CCHURCH HURCH

HHISTORYISTORYMINISTRY TRAINING MINISTRY TRAINING

PROGRAMPROGRAM

MARCH 2007MARCH 2007

TTHE HE RREFORMATIONEFORMATION

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MARCH 2007MARCH 2007

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PPRE-RE-RREFORMATION EFORMATION

CCHRISTIANITYHRISTIANITY

• The Landscape of Early Medieval The Landscape of Early Medieval LifeLife

• Christianity on the Eve of the Christianity on the Eve of the ReformationReformation

• Christian HumanismChristian Humanism

PPOPE OPE LLEO EO XX• Giovanni de MediciGiovanni de Medici• Pope Leo X 1513-1521Pope Leo X 1513-1521• "Since God has given us "Since God has given us

the papacy, let us enjoy the papacy, let us enjoy it." it."

• His Extravagance His Extravagance offended Cardinals who offended Cardinals who plotted assassination plotted assassination (but alas they fell victim (but alas they fell victim to food poisoning)to food poisoning)

• Sold Offices and Sold Offices and Indulgences to pay for Indulgences to pay for St. Peter’sSt. Peter’s

CCHRISTIAN HRISTIAN

HHUMANISMUMANISM• Ad FontesAd Fontes (Primary Sources) (Primary Sources)• Sought Learning not for Knowledge Sought Learning not for Knowledge

but for Morality and Virtuebut for Morality and Virtue• For Christianity, For Christianity, ad fontesad fontes means means

back to the Bible and Early Church back to the Bible and Early Church FathersFathers

• Most important humanist: Most important humanist: Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus

DDESIDERIUSESIDERIUS E ERASMUSRASMUS• 1466-15361466-1536• Greatest Scholar of early Greatest Scholar of early

1500s1500s• Moralizing ReformerMoralizing Reformer

– Neo Platonic view of humans– Urged Moral Mastery

• SatiristSatirist– Praise of Folly (1511)– Critic of Superstition,

Privilege, Scholasticism, Hypocrisy, Corruption

• Biblical Scholar Biblical Scholar – Published Greek NT 1516

with his own Latin parallel (a very dangerous translation for Metanoia/Paenitentia)

• ““Laid the Egg that Luther Laid the Egg that Luther would hatch”would hatch”

MMARTIN ARTIN LLUTHER – UTHER – EARLY EARLY YEARSYEARS

• 1483-1546; Born to a 1483-1546; Born to a German coal minerGerman coal miner

• Early Education on a Early Education on a road to Law (with an road to Law (with an emphasis on emphasis on Nominalism) at Nominalism) at University of ErfurtUniversity of Erfurt

• Enters Augustinian Enters Augustinian Monastery in Erfurt, the Monastery in Erfurt, the strictest order (after a strictest order (after a thunder storm)thunder storm)

• Extraordinarily Self Extraordinarily Self Aware and ScrutinizingAware and Scrutinizing

MARTIN LUTHER- MARTIN LUTHER- SEEDS OF SEEDS OF REFORMREFORM

• Pilgrimage to RomePilgrimage to Rome• Indulgences: not a matter Indulgences: not a matter

of buying one’s way into of buying one’s way into heaven, but a satisfaction heaven, but a satisfaction for one’s penance.for one’s penance.

• Tetzel on a campaign for Tetzel on a campaign for St. Peter’s of Rome. St. Peter’s of Rome.

• Luther feels souls are Luther feels souls are being misled by the being misled by the indulgences campaign.indulgences campaign.

• He draws up 95 theses for He draws up 95 theses for debate.debate.

• He tells Tetzel to He tells Tetzel to changechange – – not to stopnot to stop – his – his indulgences practice.indulgences practice.

LLUTHER UTHER PPOSTS HIS OSTS HIS 9595

TTHESESHESES• The Disputation of Martin The Disputation of Martin

Luther on the Power and Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences Efficacy of Indulgences

• October 31, 1517October 31, 1517• Church Door at Church Door at

WittenbergWittenberg• Translated and Published Translated and Published

without Luther’s consentwithout Luther’s consent• Catapulted Luther to Catapulted Luther to

prominenceprominence

1517-1521 Path to Public 1517-1521 Path to Public FigureFigure• 95 Theses first brings Luther to public attention95 Theses first brings Luther to public attention

• Humanists bring him to prominenceHumanists bring him to prominence• Theses are translated into German and widely published Theses are translated into German and widely published

