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Transcript of Byzantium
![Page 1: Byzantium](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052905/55842e8bd8b42a79568b50c9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Empire of Byzantium
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Objectives
• Why is the Byzantine Empire important to history?
• Who was Justinian and how did he rebuild Constantinople?
• How did a fight over statues cause a split in the Catholic Church?
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Byzantium. Basic Timeline
378. Adrianopolis's battle. We saw it in the documentary.
395. Division of the Empire.
476: End Western Roman Empire.
VI century: Heyday (peak)
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A New Rome in a New Setting
• Roman Empire was split by Constantine in 395 AD.
– Rome to the West
– Byzantium (capital city of Constantinople) to the East
• Constantinople began to flourish as Rome declined.
• The Eastern leaders still saw themselves as Roman Emperors
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Justinian (527-565)
• In 527, Justinian succeeded his uncle, Constantine, as Emperor.
• He decided to claim the land lost in the West (old Rome) back from the Vandals and Ostrogoths.
• He sent his best general, Belisarius, on the task.
• After numerous campaigns, Belisarius’ armies took back all of Northern Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain.
• Justinian now ruled almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled.
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Absolute Power Basileus
• The Emperor recibed the name of Basileus.
• Justinian and his successors ruled with absolute power.
• This power includee the control of the army, the administration, and the Church.
• He modernised the Roman legal system, creating the Justinian Code.
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Culture
• At first, the Byzantine Empire followed the traditions of the Roman Empire.
• After Justinian’s reign, however, it adopted an increasing number of Greek customs.
• For example, Greek replaced Latin as the official language.
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Preserving the Classic Culture
• Focused on Education
• Children attended school and learned from Greek and Roman literature.
• Without the Byzantine Empire, much of our knowledge from Greece and Rome would be lost.
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Social Organization
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Economy
Agriculture: Most population worked in agricultural activities but they were serfs ans slaves. The land was owned by the nobles and the monasteries.
Trade: Very important because of the strategic location (between Europe and Asia, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). They had traded with all types of products.
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Silk Road
Series of trade and cultural transmission routes
linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks,
soldiers... from China and India to the
Mediterranean Sea during various periods of
time.
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Creating the Imperial Capital• Justinian was determined to rebuild the Byzantine
Empire.
• He began by building baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals.
• His greatest contributions included:
– Rebuilding Constantinople’s fortifications
– The Hagia Sophia
– Preserved Roman and Greek Literature and knowledge
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The Walls of Theodosius (Constantinople’s fortress) were double layered.
In between the two was a ditch
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Hagia Sophia
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The Hagia Sophia- Justinian rebuilt this church, which replaced a version that
was burned down during the Nika Riots.
- Means “Holy Wisdom” (Santa Sabiduría) in Greek
- The most splendid Church in the Christian World at the time
- Built in just 6 years
- Many architectural innovations were included, as triangular pendentives (pechinas), which allowed builders to put a dome on top of a rectangular building.
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Minarets
Ottoman Muslims erected them after
capturing Constantinople in
1453.
Used to call Muslims to
prayer.
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The Empire Confronts its Enemies
• Constantinople remained rich and powerful for centuries due to trade.
• However, the empire faced countless setbacks leading up to (and following) Justinian’s death in 565.
• The Empire faced many attacks from the East, West, and North.
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• Byzantines used bribes, diplomacy, and political marriages to prop up their shaky empire.
– However, this was not enough
• The Empire slowly decay
– By 1350, reduced to the tip of Anatolia and a strip of the Balkans
– Constantinople still held out for another 100 years, but finally fell to the Turks in 1453
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Byzantine Empire by 717
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Byzantine Empire by 1000-1100
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Byzantine Empire by 13551453: Turks conquer the last territories
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The importance of the Church
Powerful, it had enjoyed spiritual authority over the population.
Rich, they owned numerous lands. However, many problems:
Iconoclastic controversy East-West Schism
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Iconoclastic controversyIt refers to ban the representations of Christ, God,
saints.
An Icon is a statue or painting that represents an idea or object.
Two periods:
VIII century → Images banned
IX century → Images banned and Emperors ordered to removed them from temples.
The people rioted and the clergy rebelled.
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East-West Schism
There were rivalry between the Pope in Rome and the patriarch in ConstantinoplePatriarch: the highest-ranking bishops in Eastern
Orthodoxy
The confrontation ended in 1054, with the split of the Church.
Since then, there is the Catholic Christian Church and the Orthodox Christian Church.
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Byzantine Art
There three main things:
- Churches with a Greek-cross plan and large
domes (cúpulas). Hagia Sophia is the best example.
- Mosaics, which covered the walls and ceilings of
churches and palaces.
- Icons, religious images. Usually painted on a
wooden surface and gold paint.
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Churches. The Greek-cross plan.
Four arms of equal length.
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Hagia Sophia Plan
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Churches. Large Domes.
Origin of the dome: ancient India and Rome.
Byzantine innovation pendentives
allowed a better distribution of
forces
greater size and height
Allow windows.
Light = God
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Hagia Sophia Dome
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Hagia Sophia Dome (Inside)
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Hagia Sophia Dome (Inside)
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Hagia Sophia Dome (Inside)
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Mosaics
• Definition: Decoration of a surface with designs made up of closely set, usually variously coloured, small pieces of material such as stone, mineral, glass, wood or shell.
• Origin: Mesopotamia. Very common in Greece and Rome, especially in homes. Byzantium continues the tradition.
• Byzantine innovation: Searching for reflections, they use gold and silver colours. Why? Because Christianism identifies light with God.
• The most important examples are in Ravenna (Italy)
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Hagia Sophia. Mosaics
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Hagia Sophia. Mosaics
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Icons. Religious images. Usually painted on a wooden
surface and gold paint.
They can represent God, The Virgin, Saints…