and

vanadium in varying quantities to increase

heat resistance and durability.

- Uses: dies, cutting tools, mould making, and

impact tools like hammers

C1-1-4 Carbon Steel

sample

Prop

(touchable)

Carbon steel

- The amount of carbon in steel varies from

0.16% to 2 % and this changes its properties

and uses.

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- Carbon steel is used in: industrial and

automotive components, springs, wires,

knives, axles, punches

C1-1-5 Galvanized

steel sample

Prop

(touchable)

Galvanized steel

- has a thin layer of zinc to prevent corrosion,

uses

- heavily used before stainless steel in

household functions.

C1-1-6 Damascus

steel sample

Artifact loan Damascus steel

- obsolete or lost art made to achieve a

pattern

C1-1-7 Weathering

steel sample

Prop

(touchable)

Weathering steel

- forms a coating of dark brown oxidation

over the metal; does not need painting and

rust-prevention maintenance.

- Uses:

C1-1-8 Magnet

(tethered/loc

ated nearby

to allow for

testing the

different

samples)

Prop (for use)

Graphic: A piece of steel at the centre, with recycling on left, and water use on right. Fun fact below.

C1-1-3 L2 text: Steel is the most recycled material in the world.

Recycling arrows graphic: 100% can be recycled and we are recycling up to 90% of it.

Stainless steel object (arrow) 40% raw materials (arrow) 60% recycled content (From recycled content:

arrow one) 25% old scrap (arrow 2) 35% new scrap.

C1-1-3 L2 text: We use 1.6 to 3.3. m3 of water per tonne of steel produced. Approximately 90% of water used is returned to the source. Fun Fact: An average Canadian owns 900 kg of steel in various products

Artifact (can go anywhere in this section):

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Sand Core Victoria Foundry Ottawa, Ontario Around 1950 Artifact no. 1969.1599 Artifact Caption: Sand cores are used to shape holes and openings in steel products. Sand, consolidated with oil, can withstand very high temperature of molten steel.

C1-1-4 graphic: How do we make steel? Simple, layered, interactive infographic interpretation of steel

making process on the wall (produced by design group). Animation combined with mechanical triggers

to demonstrate processing. Incorporates animations and real images, as well as mechanical interfaces

which trigger the animations but are also aligned with the processing.

C1-1-4 Graphic Title: How do we make steel:

Labels (50 words):

Blast furnace, iron ore, coke, hot air, limestone;

Iron, slag

Pig iron

Basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace, molten iron, scrap, heat, limestone, flux

Alloying metals, cast, beams, slabs, blooms, billets,

Forming - steel sheets, bars, strips, wires, plates, slabs

(1) Added to blast furnace: iron ore + coke + hot air + limestone

(a) Mix symbol

(2) Blast furnace with separated iron (bottom) with slag (top) -

(3) Pig iron removed from blast furnace.

(4) In BOF or EAF: mix molten iron, scrap and heat (combust carbon, reducing carbon to

desirable quantity)

(5) Add limestone/flux to remove impurities.

(6) Add alloying metals to get desired steel properties.

(7) Hot steel poured and cast into beams, slabs, blooms, billets (ready for forming)

(8) Hot and cold forming to make steel sheets, strips, bars, wires, plates, slabs which are

used in products.

Series of good animations: http://www.steel-n.com/esales/general/us/catalog/index.html

http://www.steel-n.com/esales/general/us/catalog/stainless/index.html

Video: http://dofasco.arcelormittal.com/news-and-media/multimedia-gallery/video-gallery/how-steel-

is-made.aspx

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http://corporate.arcelormittal.com/news-and-media/multimedia-gallery/video-

gallery/producingsafesustainablesteel (available in French)

Hands-on interactive stations trigger animations in C1-1-2 above: (13 words)

C1-1-4 Instructional text: Mission: mix to make iron.