(without his consent)(without his consent)• Humanists promote the 95 theses for their own agendaHumanists promote the 95 theses for their own agenda• Luther doesn’t want to attack the churchLuther doesn’t want to attack the church• Luther will not recant unless shown by Scripture rather than by Luther will not recant unless shown by Scripture rather than by

Canon lawCanon law• He gets tipped off that he will be brought to Rome, but Luther He gets tipped off that he will be brought to Rome, but Luther

fleesflees• Eck vs. Luther debate pushes Luther into a corner that Luther Eck vs. Luther debate pushes Luther into a corner that Luther

would not have gone without the pushwould not have gone without the push• Luther supports neither councils nor popes but the authority of Luther supports neither councils nor popes but the authority of

scripture is alone authoritative for Christian lifescripture is alone authoritative for Christian life• Response: Pope Leo X gives Luther 60 days to recant or face a Response: Pope Leo X gives Luther 60 days to recant or face a

final excommunication. Papal bull final excommunication. Papal bull exsurge domineexsurge domine• Luther responds with three treatises, including the Luther responds with three treatises, including the Address to Address to

the Christian Nobility of the German Nationthe Christian Nobility of the German Nation, , Babylonian Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchCaptivity of the Church (in Latin) to reform the church’s worship (in Latin) to reform the church’s worship and sacraments to Baptism, communion, and penance. and sacraments to Baptism, communion, and penance. The The Freedom of the ChristianFreedom of the Christian which addresses the issue of faith and which addresses the issue of faith and works.works.

DDIET OF IET OF WWORMS 1521ORMS 1521

LLUTHER’S UTHER’S TTHEOLOGYHEOLOGY• Emerged gradually from 1513-1519Emerged gradually from 1513-1519• Sole FideSole Fide• Sola ScripturaSola Scriptura• Priesthood of all believersPriesthood of all believers• Extremely passionate, gritty communicator… to Extremely passionate, gritty communicator… to

move people, appealing to the heart and the headmove people, appealing to the heart and the head• Fills 100 thick volumes in writingFills 100 thick volumes in writing• 3 Misconceptions3 Misconceptions

– Private interpretation; no subjective truth (not even his), just THE truth

– Sought primarily to correct abuses in the church. He rejected the church because of root causes of doctrinal error. It was inherently perverted in that humans can contribute to their salvation. Abuses were merely symptoms of the root cause

– Sought to establish his own church. Could not be more than one more genuine Christian church. He was calling the one and only church back. He concludes that Leo X’s rejection of his propositions showed that Christ’s return was close as the church had been taken over by the anti-Christ.

LLUTHER VS. UTHER VS. EERASMUSRASMUS• Initially public considered both on the same Initially public considered both on the same

missionmission• Similarities can’t disguise the profound differencesSimilarities can’t disguise the profound differences

– Gradual process of improvement– Luther’s view of human nature was much less optimistic– Reckless vs. deliberative

• Erasmus pensErasmus pens “On the Freedom of the Will” “On the Freedom of the Will” almost almost against his own will. Very moderately and against his own will. Very moderately and carefully crafted.carefully crafted.

• Luther issuesLuther issues “On the Bondage of the Will,” “On the Bondage of the Will,” a a fierce attack on Erasmus. fierce attack on Erasmus. – This is the real crux of the matter– Any degree of human contribution robs God of his

omnipotence. Takes salvation out of God’s hands. – Are we saving ourselves? Then what’s the point of God?

• Catholic Humanists and Protestant Reformers Catholic Humanists and Protestant Reformers would never collaborate from this point forwardwould never collaborate from this point forward

HHULDRYCHULDRYCH Z ZWINGLIWINGLI

• 1484-15311484-1531• Native of the Swiss Native of the Swiss

confederationconfederation• Priest in ZurichPriest in Zurich• Admired HumanismAdmired Humanism• Expository PreacherExpository Preacher• Phases out Catholicism Phases out Catholicism

with city council of with city council of ZurichZurich

• Marburg Colloquy 1529Marburg Colloquy 1529• Dies in Battle of KappelDies in Battle of Kappel

PPROTEST ROTEST SSPREADSPREADS• How did the message spread?How did the message spread?

