C-MORE 3: Hot Days Along the West Antarctic Peninsula
Transcript of C-MORE 3: Hot Days Along the West Antarctic Peninsula
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Current team
PI Hugh Ducklow (MBL)Bacteria-Biogeochemistry
Oscar Schofield (Rutgers) - Phytoplankton
Doug Martinson (LDEO) - Ocean PhysicsDebbie Steinberg (VIMS) - Zooplankton
Bill Fraser (Polar Associates)- Penguins & Fish
Scott Doney (WHOI)- Ocean Modeling
Sharon Stammerjohn (UCSC)
- Climate and Ice
Karen Baker (Scripps)- Data management
& Informatics
Beth Simmons (Scripps)- Education &
Outreach
Our Current g
Acknowledgements to past LTE
Barbara Prezelin, Robin Ross, Langdon QueVernet, Eileen Hoffman, John Klinc
The Boss!
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The man!
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The man!
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Winter 2007 Summer 2007
The central hypothesis when the LTER began was that sea ice timing and magnitude structurand composition of the Antarctic ecosystem. The ice dynamics are driven by large-scale int
atmosphere and ocean.
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.
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Temperature Trends (degrees C per year)
-0.2 0.2Thursday, June 30, 2011
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Perennial
Ice
Feb 1979 Feb 1999
0 10050
Sea Ice Concentration (%)
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10 year analysis annual trends
ice decline
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The WAP peninsula is experiencing the largest winter warming
Black is British Faraday & Ukraine Vernadsky StationRed is US Palmer Station
Mean Winter TemperaturesSea ice duratio
Air temperatureincreases over the
peninsula
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The WAP peninsula is experiencing the largest winter warming
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Larson-B ice shelf after its collapseThanks to BAS & A. Clarke
The WAP peninsula is experiencing the largest winter warming
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Day 1
Day 10In 2008 the WilkensIce Sheet followedthe Larson Ice Shelf
and began tocollapse
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M l l f f K G VI S d
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Melt pools on surface of King George VI Sound(from a BAS twin otter, January 2004)
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Year
1980
2000
May1
Feb1
5%Icecover
Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the
few decadesresulting to a
climate migration
to the South
Sea ice dataSea ice data
courtesy of E.courtesy of E.
ChapmanChapman
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Year
1980
2000
May1
Feb1
5%Icecover
Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the
few decadesresulting to a
climate migration
to the South
Sea ice dataSea ice data
courtesy of E.courtesy of E.
ChapmanChapman
Key Implications:
Regional shifts in the sea
ice has major ecological
implicationsThursday, June 30, 2011
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1990
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Palmer Station in the present
photo by Bill Fraser
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Plants at Palmer Stathe greening of Anta
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Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - worlds largest ocea~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensification of
favorable winds.
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Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - worlds largest ocea~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensification of
favorable winds.
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Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - worlds largest ocea~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensification of
favorable winds.
The WAP is theonly location in theAntarctic where theACC is adjacent tothe shelf break. TheACC is Antarcticas
warmest water
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Tmax!
UCDW!
WW!
AntarcticPeninsula
Distance Offshore (km)!
Depth(m)
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thankThursday, June 30, 2011
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Upwelling favorable winds result in Ekman mass transport
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2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
Identified from Q characteristics
and Tmax values ( ~6.66 day)
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
Eddies, based on Tmax and Q transients (300.100)7
T
(C)
Q
(x109J
m-2)
!
Month/day (2008)!thank
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Heating on the WAP is driven by circulation and intrusion of the of the ACC continental shelf.
Meredith and King 2005 Martinson et al. 2008
Summer sea surface temperatureincreasing +0.4 C/year
Evidence of solar ocean warming
Ocean heat content increasing on tcontinental shelf of the WAP
Evidence of increased upwelling oCircumpolar Deep Waters
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Interannual variability is complex due to interacting influenceSouthern Annular Mode and El Nino/La Nina
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50
0
25
Chlorophyll(g/L
)
1991 Year
Palmer time series: Phytoplankton show large interavariability
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Wh l h l k bl i hi i
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0 10 20 30 40 50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
mixed layer dep
Inte
gratedchlorophy
lla
abo
vethemixedlayer
2
0
DEC JAN FEB
CHL a
NO3
PO4
25
0
3
0
mg m-3
mol l-1
mol l-1
UML
What regulates phytoplankton blooms in this regio
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Huang & BenderThursday, June 30, 2011
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The decadal changes have resulted changes in the phytoplankto
Montes Hugo et al. Science 2009
The change in chlorophyll since the 1970s
The changes driven by a decice, wind and sun
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15 yeaseries o
carmeasuralso su
North grad
Vernet et al. DSR 2008
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When chlorophyll is high, phytoplankton cells are big and ardiatoms
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Change in biomass impact on biogeochemistry
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Proportion of total chlorophyll a
associated with cryptophytes
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1Proportio
noftotalchlorophyll
aassoc
iatedwithdiato
ms
32
33
34
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0
Temperature
Salinity
DiatomPrymnesiophytes
Who will dominate the warmer WAP?