(Visitor will mixing ingredients in blast furnace to make iron

Iron ore + coke + hot air + limestone = slag + iron)

C1-1-4 Instructional text: Mission: mix to make steel.

(Visitor will mix iron with different ingredients to make steel

Pig iron + alloys + hot oxygen + scrap + fluxes

Bob Lee’s story of processing innovation

C1-1-4 Instructional text: Mission: roll steel

(Visitor will roll something as they process steel (rolling))

C1-2 History of steel. Four models depicting steel processing, the discovery of chemical elements

(with elemental samples) and images of the people and unions involved in steel making show that we

have been developing steel for thousands of years and have altered its characteristics to meet our needs

and wants. Key message is that without these three main players (unions, discovery of elements, and

steel would not exist).

C1-2 L2 title: History of steel

C1-2 L2 Subtitle: Making steel – meeting our needs and wants over time.

C1-2 Timeline: maximum 50 dates; each date with 10 words.

Inspiration timelines:

- Multiple streams of interconnected happenings.

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- Concept of rollercoaster – not direct, linear progress

- Could this occupy 3d space, not 2d?

http://infographicsmania.com/pioneer-steel-buildings/

http://igm4.infographicsmania.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/100-Years-of-Iconic-Stainless-Steel-

Structures-Infographic-Infographicsmania.jpg

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History: The timeline is colour-code by the history of industry, the history of technological developments, and events that impacted the story of steel. All this intertwine to bring us to where we are today. 3.3 million year ago – 11,700 years ago - Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age), first use of tools 3,000 BC – 1,000 BC Bronze Age, the first use of metals 1,200 BC – 1,000 BC Iron Age begins, knowledge of iron metallurgy and iron weaponry and agricultural implements spreads rapidly. 22nd-20th c. BC - the earliest examples of tools made from material similar in composition to steel found at Kaman-Kalehöyϋk site in Anatolia. Before 3C BC – Experimentation with iron: Pottery making – experimenting with iron content; First iron was retrieved from meteorites, and the earliest steel was most likely a by-product of ironwork experimentation. 3rd c BC – Wootz steel and Damascus steel produced in India 2nd c AD Chinese manufacture steel using a blast furnace 1464 The first documented blast furnace in Europe was established in Italy near Genoa to produce iron 1540 De la pirotechnia by Vannocio Biringuccio published, it is considered to be the first European manual on metallurgy 1556 De re metallica (On the Nature of Metals), a seminal work by Georgius Agricola published. It encompasses the state of knowledge on mining and metal processing at the time. 1600s steel, at the time made by cofusion method, is still used rarely in Europe 1700 AD the art of Damascus steel is lost 1709 Abraham Darby uses coke to smelt iron ore, first confirmed use of coke 1740 Crucible steel is developed by Benjamin Huntsman 1783 Henry Cort invents steel roller 1736 to 1883, the Forges Saint-Maurice produced iron from local bog iron ore 1751-1754 Axel Fredrik Cronstedt identifies nickel, the first element used to produce a high quality steel alloy. 1774 Manganese identified by Karl Wilhelm Scheele 1778 Molybdenum identified by Karl Wilhelm Scheele 1781 Tungsten identified by Karl Wilhelm Scheele 1790 Titanium identified by Wilhelm Gregor, but only named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1795 1797 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth identifies chromium and Louis Nicolas Vauquelin produced chromium trioxide. 1800s blast furnace improved, bellows powered by engine, better draining and ventilation, height and higher temperature 19th c. growth of rail transportation and urbanization puts stress on the iron industry and gives a momentum to improve production of steel 1838 R. Mallet established that adding chromium to iron increases the resistance to corrosion in the alloy by providing a film on the surface of a metal. 1855 Bessemer converter, invented by Henry Bessemer leads to the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from pig iron. The convertor allowed for oxygen to be passed through a molten iron, reacting with carbon and releasing CO2. This process reduced the amount of carbon in the iron, but was difficult to control and left phosphorus behind. 1850 Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens invents regenerative furnace, or open hearth furnace.

