C HAPTER 6 – T HE M USCULAR S YSTEM. M USCLE V OCABULARY Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads...

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CHAPTER 6 – THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Transcript of C HAPTER 6 – T HE M USCULAR S YSTEM. M USCLE V OCABULARY Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads...

Page 1: C HAPTER 6 – T HE M USCULAR S YSTEM. M USCLE V OCABULARY Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads Biceps = 2 Heads Triceps = 3 Heads Quadriceps = 4 Heads.

CHAPTER 6 – THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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MUSCLE VOCABULARYBi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps =

Heads Biceps = 2 Heads Triceps = 3 Heads Quadriceps = 4 Heads

Brachium = Arm Example: Brachialis

Communis = Common Example: Extensor Digitalis

Communis

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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D

Deltoid = Triangle Example: Deltoideus

Digastric = Two Bellies Extrensic = From the Outside Fascia = Band or Girdle

Example: Superficial Fascia; Deep Fascia

Femoris = Thigh or Femur Example: Biceps Femoris

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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D

Glossus = Tongue Gluteus = Pertaining to the Buttocks

Example: Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medias, Gluteus Minimus

Dorsi = On or of the Back Example: Latissimus Dorsi

Intrinsic = Within or Inside Gracilis = Slender Infra = Below or Inferior

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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D

Latissimus = WidestExample: Latissimus Dorsi

Longissimus = Longest Masseter = Chewer Maximus = Largest Minimus = Smallest Myology = Study of Muscles Oblique = Slanted Orbicularis = An Orb or Circle

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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D

Pectoralis = Breasts and Chest Quadratus = Four Sides or Square

Example: Quadrilaterals Rectus = Straight Semi = Prefix denoting Half

Example: Semipermeable Membrane

Supra = Above or upon Example: Supraspinatus

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Page 8: C HAPTER 6 – T HE M USCULAR S YSTEM. M USCLE V OCABULARY Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads Biceps = 2 Heads Triceps = 3 Heads Quadriceps = 4 Heads.
Page 9: C HAPTER 6 – T HE M USCULAR S YSTEM. M USCLE V OCABULARY Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads Biceps = 2 Heads Triceps = 3 Heads Quadriceps = 4 Heads.
Page 10: C HAPTER 6 – T HE M USCULAR S YSTEM. M USCLE V OCABULARY Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads Biceps = 2 Heads Triceps = 3 Heads Quadriceps = 4 Heads.
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I. OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES

~ Muscles make up approximately 40% of Body Mass~

A.Characteristics of MusclesSkeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)

Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments (myofibril)

All muscles share some terminologyPrefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle”

Prefix sarco refers to “flesh”

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Muscle Types (Know anatomy of skeletal muscle #1 – diagram and terms)

I. OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES…CONT’D

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TendonBelly

Epimysium

PerimysiumEndomysium

Fiber (Cell)

Bundle

Sarcolemma – Cell MembraneSarcoplasm – Cell Cytoplasm

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I. OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES…CONT’D

B.Muscle Functions1. Produces movement2. Maintains posture3. Stabilizes joints4. Generates heat

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II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE

CONTRACTIONS ~ ATP – Source of energy for contractions~A.Muscle Fatigue – unable to

contract while being stimulated. Due to:Oxygen Debt

Depends on blood supplyLactic Acid builds up (sore & tired muscles)

Oxygen debt payback rapid, deep breathing

Low supply of ATP

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B.Types of ContractionsIsotonic – muscle shortens & movement occursex: bending knee, rotating arm, smiling

Isometric – tension increases; muscle does not shortenex: pushing against a wall

II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D

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C.Muscle ToneSustained partial contractionDue to nerve supplyKeeps muscle healthy & ready to react

Paralysis – no stimulation; muscle becomes flaccid & atrophy

II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D

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D. Effects of Exercise on Muscle“Use it or Lose it”Aerobic (endurance) Exercise

Does little to increase massStronger, Flexible, Less fatigueBenefits: skeletal muscle, metabolism, digestion (elimination), neuromuscular coordination, skeleton, blood vessels, lungs

Ex: jogging, biking, aerobics

II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D

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D. Effects of Exercise on Muscle, Cont’d…

Resistance exercise – isometricMuscles contract with force

Enlarges muscle cellsEx: Weightlifting

II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D

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1.All muscles cross at least one joint.2.Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies

proximal to the joint crossed.3.All muscles have at least two

attachments: the origin and th insertion.

4.Muscles can only pull; they never push.

5.During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin.

THE 5 GOLDEN RULES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY: (TABLE 6.2)

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES

A. Types of Body MovementsOrigin: attached to the immovable or less movable bone

Insertion: attached to movable bone

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D

Flexion – Decreases the angle of the joint

Extension – increases the angle

Abduction – moving away from midline

Adduction – moving toward midline

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D

Rotation – movement around longitudinal axis

Circumduction – circular motion

Depression – movement downward

Pronation – face down

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D

Supination – face upDepression – movement

downwardElevation – movement

upwardRetraction – movement

posteriorly

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D

Inversion – sole faces medially

Eversion – sole faces laterally

Dorsiflection – heel down, sole up; “flex”

Plantar Flexion – toe down, heel up; “point”

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D

B. Types of MusclesPrime Mover: muscle with major responsibility for a particular motion

Antagonists: muscle that acts in opposition to prime moverEx: Elbow flexion

Biceps – Prime MoverTriceps - Antagonist

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’DB. TYPES OF MUSCLES, CONT’D

Synergist: muscles cooperating with another to produce a movement; stabilize jointsEx: Finger flexors; make fist without bending wrist

Fixators: stabilize the origin of a prime moverEx: Muscles that anchor scapula to thorax

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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D

B. Naming Skeletal Muscles1. Direction of muscle fiber2. Relative size of the muscle3. Location of the muscle4. Number of origins5. Location of origin &

insertion6. Shape of Muscle7. Action of the muscle

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IV. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE

MUSCULAR SYSTEMMuscle develops early in embryo –

16th weekCongenital disease – muscular

dystrophyMuscle fibers degenerate and

atrophyEx: Duchenne Muscular

DystrophyMost common and seriousMales 2-6; wheelchair 12;

death – young adult

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IV. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscle ControlReflex – at birth (nervous system

must mature)Develops – cephalic to caudal and

proximal to distalSkeletal muscles – rich in blood

supply; resist infectionAging – muscle tissue decreases Decreased body weight Decreased strength