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Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. The empire

gradually emerged as a distinct artistic and cultural entity from what is today referred to

as the Roman Empire after AD 330, when the Roman Emperor  onstantine mo!ed thecapital of the Roman Empire east from Rome to Byzantium. Byzantium, " #ew Rome",

was later renamed onstantinople and is now called $stan%ul. The empire endured for

more than a millennium, dramatically influencing &edie!al and Renaissance era architecture in Europe and, following the capture of onstantinople %y the 'ttoman

Tur(s in )*+3, leading directly to the architecture of the 'ttoman Empire.

Contents

 hide-• ) '!er!iew of etant monuments 

o ).) Early architecture

o )./ omnenian and aleologan periods

• / 1tructural e!olution

• 3 Byzantine legacy

• * 1ee also

• + References

• 2 urther reading

• 4 Eternal lin(s

[edit] Overview of extant monuments

Early Byzantine architecture was %uilt as a continuation of Roman architecture. 1tylistic

drift, technological ad!ancement, and political and territorial changes meant that adistinct style gradually emerged which im%ued certain influences from the #ear East and

used the 5ree( cross plan in church architecture. Buildings increased in geometric

compleity, %ric(  and plaster were used in addition to stone in the decoration of

important pu%lic structures, classical orders were used more freely, mosaics replacedcar!ed decoration, comple domes rested upon massi!e  piers, and windows filtered light

through thin sheets of ala%aster  to softly illuminate interiors.

[edit] Early architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Overview_of_extant_monumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Early_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Comnenian_and_Paleologan_periodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Structural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Byzantine_legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-in-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Overview_of_extant_monumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Early_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Comnenian_and_Paleologan_periodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Structural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Byzantine_legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-in-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=2

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The %asilica of 1ant6Apollinare #uo!o

rime eamples of early Byzantine architecture date from 7ustinian $6s reign and sur!i!ein Ra!enna and $stan%ul, as well as in 1ofia 8the hurch of 1t 1ophia9. 'ne of the great

 %rea(throughs in the history of :estern architecture occurred when 7ustinian6s architects

in!ented a comple system pro!iding for a smooth transition from a s;uare plan of thechurch to a circular dome 8or domes9 %y means of  s;uinches or pendenti!es.

$n Ra!enna, we ha!e the longitudinal %asilica of 1ant6Apollinare #uo!o, and the

octagonal, centralized structure of the church of  1an

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recycled classical columns9. A frieze in the 'strogothic  palace in Ra!enna depicts an

early Byzantine palace.

=agios Demetrios in Thessaloni(i, 1t atherine &onastery on &ount 1inai, 7!ari&onastery in present?day 5eorgia, and three Armenian churches of Echmiadzin all date

 primarily from the 4th century and pro!ide a glimpse on architectural de!elopments inthe Byzantine pro!inces following the age of 7ustinian.

Remar(a%le engineering feats include the *30 m long 1angarius Bridge and the pointedarch of aramagara Bridge.

 period of the &acedonian dynasty, traditionally considered the epitome of Byzantine art,

has not left a lasting legacy in architecture. $t is presumed that Basil $6s !oti!e church of

the Theoto(os of the haros and the Nea Ekklesia 8%oth no longer eistent9 ser!ed as amodel for most cross?in?s;uare sanctuaries of the period, including the attolica di 1tilo 

in southern $taly 8@th century9, the monastery church of =osios >u(as in 5reece 8ca.

)0009, #ea &oni of hios 8a pet proect of  onstantine $C9, and the Daphni &onastery near Athens 8ca. )0+09.

The ))th?century monastery of =osios >u(as in 5reece is representati!e of the Byzantineart during the rule of the &acedonian dynasty.

The cross?in?s;uare type also %ecame predominant in the 1la!ic countries which were

hristianized %y 5ree( missionaries during the &acedonian period. The =agia 1ophia

church in 'chrid 8present?day &acedonia9 and the eponymous cathedral in ie! 8present?day (raine9 testify to a !ogue for multiple su%sidiary domes set on drums,

which would gain in height and narrowness with the progress of time.

