Map Projections Geography 20 – Geographic Issues of the 21 st Century.
C Dinthe21st Century Pedagocial Issues
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CULTURAL DIVERSITY CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
PEDAGOGICAL ISSUES PEDAGOGICAL ISSUES IN DISTANCE EDUCATION IN DISTANCE EDUCATION
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN & DELIVERYINSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN & DELIVERY
M. Haire, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Political Science
& Director, TGOW Institute for Strategic
Learning, Research & DevelopmentItta Bena, MS
Friday, January 11, 2008Delaware Community College
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Our GoalOur Goal: To examines pedagogical adjustments pedagogical adjustments faculty must consider in designing & managing on-line courses that address the hard realities of cultural diversity in the 21st Century.
Such adjustments must not only account for course content themescontent themes, such as the infusion of reliable data that address the dynamic interplay of race, ethnicity, class, and gender relations in America and globally.
Concerns must also center on such critical matters as: Faculty professional development issues:Faculty professional development issues:Global disparity in technological access;Global disparity in technological access;Variances in computer-related skill levels; Variances in computer-related skill levels; Culturally-based learning styles; and Culturally-based learning styles; and Creative & alternative pedagogy that value Creative & alternative pedagogy that value cultural diversity among distance learners.cultural diversity among distance learners.
Valuing Diversity in the Shift from the Valuing Diversity in the Shift from the Traditional Classroom to Distance EdTraditional Classroom to Distance Ed
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Traditional Classroom Traditional Classroom ActivitiesActivities
Required Physical Class RoomMeeting Space & Time
Required Text(s) & Materials
Formal Lectures & Moderated Group Discussions
Assessment Methods: Quizzes/Tests Homework Assignments Research Papers Projects/Demonstrations
Assessment Measures: Oral & Written Feedback/Grades Office Hours/Advisement
Distance Learning ActivitiesDistance Learning Activities
Internet Access: 24/7;
E-Mail & Video Conferencing
Required Text, CD-ROMs,
Assignment/Assessment Rooms w/ Supporting e-Tutorials
Bulletin Boards & Chat Rooms HTML & PDF Files Electronic Document Reader On-line Syllabus: Interactive Website(s): Faculty/Course On-line Texts & Materials Lecture Hall
Recommended Hot Links to WWW Course-specific Data
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Lingering Realities of the Digital Divide Lingering Realities of the Digital Divide
““Typical” Distance Learner:Typical” Distance Learner:
The Non-traditional Adult The Non-traditional Adult Learner: A ProfileLearner: A Profile Average AgeAverage Age: : 25-35 yrs. old GenderGender: : 60%+ Female EthnicityEthnicity: : Inconclusive! DisabilityDisability: : 3 – 10% LocationLocation: : 67%+ live “w/in” 50
miles of campus Life RolesLife Roles: : 57%+ F/T
employed; 58 – 75% married Socio-economicSocio-economic: : Increasing
enrollment of disadvantaged students [i.e., Black & Hispanic]
Equitable Access: A MythEquitable Access: A Myth
HardwareHardware: Price Wars: Price Wars Toshiba, Dell, Gateway &
Apple, Sony, HP Software: Software: MS Office 2007 & Vista v. Corel & Mozilla ISP AccessISP Access: : High-speed, Wireless or Dial-up; DirectTV; AT&T; Comcast; EarthLink; HughesNet; DesignwareDesignware: : WebCT & Blackboard.com, Moodle; Communication/Networks:Communication/Networks:Yahoo! MSN; Google;
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Noted Personal Traits:Noted Personal Traits:
Matured with digital entertainment age
Access to digital resources outside of schools
Accepts diversity Assertive and self-reliant Strongly independent Emotionally/intellectually
open Inclusive Freely expressive Tendency toward innovation Investigative
Noted Areas of Expertise:Noted Areas of Expertise:
Pac Man Sega Game Boy Play Station I & II X-Box 360 Cell phone Text-messaging Web Surfacing MySpace.com MyFaceBook.com Hip Hop/Rap Hard Rock Acid Jazz BET VH I
Enter Net Generation X: Enter Net Generation X:
Can teachers compete on-line for their attention v. mass media world?