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1865 Pierre-Émile Martin first applies Siemens regenerative furnace to making steel. The furnace was easier to control than Bessemer converter, allowed to recover and regenerate heat, and produced temperature high enough to melt scrap steel. 1868 Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel 1876 First steel workers union – Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers 1876 Sidney Gilchrist Thomas adds flux - limestone - to the Bessemer process. The limestone reacts with impurities such as phosphorus in the iron producing slag and allowing the unwanted element to be removed. 1878 Carl Wilhelm Siemens experiments with Electric Arc Furnaces 1879 Sir John A Macdonald’s government develops policy to grow Canadian steel industry. 1880s First steel production in Canada 1883 – Brooklyn Bridge opens – first steel wire suspension bridge 1890s Hamilton becomes a major steel production center 1900 Paul Héroult constructed the first commercially successful Electric Arc Furnace, which can produce steel from recycled steel 1901 Andre Carnegie creates U.S. Steel 1901, the Dominion Iron and Steel Company built the first integrated steel works at Sydney, Nova Scotia It was the most modern steel plant in the world with 400 Coke Ovens, 4 Blast Furnaces, 10 50-ton Open Hearth furnaces. Early 20th c. integrated steel plants are a norm – they combine iron processing facilities with steel making facilities 1902 Algoma Steel, Sault St. Marie begins production 1902 The International Nickel Company (Inco) is created 1903 Rustless Steel is patented in Britain by La Societé Anonyme de la Neo-Metallurgie 1910 Steel Company of Canada (Stelco) created in Hamilton 1912 Dominion Steel Castings Company Limited created in Hamilton 1913 Harry Brearley casts the first heat (heat is a product of single melting process in a furnace) of steel. He is generally credited with the develops a stainless steel 1914-1918 WWI demand for steel increases, and the production is improved (new furnaces) 1917 Dominion Steel Castings Company Limited renamed Dofasco 1939-1945 WWII demand increases, Canadian government invests heavily in steel production to improve capacity, under the War Industry Control Board established by C.D. Howe and supervised by the Steel Controller Hugh Scully, prices were fixed, ambitious production targets set, and new infrastructure built. 1946 Strike at Stelco lasted 81 days, and ended with 13.5% wage increase +5% at the end of the year. Late 1940s and 1950s End of WWII drives innovations within peace-time applications of steel. 1947-1967 Savard-Lee Shrouded Tuyere developed and the improvements continue to this day. 1948 Robert Durrer invents Basic Oxygen Steelmaking process 1952–1953 Austrian VOEST and ÖAMG comercialize the Basic Oxygen Furnace paving way for minimills, which can obtain almost all its iron needs from scrap. 1950s The use of the Electric arc furnace increases. Continuous casting developed. Mini mills. Recycling of steel increases. 1954, Dofasco installed the first Basic Oxygen Steel (BOF) furnace outside of Austria, in Hamilton, Ont. 1960s and 1970s innovations: 1967 a new Stelco research centre was founded in Burlington, Ontario low-slag smelting practice, novel method for producing direct reduced Iron (DRI), SL Process, less energy intensive, less polluting, more recyclable material, Stelco coilbox, to promote the mixing necessary for a uniform product, 1962 University Dept. such as McMaster Steel Research Centre

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1966 Sidbec created by Quebec government, 1968 Sidbec acquires Dosco, 1994 purchased by Ispat International, and in 2004 by Mittal (ArcelorMittal since 2006) 1980 Stelco new facility build in Lake Erie is the last integrated plant to be built in North America 1990s economic recession, decrease in demand for steel and downturn in production 1998 University of Waterloo Canadian Cold Formed Steel Research Group 2000 last steel production in Sydney, NS at what was the first integrated steel works in Canada. 2001 Last Siemens regenerative furnace, or open hearth furnace in the world closed in China. 2006 Dofasco purchased by Arcelor 2006 Arcelor and Mittal consolidate to form the first global steel company 2007 Algoma Steel purchased by Indian Essar group to form Essar Steel Algoma Inc. 2007 Stelco purchased by U.S. Steel, renamed U.S. Steel Canada 2013 the site of what was the first integrated steel works in Canada, in Sydney, NS remediated to become a

park, 2014 U.S. Steel Canada entered bankruptcy protection.