– Printed Word– Visual Images– Spoken Word!!!– Hybrid

• How did the movement spread? 4 stages:How did the movement spread? 4 stages:1. Humanist enthusiasm and early support2. Street preachers and ambiguous magistrates

despite Catholic complaints3. Middle strata of society acts for change4. Magistrates, facing loss of control, call for a

council (which are a foregone conclusion in a city already straining toward reform)

TTHE HE PPEASANTS’ EASANTS’ WWARAR• 1524-1525 from France to Austria. Not a single organized 1524-1525 from France to Austria. Not a single organized

movementmovement• It was crushedIt was crushed• A vision of reform closer to Zwingli rather than LutherA vision of reform closer to Zwingli rather than Luther• The peasant work boot was its banner of grievance against The peasant work boot was its banner of grievance against

oppressionoppression• Thomas Muntzer was actively apocalyptic (while Luther was Thomas Muntzer was actively apocalyptic (while Luther was

passively apocalyptic)passively apocalyptic)• Call to Usher in the new kingdom of righteousness; led 9000 Call to Usher in the new kingdom of righteousness; led 9000

into battle of Frankenhausen with farm tools to a complete into battle of Frankenhausen with farm tools to a complete butchering at the hands of armored cavalry despites butchering at the hands of armored cavalry despites assurances that they could not fail.assurances that they could not fail.

• Results: Results: – Marks the end of the Reformation as a mass social movement

from “below.” – Stigmatizes religious radicalism (even by Luther) and preserves

secular authority. – Assures that implementation of the reformation would proceed in

a controlled, domesticated way in accord with the political authorities.

HHENRY ENRY VIIIVIII• 1491-15471491-1547• Auspicious StartAuspicious Start• ““Defender of the Faith” Defender of the Faith”

15211521• Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon• The Act of Supremacy The Act of Supremacy

15341534• Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn• Jane SeymourJane Seymour• Thomas CranmerThomas Cranmer

JJOHN OHN CCALVINALVIN• 1509-15641509-1564• Brilliant student of law in Brilliant student of law in

ParisParis• 1533 “Sudden 1533 “Sudden

Conversion”Conversion”• 1536 Publishes 1536 Publishes The The

Institutes of Christian Institutes of Christian Religion Religion (Principles of (Principles of the Christian Faith)the Christian Faith)

• TULIPTULIP• Geneva – Moral MagnetGeneva – Moral Magnet• Enduring InfluenceEnduring Influence

JJACOB ACOB AARMINIUSRMINIUS• 1560-16091560-1609• Studied under Theodore Studied under Theodore

Beza at Geneva 1582Beza at Geneva 1582• Ordained to pastor Ordained to pastor

Amsterdam 1588Amsterdam 1588• In attempting to defend In attempting to defend

Calvinistic predestination Calvinistic predestination against the onslaughts of against the onslaughts of Dirck Volckertszoon Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, modified his Coornhert, modified his view to Predestination view to Predestination based on Divine based on Divine ForeknowledgeForeknowledge

• Remonstrant's Five Remonstrant's Five Articles of 1610 led to Articles of 1610 led to TULIP response by TULIP response by CalvinistsCalvinists

TTHE HE RRADICAL ADICAL

RREFORMATIONEFORMATIONThe Rise of the AnabaptistsThe Rise of the Anabaptists

1525-15341525-1534

Dirk Willems turning to save the life of the drowning deputy who had been sent to arrest him. Despite his act of Christian love, the Catholic authorities still ordered the deputy to arrest Dirk, who they later burned at the stake.

RRADICAL ADICAL RREFORMATIONEFORMATION

• Arose among Zwingli’s own colleaguesArose among Zwingli’s own colleagues• 1523 They drew different conclusions 1523 They drew different conclusions

and suspected Zwingli of selling out to and suspected Zwingli of selling out to city magistrates (on tithes and pace of city magistrates (on tithes and pace of reform)reform)

• Central issue: if one is saved by faith Central issue: if one is saved by faith alone, what sense did it make to alone, what sense did it make to administer baptism to a pre-cognitive administer baptism to a pre-cognitive infantinfant

TTHEHE S SWISSWISS B BRETHREN: RETHREN: FFELIX ELIX

MMANZ & ANZ & CCONRAD ONRAD GGREBELREBEL

TTHE HE BBAPTISM APTISM DDEBATEEBATE• 1524 Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz argued from 1524 Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz argued from

Scripture (Mark 16:16). First have faith and only Scripture (Mark 16:16). First have faith and only then be baptized. No explicit mandate infant then be baptized. No explicit mandate infant baptism can be found in Scripture Alone … so who baptism can be found in Scripture Alone … so who is really holding to is really holding to Sola ScripturaSola Scriptura??

