Ga. StandardsGa. Standards

Unit 4 Byzantine Empire Unit 4 Byzantine Empire

SSWH4- The students will analyze the SSWH4- The students will analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol importance of the Byzantine and Mongol Empires between 450 CE and 1500 CEEmpires between 450 CE and 1500 CE

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

•1.The Byzantine Empire with territory in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the eastern Mediterranean, maintained very high levels of political, economic, and cultural life between 500 and 1450 C.E.

•2.The Byzantine Empire, once part of the grater Roman Empire continued flourishing from an eastern Mediterranean base after Roman decline

•3.The empire continued many Roman patterns and spread its Orthodox Christian civilization through most off eastern Europe.

Emperor Constantine in the 4th c. established a capital at Constantinople

Greek became the official tongue after the 6th c.

The empire benefited from the high level of civilization in the former Hellenistic world and from the region’s prosperous commerce

Important New CenterImportant New CenterConstantinopleConstantinople– ““Second Rome”Second Rome”

Located on a strait that Located on a strait that linked Mediterranean and linked Mediterranean and Black SeasBlack SeasKey trading route linking Key trading route linking Europe, Africa and AsiaEurope, Africa and Asia– Buffer between Buffer between

Western Europe and Western Europe and AsiaAsia

Byzantine Empire-Byzantine Empire-((Eastern Roman EmpireEastern Roman Empire))

The Age of Justinian 527-565The Age of Justinian 527-5651.Byzantine empire 1.Byzantine empire reached greatest reached greatest sizesize2.2...Wanted to recover Wanted to recover what had been lost what had been lost during the fall of during the fall of RomeRome3.Re-conquered N. 3.Re-conquered N. Africa, Italy and Africa, Italy and southern Spainsouthern Spain

•Hagia Sophia – Great domed church constructed during the reign of Justinian

•Body of Civil Law – Justinian’s codification of Roman law; reconciled Roman edicts and decisions; mad Roman law a coherent basis for political and economic life

•Icons – Images of religious figures were venerated by Byzantine Christians

•Justinian codification of Roman law was his greatest achievement

Hagia Sophia

•Byzantine political patterns resembled the earlier Chinese system

•An emperor, ordained by God and surrounded by elaborate court ritual, headed both church and state

TheodoraTheodoraWife of JustinianWife of Justinian

Was the empress of the Was the empress of the Roman Empire and wife Roman Empire and wife to Justinian the Great.to Justinian the Great.Married Justinian and Married Justinian and became joint ruler.became joint ruler.Strong-willed had a Strong-willed had a talent for governing.talent for governing.She was Byzantium’s She was Byzantium’s first note proponent of first note proponent of abortion, she also abortion, she also advocated the of rights advocated the of rights of married women to of married women to commit adultery, commit adultery,

Theodora (cont.)Theodora (cont.)

She also advocated granting women more rights She also advocated granting women more rights in divorce cases, allowing women to own and in divorce cases, allowing women to own and inherit property.inherit property.

She also enacted the death penalty for rapeShe also enacted the death penalty for rape

She also allowed noblemen to marry women She also allowed noblemen to marry women from the lower classfrom the lower class

These changes elevated women’s status far These changes elevated women’s status far above the status of women in the western above the status of women in the western empire.empire.

During Middle AgesDuring Middle AgesDispute over use of Dispute over use of icons (Holy Images)icons (Holy Images) contributed to splitcontributed to splitByzantine Emperor outlawed prayer to iconsByzantine Emperor outlawed prayer to iconsTwo branches of Christianity grew further Two branches of Christianity grew further apartapart1054 provoked a permanent split between 1054 provoked a permanent split between Byzantine, Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and Byzantine, Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchIconoclasm – The breaking of images; religious Iconoclasm – The breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8controversy of the 8thth c. Byzantine emperor c. Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed to suppress icon venerationattempted, but failed to suppress icon veneration

CHRISTIANS BUT DIFFERENCES CHRISTIANS BUT DIFFERENCES DIVIDED!!!DIVIDED!!!

****Divisions in the Church****Divisions in the ChurchWestWest

Pope in RomePope in Rome

Latin LanguageLatin Language

Most important holy Most important holy day Christmasday Christmas

East, East, Patriarch in the Patriarch in the Byzantine-rejected Byzantine-rejected Pope’s authorityPope’s authorityClergy could marryClergy could marryGreek LanguageGreek LanguageMost important holy Most important holy day Easterday Easter

Byzantine HeritageByzantine Heritage

Built on the Hellenistic Built on the Hellenistic cultureculture– Christian beliefsChristian beliefs– Greek science, art Greek science, art

and literatureand literature– Roman engineeringRoman engineering

The World of LearningThe World of Learning

Preserved classic Preserved classic works of ancient works of ancient GreeceGreeceMostly concerned with Mostly concerned with writing about their own writing about their own timestimesMany went and taught Many went and taught at universities in Italy,at universities in Italy, Contributed to the birth Contributed to the birth of the next cultural time of the next cultural time in European history, in European history, RenaissanceRenaissance

What happened to the Byzantine?What happened to the Byzantine?

CrusadesCrusades– Byzantine emperor called for help to fight the Byzantine emperor called for help to fight the

Muslims headed for JerusalemMuslims headed for Jerusalem

Western Christians took considerable Western Christians took considerable amounts of money from the empire.amounts of money from the empire.

Muslims took control of northern territoriesMuslims took control of northern territories– Muslims eventually took Constantinople Muslims eventually took Constantinople

andand renamed it Istanbulrenamed it Istanbul

Discussion questionsDiscussion questions

1. How large was the Byzantine Empire?1. How large was the Byzantine Empire?2. How long did this great empire last?2. How long did this great empire last?3. What did it spread throughout Eastern 3. What did it spread throughout Eastern Europe?Europe?4. Who was Constantine?4. Who was Constantine?5. What became the official language of 5. What became the official language of the empire?the empire?6. List the things that made this empire 6. List the things that made this empire prosperous.prosperous.

7. Where the empire located?7. Where the empire located?

8. Who was Justinian? What happened 8. Who was Justinian? What happened under his leadership?under his leadership?

9. Name three things that came from the 9. Name three things that came from the leadership of Justinian. What was his leadership of Justinian. What was his greatest achievement?greatest achievement?

10. Who was Theodora? Why is she an 10. Who was Theodora? Why is she an important figure in Byzantine History?important figure in Byzantine History?

11. Describe the differences in the 11. Describe the differences in the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.Roman Empire.12. Where did Byzantine empire get it’s 12. Where did Byzantine empire get it’s heritage from?heritage from?13. How did the Byzantine empire promote 13. How did the Byzantine empire promote education?education?14. List the things that brought about the 14. List the things that brought about the fall of the empire.fall of the empire.

Part IIPart II

The Rise of RussiaThe Rise of Russia

RussiaRussiaGeography-lies on Eurasian Geography-lies on Eurasian plain and borders Chinaplain and borders ChinaUral Mts. Physical boundaryUral Mts. Physical boundaryWanted Moscow to be the Wanted Moscow to be the “Third Rome”“Third Rome”3 regions helped shape early 3 regions helped shape early Russian lifeRussian life– North-Lumber and huntingNorth-Lumber and hunting– South-Fertile land for South-Fertile land for

farmingfarming– SteppeSteppe-treeless grassland -treeless grassland

Open to nomads from Asia Open to nomads from Asia and Europeand Europe

•Kiev – Commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9thc, became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th c.

Steppe AreasSteppe Areas

Great “Highway”Great “Highway”

Nomadic migratesNomadic migrates

Rivers linked Rivers linked Byzantine to RussiaByzantine to Russia

•Vladimir I – ruler of Kiev (980-1015) converted kingdom to orthodox Christianity

•Russian Orthodoxy – Russian form of Christianity brought from the Byzantine Empire

First CivilizationFirst Civilization

KievKiev in Present day in Present day UkraineUkraineHome of vital trading Home of vital trading networksnetworksWould become the Would become the center of the first center of the first Russian stateRussian stateBoyars – Russian Boyars – Russian landholding aristocrats; landholding aristocrats; possessed less political possessed less political power than their power than their western European western European counterpartscounterparts

Kiev and the Byzantine EmpireKiev and the Byzantine Empire

Trade helped Kiev enter the Byzantine empireTrade helped Kiev enter the Byzantine empire

957 Princess Olga of Kiev converted to 957 Princess Olga of Kiev converted to Byzantine ChristianityByzantine Christianity– Grandson spread religion which gained strength Grandson spread religion which gained strength

Russians started to adapt religious art, music Russians started to adapt religious art, music and architecture and architecture – Onion domesOnion domes

Onion DomesOnion Domes

is a type of architectural is a type of architectural domedome that that frequently adorns frequently adorns Russian Orthodox ChurchesRussian Orthodox Churches. .

                              

SymbolismSymbolismThe domes are often brightly painted; the colors symbolize different aspects of religion. The domes are often brightly painted; the colors symbolize different aspects of religion. – Green, blue, and gold domes represent the Green, blue, and gold domes represent the Holy TrinityHoly Trinity, the Spirit of God, and , the Spirit of God, and JesusJesus, respectively. Green dome, respectively. Green dome– Onion domes often appear in groups of three or five, representing the Holy Trinity or Jesus and the Onion domes often appear in groups of three or five, representing the Holy Trinity or Jesus and the Four EvangelistsFour Evangelists, respectively. Domes standing alone represent Jesus., respectively. Domes standing alone represent Jesus.

Mongol InfluencesMongol Influences

Nomadic people from central AsiaNomadic people from central Asia– United by Genghiz Khan (Later Chapters)United by Genghiz Khan (Later Chapters)

Looted and burned KievLooted and burned KievRussian princes had to pay money to rule without Mongol Russian princes had to pay money to rule without Mongol interferenceinterferenceMongol rule cut off Russian contacts with Western Mongol rule cut off Russian contacts with Western Europe which were making advances in art and scienceEurope which were making advances in art and scienceRussian Orthodox grows stronger due to religious Russian Orthodox grows stronger due to religious tolerationtolerationTatars – Mongols who conquered Russian cities during Tatars – Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13the 13thth c.; left Russian church and aristocracy intact c.; left Russian church and aristocracy intact

Moscow Takes LeadMoscow Takes Lead

With their location near With their location near trading rivers, Moscow trading rivers, Moscow steadily increased their steadily increased their powerpower

Head of Russian Head of Russian Orthodox church made Orthodox church made Moscow capital, Moscow capital, became political and became political and spiritual centerspiritual center

Ivan the Great ---- Ivan IIIIvan the Great ---- Ivan III

Recovered Russian Recovered Russian territories that were territories that were lost to invaderslost to invadersTried to limit the Tried to limit the power ofpower of boyars boyars (landowning nobles)(landowning nobles)Took on the title of Took on the title of Czar (Russian for Czar (Russian for Caesar)Caesar)

Ivan the Terrible --- Ivan IVIvan the Terrible --- Ivan IV

GrandsonGrandsonNobles granted land for Nobles granted land for military servicemilitary serviceTied serfs to landTied serfs to landViolent, killed own sonViolent, killed own sonBlack horses and black Black horses and black robes-slaughtered rebelsrobes-slaughtered rebelsIntroduced Russia to Introduced Russia to extreme absolute power extreme absolute power Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

RecapRecapByzantine Byzantine

Greek languageGreek language

Claimed right to appoint Claimed right to appoint the head of the churchthe head of the church

Did not accept popeDid not accept pope

$$ Good – Silk, Paper$$ Good – Silk, Paper

Taxes provided money to Taxes provided money to run govt. and armyrun govt. and army

Western EuropeWestern EuropeLatin in churchesLatin in churchesPope had power and Pope had power and the people acceptedthe people acceptedTrade, town life and Trade, town life and learning declined after learning declined after the fall of Romethe fall of Rome

Shaping Eastern EuropeShaping Eastern Europe

Geography makes Geography makes area cultural area cultural crossroadscrossroads

Crusades will bring in Crusades will bring in a lot of Muslims to a lot of Muslims to areaarea