Values & Cultural Group Norms: A Simple ComparisonValues & Cultural Group Norms: A Simple ComparisonAmerican
IndianEuropean American
African American
Asian/Pacific American
Hispanic America
Relations with Relations with PeoplePeople
Group Interdependence; Sharing & Giving
Individual; Independence;
Competitive
Group Interdependence; Group Effort Leads to Progress; Some
Individual Orientation
Reserved & Formal;Group
Interdependence; Group Effort &
Progress
Group Interdependence;
Group Cooperation
Time Time OrientationOrientation
Present-oriented;Here & Now;
Rational Order v. Deadlines
Future; Time is Precise & Measured in
Units
Past & Present;In Time v. On Time
Past, Present & Future; Time is not Always
Specific
Past & Present; Flexible, Vague &
Relative
CommunicatioCommunication Stylen Style
Silent Contemplation; Affection Not
Displayed PubliclySoft-spoken
Written Texts are Most Important
Oral; Participatory;High-keyed, Animated &
Confrontational; Designed to
Generate “Effect”
Emotions Controlled & Not Displayed Publicly;
Formal
Oral; Quiet & Low-Keyed;
Introspective; Reserved
Relation to Relation to AuthorityAuthority
Seldom Challenged;
Acceptance of Things as They
Are; Deference & Silence = Respect
Can be Challenged,
Worked Around, & Avoided
Beginning to Challenge
Never to be Challenged; To be
Obeyed & Respected
Seldom, if ever, Challenged; Deference &
Silence as Signs of Respect
ActivityActivity Relationship –oriented; Doing
through Sharing & Cooperation
Task-oriented for Personal, Emotional &
Material Rewards;
Competition
Task & People-oriented; Doing
Through Cooperation;
Task-oriented for Honor of the Group;
Doing through Cooperation
Relationship-oriented rather
than Task-oriented;
Cooperative
Perception of Perception of Self-WorthSelf-Worth
Acknowledged Through One’ Existence &
Behavior
Based on Visible Material
Possessions
Acknowledged through One’s
Existence & Behavior
Acknowledged through Hard Work & Following
Rules & Regulations
One’s Value is Based On What
One Does
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Dunn & Dunn: Dunn & Dunn:
Learning Styles ModelLearning Styles Model
EnvironmentalEmotionalSociologicalPhysiologicalPsychological
Gardner, Cook & Mills:Gardner, Cook & Mills:
Learning IntelligenceLearning Intelligence
LinguisticLogical-MathematicalSpatialMusicalBodily-KinestheticInterpersonalIntrapersonal
The Diversity of Culturally-based Learning Styles & Intelligences in On-line Classrooms
What affect do teacher styles & ideology have on student learning?
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Teacher Attitudes & Instructional Techniques:Beyond the Euro-centric Canons & Bias
Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Students: Students:
Deficiency Orientation:Deficiency Orientation: Prime Assumption - There is a
single standard of knowledge, & a single way of knowing.
Focus = Students’ deficiencies Result = Lowered expectations
Difference Orientation:Difference Orientation: Prime Assumption = Student
differences = potential strengths.
Focus = Self-examination of teaching style;
Result = Adjusts to builds on uniqueness of students
Desired Privileged Cultural Desired Privileged Cultural Styles Among Students:Styles Among Students:
Communication Style: Communication Style: Direct expression; Serial
Exchange; Assertive & Competitive
Organizational StyleOrganizational Style Individual Achievement; Self-
motivation; Personal competence
Intellectual StyleIntellectual Style Objective; Analytical; Detail-
oriented; Cognitive v. Affective; Trust in written word forms
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Professional Development Professional Development Issues: Issues:Faculty MattersFaculty Matters
Course design & development release time
Stipends & other incentives Course load reduction v.
increase Dual-load+ publishing or
perishAdministrative SystemsAdministrative Systems
Marketing & recruitment Admissions/Orientation Enrollment management Course & faculty evaluation Student support services
Academic Capitalism & Academic Capitalism & Distance EducationDistance EducationFinal Note: The Profit MotiveFinal Note: The Profit Motive Competition w/ & Pressure from Corporations:
To offer education/training at advanced levels;
Investing $ Millions in course design – penetrating college markets & replacing faculty in the design phase
To capturing the “digitizing” dimension e-text development
Leading in audio/visual course enhancements that mirror mass culture.
Valuing Cultural Diversity in the Shift from the Traditional Classroom to Distance Education
Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community?Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community?A Few Recommendations, Part IA Few Recommendations, Part I
Costner’sCostner’s Seven Principles for Training Culturally Seven Principles for Training Culturally Responsive TeachersResponsive Teachers
Principle 1: Principle 1: Structure Professional Development Activities That Focus on Cultural Responsiveness
Principle 2: Principle 2: Ensure That All Teachers Respect the Culture of Their Students
Principle 3: Principle 3: Value and Celebrate Culture—Promote Cultural Sensitivity
Principle 4: Principle 4: Embrace an Empowerment Culture Principle 5: Principle 5: Communicate to the School’s Commitment to Cultural
Responsiveness Principle 6: Principle 6: Take Away Barriers that Impede Progress Principle 7: Principle 7: Help Teachers Use Effective Pedagogical Methods for
Teaching (Culturally Diverse Students) Adapted by Costner from her 2004 co-authored "Seven Principles for Developing a
Culturally Responsive Faculty."