MThursday, June 30, 2011
Salinity (p.p.t)
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% Cryptophytes
0 25 50
33.3 33.6 33.8
64W
Palmer Station
Antarctic
Peninsula
65S
65S
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Cryptomonas cryophila
Thalassiosira antarctica
Corethron criophilum
Palmer Cryptophytes --> 8 2m
10m
100m
SEM Micrographs fromMcMinn and Hodgson 1993
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A general feature in the warming WAP
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Temperature (C) Salinity (ppt) Density ()
A general feature in the warming WAP
V illafae et al., 1995;
Kang, S-H et al., 1997;
Kang, J-S et al., 1997
Location Reference
South Shetland Islands
Lancelot et al., 1991;
Nothig et al., 1991Trguer et al., 1991;
Buma, 1992;
Mura et al., 1995;
Kang and Lee, 1995;
Aristegui et al. , 1996
Weddell-Scotia-
BellingshausenConfluence Areas
McMinn and Hodgson, 1993Ellis Fjord
Kang and Lee, 1995;
Kang et al., 1995
Bransfield Strait
Krebs, 1983Anvers IslandWhitaker, 1982Signy Island
Historical Data
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CO take aries ith h t lankt n c mm nit
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CO2 uptake varies with phytoplankton communit
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Zooplankton are dominated by krill or salps
Krill greatest biomass o
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020406080
100
McClatchie and Boyd 19
020406080
100 Boyd et al. 1984
01020304050
Quetin and Ross 1985
%R
etentionbyK
rill
5-10
Phytoplankton Size (m)
>15
5-10 >15
5-10 >15
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FromLoeb et al., 1997
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0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
Krill:Salp
Year
IceIndex
6
4
2
R2 = 0.56
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Krill:Salp
Ice Index6
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Krill:Salp
Mean Air Temperature (C)024
,
R2 = 0.63
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I th i t hi h t hi l l ?
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Is there an impact on higher trophic levels?
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One focus idea of the LTER is testing, is that system is undergoing climate m
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have structured sampling around the major Adelie penguin breeding areapeninsula.
To be expanded by NASAgrant awarded in Dec.
Summerforaging
areas for Adeliepenguins
Winterforaging
areas for Adeliepenguins
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Anvers Island
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Anvers Island
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Changing diets for the
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g gAdelie penguins
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Changing diets for the
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98%
1%
1%
Krill
Fish
Other
1994-
present
g gAdelie penguins
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Changing diets for the
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98%
1%
1%
Krill
Fish
Other
1994-
present
54%
45%
1%
1995-
present
g gAdelie penguins
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-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1983
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
YEAR
NORMALIZEDOTOLITHABUNDANCEINDIET
SAMPLES
ANTARCTIC SILVERFISH
LANTERFISH
Silverfish
Lanternfish
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If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more mois
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If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more moismore snow. Breeding failure...........
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BREEDING POPULATION CHANGE (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
ADELIE(%C
HANGE)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
GENT
OO&CHINSTRAP(%
CHANGE)
Adelie
Gentoo
Chinstrap
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Results suggests the pelagic niche for the Adelie is
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YEAR
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Adelie penguinsWeddell seals
Chinstrap penguinsGentoo penguins
Fur sealsElephant seals
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70 West 69 West
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Old Day Communication
HAM Operator Coms Palmer Station 1988
68 South
AdelaideIsland
OceanStationObama
W
RV Gould
Rutgers
COOLroom
RotheraBaseReal time
comms
Brave NewDay
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Enhanced productivity is associated with the warm upwelle
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Enhanced productivity is associated with the warm upwelle
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OOI planning & prosecutionb i f
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OSSE
Management
ASPEN
Casper
Glider
Operations
AUV
Operations
plans
plansControl
& Data
Control
& Data
Control &
Data
exchange
Iridium
phone bank
Glider AUV
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Plans, controls, and Data
ROMS data
satellites
CODAR
Non-MOOS
gliders
data
OSSE
Management
ASPEN
Casper
Glider
Operations
AUV
Operations
plans
plansControl
& Data
Control
& Data
Control &
Data
exchange
Iridium
phone bank
Glider AUV
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Plans, controls, and Data
ROMS data
satellites
CODAR
Non-MOOS
gliders
data
cyberinfrastructure
Thursday, June 30, 2011
OOI planning & prosecutionb i f
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OSSE
Management
ASPEN
Casper
Glider
Operations
AUV
Operations
plans
plansControl
& Data
Control
& Data
Control &
Data
exchange
Iridium
phone bank
Glider AUV
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Plans, controls, and Data
ROMS data
satellites
CODAR
Non-MOOS
gliders
data
OSSE
Management
ASPEN
Casper
Glider
Operations
AUV
Operations
plans
plansControl
& Data
Control
& Data
Control &
Data
exchange
Iridium
phone bank
Glider AUV
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Plans, controls, and Data
ROMS data
satellites
CODAR
Non-MOOS
gliders
data
cyberinfrastructure
penguinsMET
CTD data
Thursday, June 30, 2011
OOI planning & prosecutionb i f t t
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OSSE
Management
ASPEN
Casper
Glider
Operations
AUV
Operations
plans
plansControl
& Data
Control
& Data
Control &
Data
exchange
Iridium
phone bank
Glider AUV
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Plans, controls, and Data
ROMS data
satellites
CODAR
Non-MOOS
gliders
data
OSSE
Management
ASPEN
Casper
Glider
Operations
AUV
Operations
plans
plansControl
& Data
Control
& Data
Control &
Data
exchange
Iridium
phone bank
Glider AUV
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Casper
MOOS-IvP
Platform Controller
Plans, controls, and Data
ROMS data
satellites
CODAR
Non-MOOS
gliders
data
cyberinfrastructure
penguinsMET
CTD data
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RU-COOL Glider Fleet: Antarctic Deployments: 2007 2
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- Number of Deployments: 22
- In-water days: 251Di t fl 5 009 k
p y