• Zwingli was compelled to argue on the basis of Zwingli was compelled to argue on the basis of analogy from circumcision in the OT. analogy from circumcision in the OT.

• Why did the issue of infant baptism matter so Why did the issue of infant baptism matter so much? much? – Rite of passage into the community– Citizenship was the other side of the coin for fellowship

for Zwingli– It’s like getting a “rock wet” according to Anabaptists

• January 1525 they defy the city’s infant baptism January 1525 they defy the city’s infant baptism lawlaw

OOTHER THER IISSUESSSUES• Radical non resistance… “turn the other cheek; do Radical non resistance… “turn the other cheek; do

not resist an evil person”not resist an evil person”• Doing away with ordinary vs. extraordinary Doing away with ordinary vs. extraordinary

believers (like the Voluntarily Devout and their believers (like the Voluntarily Devout and their “On the Imitation of Christ”)“On the Imitation of Christ”)

• A literal following after the Christ in Discipleship… A literal following after the Christ in Discipleship… only true followers can be Christiansonly true followers can be Christians

• Accused Luther of a cheap Christianity that let Accused Luther of a cheap Christianity that let Christians off the hookChristians off the hook

• Separatism results from persecution (a product of Separatism results from persecution (a product of the Peasants’ War)… no oaths to government… the Peasants’ War)… no oaths to government… starts to look like the peasants of 1524. starts to look like the peasants of 1524.

• Swiss Brethren, South German/Austrian Swiss Brethren, South German/Austrian Anabaptists, and Hutterites (communities in Anabaptists, and Hutterites (communities in Moravia and Bohemia)Moravia and Bohemia)

MMUNSTER UNSTER DDEBACLE 1534EBACLE 1534

• Eschatological Anabaptists attempted to establish a Eschatological Anabaptists attempted to establish a Theocracy in this northern German townTheocracy in this northern German town

• ““New Jerusalem” complete with King DavidNew Jerusalem” complete with King David• Polygamy, Community of Goods, Chiliasm Polygamy, Community of Goods, Chiliasm • Permanently Discredited Mainstream AnabaptistsPermanently Discredited Mainstream Anabaptists• Dead bodies hung in cages from St. LambertsDead bodies hung in cages from St. Lamberts

MMENNO ENNO SSIMMONSIMMONS• 1496-1561; Ordained 1496-1561; Ordained

15241524• Priestly doubts 1531-36Priestly doubts 1531-36• Mennonites take their Mennonites take their

name from himname from him• Salvaged the non Salvaged the non

resistant, Biblically resistant, Biblically based Anabaptist vision based Anabaptist vision of a disciplined churchof a disciplined church

• 1 Corinthians 3:111 Corinthians 3:11• ““True Repentance”True Repentance”• ““Under the Ban” 1557Under the Ban” 1557

RREFORMATIONEFORMATION S SPREADS PREADS

OOUT OF UT OF CCENTRAL ENTRAL EEUROPEUROPE• Does not take off until the 1550s (all Does not take off until the 1550s (all

remained overwhelming Catholic)remained overwhelming Catholic)• The Low Countries (Netherlands, Holland, The Low Countries (Netherlands, Holland,

and Flanders) and Flanders) – Highly literate, urban population… ideas

spread– Strong Humanism centers (Erasmus’ home)– Augustinian monasteries helped spread

Luther’s ideas (first two Protestant martyrs)

• FranceFrance• EnglandEngland

CCATHOLIC ATHOLIC

CCHURCH HURCH RREFORMSEFORMSThe Counter ReformationThe Counter Reformation

1540-15631540-1563

IIGNATIUS GNATIUS LLOYOLAOYOLA• 1491-15561491-1556• Fascinated by Holy Fascinated by Holy

ChivalryChivalry• Fierce Asceticism Fierce Asceticism

proved formativeproved formative• Formed a small band Formed a small band

(including Francis (including Francis Xavier) bound to Xavier) bound to poverty, chastity, and poverty, chastity, and obedienceobedience

• ““Society of Jesus” or Society of Jesus” or Jesuits 1540Jesuits 1540

• Spiritual ExercisesSpiritual Exercises

CCOUNCIL OF OUNCIL OF TTRENT 1545RENT 1545

CCOUNCIL OF OUNCIL OF TTRENTRENT

• The Catholic Reformation or Counter-The Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation called in 1537 but delayed 8 Reformation called in 1537 but delayed 8 yearsyears

• Pope Paul III CommissionsPope Paul III Commissions Concerning Concerning the Reform of the Churchthe Reform of the Church – Popes and cardinals had become too

worldly;– bribery to gain church office was

widespread; – monasteries had lost their discipline; – and the selling of indulgences was widely

abused.