…??? (some good news?)

C1-3 History of steel Artifacts:

Crucible Walker Mining Company Backingham, Quebec Around 1850 Artifact no. 2015.0281 Artifact Caption: This crucible, which was used to hold hot, molten metal, is made of graphite, which has a very high melting point and resists oxidation.

Artifact group caption for vases (40 words): Pottery kilns were likely the first processing facilities for

metalwork. Most clays contain iron, so those working with pottery would have been already familiar

with the behaviour of iron under high temperatures. The colour of pottery depended on processing

various metal elements present in clay under specific temperature. Cobalt gave pottery blue tint,

manganese minerals coloured it black; non-iron clays were white.

Vase Albert Mines Middle Musquotobit, Nova Scotia 1913 Artifact no. 2015.0283.001 Vase Albert Mines Middle Musquotobit, Nova Scotia 1913 Artifact no. 2015.0283.002 Vase

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Albert Mines Middle Musquotobit, Nova Scotia 1913 Artifact no. 2015.0283.003

C2 Canadian stories of processing innovation Visitors see a caricature of one of

Canada’s superheroes of industry and learn about the work of metallurgists from the steel industry who

and their views on steel related research.

For each story, no more than 50 words,

Name:

Superhero name:

Abilities:

World changer:

Quote:

Photo in action:

Caricature:

Arch enemy:

Accessibility considerations.

Physical Accessibility – Assure appropriate viewing heights and close approach to artifact and

caricatures. Assure 70% contrast.

Sensory Accessibility –

Intellectual Accessibility – Text shall be written for language skill of about Grade 6 level reading

comprehension. Choose quotes which are engaging and understandable to a general audience. Use

short sentences and avoid words that represent complex concepts.

Accessibility exemptions:

Programming and Outreach opportunities. From Rock to Reality – Mining and Metallurgy Project

http://cstmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/research-metallurgy-legacy-project.php

Visitor experiences

C2 L2 Title: Superheroes of steel

C2 L2 text: Canadian innovations in steel. C2 Artifact: Steel Alloy Sample National Research Council of Canada

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Boucherville, Quebec Around 1989 Artifact no. 1990.0312 C2 Artifact Caption: Scientists at the National Research Council of Canada developed this experimental alloy to test steel with greater strength than products available on the market in the 1980s.

C2-1 Name: Dr. Indira Samarasekera

Superhero name: Steel Queen

Abilities: Dr. Samarasekera is an accomplished,

Achievements/exploits:

- Became the first woman appointed president of the University of Alberta

- Became the first female mechanical engineer in her native Sri Lanka (in 1974)

- Used mathematical models to find defects in steel

Quote:

Photo in action:

Caricature:

C2-1 L2 title: Dr. Indira Samarasekera – Lady of steel.

C2-1 L2 text (abilities):

- In 1974, became the first female mechanical engineer in her native Sri Lanka.

- Worked in the Department of Metals and Materials Engineering at UBC with a focus on

continuous casting and hot rolling of steel

- Used mathematical models to find defects in steel

- Became president of the University of Alberta, first woman president of any Alberta University.

