(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Chapter 1 When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest,...

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Chapter 1

When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Peoples in Motion:From Beringia to the Americas

• Beringia –humans crossed over into the Americas

• Three waves of migration• Amerind

• Na-Dene

• Inuits


The Great Extinction and the Rise of Agriculture

• Climate Change (by 9000 B.C.)– Glaciers receded– Climate warmed– Big game died off

• Northeastern U.S. Seaboard: Red Paint People (Maritime Archaic) 5000-2000 B.C.

• Hunter-gatherers: Gender Division of Labor– Men hunted & fished– Women gathered

• Neolithic evolution: Farming extension of gathering


The Polynesians and Hawaii

• Tropical Island settlements– Fiji– Hawaii– Easter Island– No evidence of Western Hemisphere contact

The Norsemen

• Norse (Vikings)– Iceland late 800s– Greenland late 900s– Vinland & Leif Erikson early 1000s– L’Anse aux Meadows– “Skrellings”


China: The Rejection of Overseas Expansion

• The Travels of Marco Polo early 1300s

• Emperor Kublai Khan• Cheng Ho’s fleets

explore East Indies, East Coast of Africa (1405-1434)

Contemporary depiction of caravans from the East

Europe versus Islam

• Ottoman Turks – Constantinople 1453– Balkans early 1500s

• 1340s Europe: Famine, Black Death• European Renaissance• Information Revolution I: Gutenburg’s

moveable type • European military growth


The Legacy of the Crusades

• Europeans in Palestine: Kingdom of Jerusalem

• Sugar Cane & Slavery


The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal

• Portugal’s advantages: – Unity & Efficient government

– Geographic location

• King (Mansa) Musa & the Mandingo Empire • Prince Henry

– Navigate the high seas beyond sight of land

– Defeat any non-European fleet on the world oceans


Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade

• Decline of Mali Empire

• Portuguese colonization of Africa– Plantations (sugar, wine)

• Establishment of “factories” for slave trade

• 15th Century Slave Trade: Africans sell Africans to Portuguese


Portugal’s World Empire

• Bartolomeu Dias & Cape of Good Hope 1487

• Vasco da Gama circumnavigates Africa 1497-1499s)

• Pedro Cabral & Brazil

• Goa & Moluccas (East Indies)


Early Lessons

• Overseas Expansion required:– Support of home government– Ready access to what other states learned

• Economic impulse behind colonization– Precious metals– Staple plantation crops

• Social impulse behind colonization: “live nobly” outside Europe

Spain

• Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile– Unified Kingdom of Spain 1469– Defeated Moors at Grenada 1492– Ends Islamic presence– Sponsor Columbus

Spain and the Caribbean

• Caribbean Colonies• Hidalgos & ex-

soldiers• “Living Nobly” with

Plantations worked by enslaved natives

• Exploration & Conquests

• Juan Ponce de León• Vasco Núñez de

Balboa• Amerigo Vespucci• Ferdinand Magellan• Hernán Cortés

The Rise of Sedentary Cultures

• Agriculture transformation of Indian lifestyle from 4000BC

• “slash and burn agriculture”

• Indians did not own land as individuals – but had “use rights”

• Large populations in the Americas – mostly Stone Age cultures


The Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures

• Intellectual Achievement & Technology

• Preliterate• Irrigation Canals• Monumental

Architecture

• Pre-Columbian Andean Civilizations

• Chavin “Pre-Classic”• Mochica “Classic”• Tiwanaku “Classic”• Nazca “Post-Classic”

Inca Civilization

• Cuzco, capital city high in the mountains

• Quipu: Inca record-keeping

• Inca empire = 8 to 12 million people in 1500


Complex Cultures of Pre-Columbian America

Mesoamerica: Cycles of Complex Cultures

• Intellectual Achievement & Technology

• Literate• Calendar• Pyramids• Irrigation Canals• Monumental

Architecture

• Pre-Columbian MesoAmerican Civs.

• Olmec• Teotihuacan• Mayan

– Tikal

– Chichén Itzá

The Aztecs and Tenochtitlán

• Chinampas – floating gardens

• Tlacopan & Texcoco

• Aztec dominance late 1400s

• Human Sacrifice & the “Great Pyramid of the Sun”


North American Mound Builders

• Watson-Break, Louisiana (3400 B.C.)

• Adena-Hopewell, Ohio River Valley (500B.C. – 400 A.D.)

• Mississippian (1000-1700 A.D.)– Cahokia– stinkards– Great Sun


Contact and Cultural Misunderstanding

• Peoples of America and peoples of Europe confront each other

• Neither side was prepared for the encounter

Religious Dilemmas

• Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda—Soulless Indians• Bartolomé de Las Casas—Human Indians• Europeans: Christians shocked by human sacrifice

and cannibalism of Indians• Indians: no way to grasp distinctions between

human sacrifice and punishment for desecration• Indians: Christian heaven separates Indians from

ancestors


War as Cultural Misunderstanding

• European War– Kill enemy on battlefield– Female & child casualties acceptable

• Indian War– Capture enemy on battlefield, kill ritually later– Enslave or adopt women & children

Gender and Cultural Misunderstanding

• Europeans: men owned, ruled, and performed public functions

• Indians: women owned movable property, farmed, and could demand war

Conquistadores vs. Incas

• Francisco Pizarro

• Smallpox precedes Spaniards

• Anti-Inca Indian allies

• Capture of Inca Emperor Atahualpa

• Ransom & murder

• Lima

Why Spanish Won

• Smallpox & other diseases to which Indians had no exposure

• Indian Allies

• Superior weapons technology

North American Conquistadores

• Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca’s tales of gold

• Hernando de Soto explores the southeast

• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores the southwest

Spanish Missions in North America

• Jesuits

• Franciscans

• Royal Order for New Discoveries 1573

• María de Jesús de Agreda 1631

The Spanish Empire and Demographic Catastrophe

• encomienda

• hacienda

• smallpox

• Council of the Indies


Brazil

• 14 “captaincies”

• Sugar plantations

• bandeirantes


Spain: Global Colossus of a Global Economy

• American Silver, Spanish Power

• Philip II (1556-1598) – king of Spain

• Philip claims throne of Portugal 1580

• Free labor in “core” Europe

• Unfree labor in periphery– E. Europe & resurgent serfdom– W. Hemisphere & slavery


Vulnerabilities of the Spanish Colossus

• Imperial overstretch

• Silver influx = inflation

• Silver influx creates import demand not domestic economic development

• Spain becomes poorer & weaker

Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, & Resistance

• East-West vs. North South human interaction

• Western Hemisphere isolation

• Steel Technology

• Alfred W. Crosby--The Columbian exchange


Conclusion

• In 40 years: European navigators joined the world together and challenged Islam’s mediating role

• Intense and violent contact made throughout the world

• Spain acquired a military advantage in Europe• Millions suffered, especially in Africa and the

Americas


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(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Chapter 1 When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest,...

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