C hapter Twelve Motivation and Emotion © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Transcript of C hapter Twelve Motivation and Emotion © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter TwelveMotivation and Emotion
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation and Emotion
MotivationSet of factors that activate,
direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
EmotionSubjective feeling that includes
arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and running)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Six Major Theories of Motivation
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drive Reduction Theory
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Optimal Arousal Theory
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Sensation Seeking
Four Factors that Characterize Sensation Seeking
1.Thrill and adventure seeking2.Experience seeking3.Disinhibition4.Susceptibility to boredom
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Some CriticismsLacks empirical dataBiased towards Western individualismDoesn’t fit all situations
Normally we fill the basic needs first; however, situations may cause people to pursue higher-level needs before lower-level needs
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors
StomachRelatively inactive when emptyCan experience hunger without the stomachReceptors detect nutrient levelsPressure receptors signal satietyBiochemistryMany chemicals involved, as is thermogenesisBrainHypothalamus regulates eating and drinking
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Mechanisms in Hunger Regulation
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hunger and Eating: Psychosocial Factors
Stimulus Cues
Cultural conditioning (e.g. time, food choice)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eating Disorders
ObesityBody weight 15% or more above the ideal for
one’s height and ageOver half of U.S. adults meet this criterionHeritability may be a factorEnvironmental factors (sedentary, “supersized”
portions, convenience foods with salt/fat/sugar, social gatherings)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eating Disorders
Anorexia NervosaCharacterized by a severe loss of
weight resulting from self-imposed starvation and an obsessive fear of obesity
Distorted body imageNeed for controlUse of dangerous weight-loss
measuresNegative health impacts (e.g.
osteoporosis, enlarged ventricles)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eating Disorders
Bulimia NervosaCharacterized by consumption of large quantities of
food (bingeing), followed by vomiting, extreme exercise, and/or laxative use (purging)
Weight fluctuations within or above normal rangeImpulsivityNegative health impacts (e.g., damage to throat,
cardiac arrhythmias, digestive disorders)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eating Disorder Symptoms
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Eating Disorders
What might be some causes of eating disorders?
Consider the many aspects of the biopsychosocial model
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Explain What You See
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Achievement Motivation
Desire to excel, especially in competition with others
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)Need for Achievement (nAch)High nAch people generally report more success
and satisfaction
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Achievement Motivation
Six characteristics of High nAchPrefer moderately difficult tasksPrefer clear goals with competent feedbackCompetitiveResponsiblePersistentMore accomplished
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
COMPONENTS AND THEORIES OF EMOTION
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Three Components of Emotion
1. BiologicalBrain
CortexLimbic System
AmygdalaAutonomic Nervous
System (ANS)SympatheticParasympathetic
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Autonomic Nervous System
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Three Components of Emotion
2. CognitiveThoughts, values, and
expectations
3. BehavioralExpressions, gestures,
and body positions
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Four Major Theories of Emotion
1. James-Lange TheorySubjective experience of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause; each emotion is physiologically distinct
2. Cannon-Bard TheoryEmotions and physiological changes occur simultaneously; all emotions are physiologically similar
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Four Major Theories of Emotion
3. Facial-Feedback HypothesisMovements of the facial muscles produce and/or intensify our subjective experience of emotion
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Four Major Theories of Emotion
4. Two-Factor TheoryEmotion depends on two factors—physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Four Major Theories of Emotion
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
CRITICAL THINKING ABOUT MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic MotivationMotivation based on external rewards or threats
of punishmentIntrinsic MotivationMotivation resulting from internal, personal
satisfaction from a task or activity
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
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Polygraph and Lie Detection
PolygraphInstrument that
measures sympathetic arousal to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Polygraph and Lie Detection
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Polygraph and Lie Detection
What are some limitations to using the polygraph?
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
The ability to know and manage one’s emotions, empathize with others, and maintain satisfying relationships
Self-awarenessImpulse controlPersistenceEmpathySocial deftnessSelf-motivation
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Cultural Similarities
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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Role of EvolutionEvolutionary theory suggests basic emotions
evolved before thoughtUniversal facial expressions
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Cultural DifferencesDisplay rules govern how, when, and where to express emotions
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.