CCOUNCIL OF OUNCIL OF TTRENTRENT

• ResolutionsResolutions– Reform!!! Abolished Indulgence sellers, Clerical

Corruption, Favors to Relatives, Mistresses– Reaffirmation!!! Seven Sacraments,

Transubstantiation, Latin Mass, Sacrificial Understanding of Mass, Justification was NOT by Faith Alone, Latin Vulgate Bible, No Private Interpretation, Sola Scriptura denied, Church exists before Scriptures

• ResultsResults– Brought Much Needed Reform– Cemented the Gulf Between Catholics and

Protestants– Defined the Church through Vatican II in 1960s

WWERE THE ERE THE RREFORMATIONS EFORMATIONS

A A SSUCCESS?UCCESS?• Christendom View:Christendom View:

– No one wanted division, but unified doctrine and worship; No group got what they wanted

– Endless doctrinal controversies and religious wars; anti authoritarianism; moral laxity

• Respective Traditions’ Views:Respective Traditions’ Views:– Protestants’ ultimate goal of eternal salvation of

Christian men and women… immeasurable, but most rural adherents were ignorant of the basics of the faith

– Catholicism redirected rather uprooted personal piety– Anabaptism was most successful since it was “self

selecting.” Other devout minorities also flourished and exercised vastly disproportionate historic influence

RREFORMATION’S EFORMATION’S

LLEGACYEGACY• Transformation of the Western Transformation of the Western WorldWorld

• Multiplicity of ChurchesMultiplicity of Churches• Doctrinal Pluralism… eventually Doctrinal Pluralism… eventually

RelativismRelativism• Increasingly Secular Political OrderIncreasingly Secular Political Order• Diminishing Influence of Religion in Diminishing Influence of Religion in

Public LifePublic Life• Domesticated and Marginalized Domesticated and Marginalized

Christianity for the sake of Social Christianity for the sake of Social and Political Coexistenceand Political Coexistence

TTHEHE AAGE OF GE OF RREASONEASON

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TTHE HE AAGE OF GE OF RREASONEASON

1670 1690 1710 1730 1750 1770

AAGE OF GE OF RREASONEASON• Response to Sectarian Response to Sectarian

Violence of 1600sViolence of 1600s• Sir Francis BaconSir Francis Bacon

– Scientific Method

• Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal– The Wager

• Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton– Natural Laws

• John LockeJohn Locke– Christian Basis for Unity

based on Reasonable Principles

JJOHN OHN LLOCKEOCKE• Supernatural Rationalist Supernatural Rationalist

who sought to promote who sought to promote unity in Europe via a unity in Europe via a common sense reasonable common sense reasonable approach to approach to understanding the Gospelunderstanding the Gospel

• The Reasonableness of The Reasonableness of Christianity (2 essentials):Christianity (2 essentials):– Belief in Jesus as Messiah– Obedience to clear

commands

• He influences the He influences the Hermeneutics of Hermeneutics of RestorationistsRestorationists

GGREAT REAT AAWAKENINGWAKENING

JJONATHAN ONATHAN EEDWARDSDWARDS• 1703-17581703-1758• ““Greatest American Mind”Greatest American Mind”• Northampton, MassNorthampton, Mass• Dispassionate Revivalist Dispassionate Revivalist

who sparked The Great who sparked The Great Awakening (despite Awakening (despite Enlightenment’s de-Enlightenment’s de-emphasis on supernatural)emphasis on supernatural)

• ““Sinners in the Hand of an Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God”Angry God”

• Freedom of the WillFreedom of the Will 1754 1754 on divine sovereigntyon divine sovereignty

• President of PrincetonPresident of Princeton

Alexander CampbellAlexander Campbell

• Scottish Irish Scottish Irish BackgroundBackground

• Thomas Campbell, Thomas Campbell, his Father, and he his Father, and he both emigrate to US both emigrate to US in 1807 and both in 1807 and both break with the break with the Presbyterian Presbyterian ChurchChurch

• Unites with Barton Unites with Barton Stone and Walter Stone and Walter Scott to form Scott to form Churches of ChristChurches of Christ