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C2-1 Video. Video of Indira (footage and transcription) (link in Google Drive – TR – Content – Visitor

Experience – Processing)

Time: 11:15 - 12:45

Transcript:

“I was lucky to have gotten into continuous casting of steel as a mechanical engineer because the big

issues of the day were making high quality steel casting going from liquid to solid, in this relatively new

process. And the goal was not to have any cracks and defects. So the work that I did with my supervisor

and mentor, Keith Brimacombe, who was an unbelievable giant in the field, was some of the relatively

pioneering work to understand the relationship between the design and operation of the machine and

the defects in the steel product. So I am very proud of that work. We worked together as a team for

pretty much 20 years. And over those twenty years, the work that we did really became, I would say the

gold standard for industry, in terms of making billets which are small sections and casting them without

defects. That was wonderful development to be a part of and to help drive and so… it enable us to do

consulting around the world. We were giving courses in different countries, consulting for companies

that were having problems.”

C2-1 Potential images:

C2-2 L2 Title: Dr. Gary Purdy C2-2 L2 text (bullet points).

- Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at McMaster University

- Director of McMaster’s Centre for Peace Studies

- Contributed to the understanding and control of materials production and fabrication processes.

(Ex: Thermal/mechanical processing of advanced steels)

C2-2 Video. Video of Gary (link in Google Drive – TR – Content - Visitor Experience - Processing)

Time: 8:47 – 8:53, 9:00 – 9:33, 9:39 – 9:50, 9:55 – 10:00

Transcript:

“There have been so many purchases of Canadian based companies by global firms. And I’m talking not

just about the steel companies, I’m thinking aluminum for example, has moved. Alcan labs in Kingston

no longer function. Stelco research is gone, Inco…You can go right across Canada, name one

metallurgical company after another and they’d be purchased and in many cases, downsized, the

research capabilities have been moved somewhere else. So I see it as a very unfortunate set of

developments. And I don’t see how you can reverse that, once it’s happened. […] It’s affected the

opportunities for our students in Canada especially. I mean where would you go (for research,

placements, etc.)? So I really see that as a very negative effect. […] I really think it has affected our

students, their prospects and what we do.”

C2-2 Potential images:

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Name: Dr. Bob Lee

Superhero name: The Steel Tamer

Abilities: Dr. Lee

Achievements/exploits:

- Became the first woman appointed president of the University of Alberta

- Became the first female mechanical engineer in her native Sri Lanka (in 1974)

- Used mathematical models to find defects in steel

Quote: “if they were successful in outlawing the use of stainless steel in hospitals and food processing,

they would create an epidemic of unknown proportion because they would lose the ability to clean

things”

Photo in action:

Caricature:

C2-3 L2 Title. Dr. Robert (Bob) Lee C2-3 L2 text (bullet points)

- Metallurgical engineer and former Director of Research and Technology at Canada Liquid Air Ltd. - Inventor of the porous plug (shrouded tuyere), which allowed molten steel to be treated with

oxygen. Because of it, steelmaking has increased in safety and quality globally.

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- Holds over 200 patents in many fields, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, environment, energy, pulp and paper, chemical, and food.

C2-3 Illustration. Image of patent and cartoon (bathtub) with description of his innovation

C2-3 Graphic/text: Backgrounder information about the invention to be present as text or graphic: Dr. Bob Lee has had a fruitful career as metallurgist and inventor. His most important accomplishment, the idea of the porous plug, which allows gas to rise from the bottom of the ladle [a vessel used to transport and pour molten metals] and stir the molten steel, came to him while he was in the bathtub! Deeming steelmaking ‘backwards’ and ‘dangerous’, Dr. Lee knew that plunging an ingot into a ladle filled with molten steel in order to make steel was neither a safe or efficient way to operate. As a result, he developed the porous plug, which would push gas into the bottom of the ladle, uniformly stirring the steel, completely removing the need for plunging and therefore, splashing. (Like a flatus in a bathtub!) C2-3 Quotes (Video link in Google Drive – TR – Content – Visitor Experience – Processing) “They would have a ladle of steel and they would have an ingot to plunge into the molten steel to mix it

up so that you get a uniform bath of steel so that they can cast the steel with uniform properties from