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community?Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community?A Few Recommendations, Part IIA Few Recommendations, Part II
Costner’sCostner’s Five Principles for Culturally Responsive On-Five Principles for Culturally Responsive On-line Instruction: line Instruction:
Principle 1: Principle 1: Online communication is a culture in itself, so watching your written “tone” is key.
Principle 2: Principle 2: Do as you would in the classroom when you are face to face—show value and respect. Always remember, there is a human being on the other end although you cannot physically see the person. Promote mutual respect
Principle 3: Principle 3: Avoid making assumptions based on names. We do not, intentionally or unintentionally, want to offend our (students).
Principle 4: Principle 4: No one can tell you more about a person than that person! I promote going to the source because there may be some aspect(s) of a culture that the individual may not identify with.
Principle 5: Principle 5: Always remain open and committed to learning new things. Ensure you honestly assess your own beliefs about diverse populations.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community?Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community?
A Few Recommendations, Part IIIA Few Recommendations, Part III
On-Line Instructional Techniques for EducatorsOn-Line Instructional Techniques for Educators Faculty & administration professional development and training
Promoting Curriculum Design “Best Practices”Promoting Curriculum Design “Best Practices” Mechanisms that do more than identify the areas in which the
potential learner needs to improve or change. Course and interface designs that addresses individual learner
characteristics to provide a more learner-centered experience: A distance-learning course should provide connections among the
learner’s prior experiences that relate to course content. Viable Release-time and Course Load Reduction FormulaViable Release-time and Course Load Reduction Formula Nurturing International University PartnershipsNurturing International University Partnerships
Distributive learning collaborative projects by discipline Program Evaluation & Continuous ImprovementProgram Evaluation & Continuous Improvement
Commitment to On-going self-study of academic & student support systems w/ annual external evaluations
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
A Few Suggested ReadingsA Few Suggested Readings::
1. James A. Banks, Cultural Diversity & Education: Foundations, Curriculum & Teaching, 4th Ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.
2. Alan Brinkley, et. al., The Chicago Handbook for Teachers: A Practical Guide to the College Classroom. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1999.
3. David W. Brooks, et. al., Web-Teaching: A Guide for Designing Interactive Teaching for the World Wide Web. NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
4. Robert A. Cole, Issues in Web-Based Pedagogy: A Critical Primer. NY: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.
5. Paulo Freire, Teachers as Cultural Workers: Letters to Those Who Dare to Teach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.
6. bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. NY: Routledge, 1994.
7. Jana Noel, Developing Multicultural Educators. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. 2000.
8. Peter Sacks, Generation X Goes to College. Chicago: Open Court, 1996.9. Betty Collis. Flexible Learning in a Digital World: Experiences and
Expectations . NY: Routledge Falmer, 2001.10.Wim Jochems, Ed., Integrated E-Learning: Implications for Pedagogy,
Technology and Organization. NY: Routledge Falmer, 2003.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…
A Few Suggested Web LinksA Few Suggested Web Links::
1. Gary Rhoades & Sheila Slaughter, “Academic Capitalism in the New Economy: Challenges and Choices”, http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_academic/issues/june04/Rhoades.qxp.pdf
2. Julia D. Harbeck, “Community College Students Taking On-Line Courses: The Student Point-of-View”, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02052001-164701/unrestricted/finaletd.pdf
3. Melody Thompson, “Distance Learners in Higher Education”, http://www1.worldbank.org/disted/Teaching/Design/kn-02.html
4. K. A. Murrell, “Human Computer Interface Design In a Multi-cultural Multi-lingual Environment”, http://www.und.ac.za/users/murrell/classrm/paper1.html
5. Patricia McGee, “Web-based Learning Design: Planning for Diversity”, http://www.usdla.org/html/journal/MAR02_Issue/article03.html,
6. Annette Valenta, et. al., “Identifying Student Attitudes and Learning Styles in Distance Education”, http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v5n2/pdf/v5n2_valenta.pdf
7. Steven R. Van Hook, “Universal Learning at a Distance: Can We Plug It In?”, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer82/vanhook82.htm
8. Kelley L. Costner, “Seven Principles for Training Culturally Responsive Teachers - http://www.teachermagazine.org/tm/articles/2007/12/04/07principles_web.html?print=1
9. Ray Barnhardt, “Teaching/Learning Across Cultures: Strategies for Success”, http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/Curriculum/Articles/RayBarnhardt/TLAC.html
10. Mary Rose Grant & Heather R. Thornton, “Best Practices in Undergraduate Adult-Centered Online Learning: Mechanisms for Course Design and Delivery”, http://jolt.merlot.org/vol3no4/grant.htm
CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…CULTURAL DIVERSITY & PEDAGOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY…