Byzantine Empire 6th Century

Emperor Justinian, r. 527-565 CE

Mosaic from the church of St. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

Hagia Sophie, Istanbul c. 530 CE

The Crusades

Four Bronze Horses of St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice

Pilfered from Constantinople in 1204

Saints Cyril and Methodius c. 850

The Cyrillic Alphabet

Hagia Sophia in Kiev, c. 1040

Saint Basil’s in Moscow, c. 1560

Baptism of Vladimir of Kiev, 989

from a 19th century painting

Mongol Expansion 1206-1259

Travels of Marco Polo (1271-95)

Kublai Khan, 1271-1294

Tamerlane's empire about 1405 C.E.

Russian Expansion 1450-1905

Ivan III and Ivan IV, Grand Princes of Muscovy

The Great Schism, 1054

Baptism of the Frankish King Clovis, 496 CE

Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman Emperor c. 800 CE

Frankish Kingdom under Charlemagne

Charlemagne’s Palace Chapel at Aachen

Viking Expansion

c. 800-1000 CE

Oseberg Viking Longship c. 820

William the Conqueror of Normandy invades England, 1066

The Investiture Controversy 1076-77

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VI

Holy Roman Empire c. 1789

The States of Italy, c. 1450

The Reconquista

Those who fight

Those who work

Those who pray

Improvements in Medieval

Agriculture

• Three-field system

• Padded horse collar and horse shoe

• Heavy wheeled mouldboard plow

The Manorial System and Three-field Crop Rotation

The scratch plow of the ancient Mediterranean world

Padded horse collar

Heavy wheeled mouldboard plow of the Northern Europe

The walled medieval town: Carcassonne

Florence: Urban Revival in the High Middle Ages

Trade in Northern Europe: The Hanseatic League

c. 1400

Jan van Eyck, Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife, 1434

St. Francis of Assisi 1182-1226