the start of casting to the end. And I said: that is backwards, that is dangerous. So that’s when I

developed the porous plug. […] I said: it’s dangerous to get an ingot and plunge it in like that. Wouldn’t

be nice if we could use some gases in a porous brick and place it in the bottom of a ladle and put gases

through to stir the bath up. That would be a very good way of doing it. […] So I went to brick

manufacturers and I said: I would like a porous brick. Not only porous but continuous porous so I can put

some gas through under pressure. But they showed me the door and said: we want to make our bricks

as dense as possible so they can last as long as possible. And then the government, in the old days, they

called it Department of Mines, had a refractory lab there, and I approached them, and they said: well,

we’ll help you to make a porous brick. And we were successful in developing a porous brick which was

usable. And now it is used throughout the world.

So you not only came up with the idea of developing a new technique, but you also developed the actual brick? Developed the actual brick. You will read in that little report that I showed you. And no-one knew about that, so my wife said, “you developed that sixty years ago, why don’t you tell people how it came about? And that was the time I was sitting in the bathtub, and I released some flatus, they call it, a fart, and I went: oh! that’s the idea, that’s where it came from!”

C2-3 Video. Video of Indira talking about Bob Lee and his importance/impact (footage and transcription)

Indira on the advancement of metallurgy in Canada: Time: 28:57 – 29:25 Trascript: “In Canada, certainly, Bob Lee, we were talking about Bob Lee earlier, the submerged tuyere, which

enabled, certainly enhanced the ability to make steel at high temperatures, and increase the

productivity because you could run these things longer, was a huge breakthrough for the world-wide

steel industry.”

C2-3 Potential images:

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C2-4 L2 Title. Gerard (Gerry) Heffernan

C2-4 L2 text (bullet points).

- Metallurgist from the University of Toronto

- Known as the father of the electric-arc furnace mini-mill

- Made much of the North American steel industry more cost effective and sustainable

C2-4 Backgrounder/quote (no video)

Gerald Heffernan is a world leader in the development and successful adaptation of new technologies to the steel manufacturing industry. Holding a degree in metallurgical engineering from the University of Toronto, Heffernan pioneered the efficient self-contained steel production facilities known as “mini-mills”, which now produce roughly 35% of the world’s yearly steel output. Its use of recycled scrap steel has made steel the most recycled product on the planet.

“I guess you could say that I helped reshape the world's steel industries. I didn't start out to do that. I was just trying to create a better product at a better price, but the outcome was revolutionary. […] We installed one of the first commercially successful continuous casting plants. Then, by combining continuous casting with the use of enhanced electric arc furnaces and cheap scrap metal, I was able to sell my steel at well below the price being charged by the large integrated mills. This new process, referred to as mini-mill steel manufacturing, not only allowed smaller regional mills to become cost effective but, by replacing the dirty coke ovens and blast furnaces, as well as recycling scrap steel, my manufacturing process had clear environmental benefits.” http://cstmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-gerald-heffernan.php

C2-4 Potential images:

C2-5 Bruce Conard.

Name: Dr. Bruce Conard

Superhero name: Remediation-Man

Abilities: An expert chemist who specialises in virtually every type of metallurgy. With his extensive

experience, he has become a technical leader in determining the effects of metals on human health and

the environment.

Achievements/exploits:

- Developed a way to harvest nickel through plants

- Was the Vice President of Environmental & Health Sciences for Inco/Vale

- Dedicated his career to educating organizations and the general public on the risks of metals.

Quote: “if they were successful in outlawing the use of stainless steel in hospitals and food processing,

they would create an epidemic of unknown proportion because they would lose the ability to clean

things”

Photo in action:

Caricature:

C2-6. You too can be a superhero of steel. Visitors can see themselves in a mirror which puts them at

the centre of the steelmaking superhero gang.

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Find a young researcher to talk about the future of steel.