C hapter Twelve Motivation and Emotion © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Chapter Twelve Motivation and Emotion © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transcript of C hapter Twelve Motivation and Emotion © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Chapter TwelveMotivation and Emotion

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Motivation and Emotion

MotivationSet of factors that activate,

direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal

EmotionSubjective feeling that includes

arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and running)

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

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Six Major Theories of Motivation

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Drive Reduction Theory

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Optimal Arousal Theory

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Sensation Seeking

Four Factors that Characterize Sensation Seeking

1.Thrill and adventure seeking2.Experience seeking3.Disinhibition4.Susceptibility to boredom

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Some CriticismsLacks empirical dataBiased towards Western individualismDoesn’t fit all situations

Normally we fill the basic needs first; however, situations may cause people to pursue higher-level needs before lower-level needs

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MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR

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Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors

StomachRelatively inactive when emptyCan experience hunger without the stomachReceptors detect nutrient levelsPressure receptors signal satietyBiochemistryMany chemicals involved, as is thermogenesisBrainHypothalamus regulates eating and drinking

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Key Mechanisms in Hunger Regulation

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Hunger and Eating: Psychosocial Factors

Stimulus Cues

Cultural conditioning (e.g. time, food choice)

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Eating Disorders

ObesityBody weight 15% or more above the ideal for

one’s height and ageOver half of U.S. adults meet this criterionHeritability may be a factorEnvironmental factors (sedentary, “supersized”

portions, convenience foods with salt/fat/sugar, social gatherings)

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Eating Disorders

Anorexia NervosaCharacterized by a severe loss of

weight resulting from self-imposed starvation and an obsessive fear of obesity

Distorted body imageNeed for controlUse of dangerous weight-loss

measuresNegative health impacts (e.g.

osteoporosis, enlarged ventricles)

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Eating Disorders

Bulimia NervosaCharacterized by consumption of large quantities of

food (bingeing), followed by vomiting, extreme exercise, and/or laxative use (purging)

Weight fluctuations within or above normal rangeImpulsivityNegative health impacts (e.g., damage to throat,

cardiac arrhythmias, digestive disorders)

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Eating Disorder Symptoms

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Eating Disorders

What might be some causes of eating disorders?

Consider the many aspects of the biopsychosocial model

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Explain What You See

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Achievement Motivation

Desire to excel, especially in competition with others

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)Need for Achievement (nAch)High nAch people generally report more success

and satisfaction

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Achievement Motivation

Six characteristics of High nAchPrefer moderately difficult tasksPrefer clear goals with competent feedbackCompetitiveResponsiblePersistentMore accomplished

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COMPONENTS AND THEORIES OF EMOTION

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Three Components of Emotion

1. BiologicalBrain

CortexLimbic System

AmygdalaAutonomic Nervous

System (ANS)SympatheticParasympathetic

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Three Components of Emotion

2. CognitiveThoughts, values, and

expectations

3. BehavioralExpressions, gestures,

and body positions

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Four Major Theories of Emotion

1. James-Lange TheorySubjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause; each emotion is physiologically distinct

2. Cannon-Bard TheoryEmotions and physiological changes occur simultaneously; all emotions are physiologically similar

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Four Major Theories of Emotion

3. Facial-Feedback HypothesisMovements of the facial muscles produce and/or intensify our subjective experience of emotion

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Four Major Theories of Emotion

4. Two-Factor TheoryEmotion depends on two factors—physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal

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Four Major Theories of Emotion

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CRITICAL THINKING ABOUT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic MotivationMotivation based on external rewards or threats

of punishmentIntrinsic MotivationMotivation resulting from internal, personal

satisfaction from a task or activity

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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation

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Polygraph and Lie Detection

PolygraphInstrument that

measures sympathetic arousal to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness

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Polygraph and Lie Detection

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Polygraph and Lie Detection

What are some limitations to using the polygraph?

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Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The ability to know and manage one’s emotions, empathize with others, and maintain satisfying relationships

Self-awarenessImpulse controlPersistenceEmpathySocial deftnessSelf-motivation

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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion

Cultural Similarities

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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion

Role of EvolutionEvolutionary theory suggests basic emotions

evolved before thoughtUniversal facial expressions

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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion

Cultural DifferencesDisplay rules govern how, when, and where to express emotions

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