[edit] Comnenian and Paleologan periods

$n $stan%ul and Asia &inor  the architecture of the omnenian period is almost non?

eistent, with the nota%le eceptions of the Elmali ilise and other roc( sanctuaries of

appadocia, and of the hurches of the anto(rator  and of the Theoto(os yriotissa in$stan%ul. &uch architecture sur!i!es on the outs(irts of the Byzantine world, where the

national forms of architecture came into %eing in the Transcaucasian countries, in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagios_Demetrioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine's_Monastery,_Mount_Sinaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_(monastery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_(monastery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_(monastery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echmiadzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echmiadzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangarius_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamagara_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos_of_the_Pharoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Ekklesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-in-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattolica_di_Stilohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios_Lukashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphni_Monasteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphni_Monasteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphni_Monasteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnenian_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadociahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Pantokrator_(Constantinople)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Pantokrator_(Constantinople)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osiosloukas.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osiosloukas.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagios_Demetrioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine's_Monastery,_Mount_Sinaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_(monastery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jvari_(monastery)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echmiadzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangarius_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamagara_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos_of_the_Pharoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Ekklesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-in-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattolica_di_Stilohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios_Lukashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphni_Monasteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnenian_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadociahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Pantokrator_(Constantinople)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasia

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Russia, Bulgaria, 1er%ia, and other 1la!ic landsF and also in 1icily 8appella alatina9

and

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$nterior of the =agia 1ophia under reno!ation, showing many features of the grandest

Byzantine architecture.

At 1t 1ergius, onstantinople, and 1an

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The apse of the church with cross at =agia $rene. #early all the decorati!e surfaces in the

church ha!e %een lost.

At the =oly Apostles 82th century9 fi!e domes were applied to a cruciform planF the

central dome was the highest. After the 2th century there were no churches %uilt which inany way competed in scale with these great wor(s of 7ustinian, and the plans more or less

tended to approimate to one type. The central area co!ered %y the dome was included ina considera%ly larger s;uare, of which the four di!isions, to the east, west, north andsouth, were carried up higher in the !aulting and roof system than the four corners,

forming in this way a sort of na!e and transepts. 1ometimes the central space was s;uare,

sometimes octagonal, or at least there were eight piers supporting the dome instead offour, and the na!e and transepts were narrower in proportion.

$f we draw a s;uare and di!ide each side into three so that the middle parts are greater

than the others, and then di!ide the area into nine from these points, we approimate to

the typical setting out of a plan of this time. #ow add three apses on the east side openingfrom the three di!isions, and opposite to the west put a narrow entrance porch running

right across the front. 1till in front put a s;uare court. The court is the atrium and usuallyhas a fountain in the middle under a canopy resting on pillars. The entrance porch is thenarthex. Directly under the center of the dome is the ambo, from which the 1criptures

were proclaimed, and %eneath the am%o at floor le!el was the place for the choir of

singers. Across the eastern side of the central s;uare was a screen which di!ided off the

bema, where the altar was situated, from the %ody of the churchF this screen, %earingimages, is the iconostasis. The altar  was protected %y a canopy or ciborium resting on

 pillars. Rows of rising seats around the cur!e of the apse with the  patriarch6s throne at the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(building)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hagia_Eirene_Constantinople_2007.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(building)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch

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middle eastern point formed the synthronon. The two smaller compartments and apses at

the sides of the %ema were sacristies, the diaconicon and prothesis. The am%o and %ema

were connected %y the solea, a raised wal(way enclosed %y a railing or low wall.

The continuous influence from the East is strangely shown in the fashion of decorating

eternal %ric(  walls of churches %uilt a%out the )/th century, in which %ric(s roughlycar!ed into form are set up so as to ma(e %ands of ornamentation which it is ;uite clear

are imitated from ufic writing. This fashion was associated with the disposition of theeterior %ric( and stone wor( generally into many !arieties of pattern, zig?zags, (ey?

 patterns Hc.F and, as similar decoration is found in many ersian %uildings, it is pro%a%le

that this custom also was deri!ed from the East. The domes and !aults to the eteriorwere co!ered with lead or with tiling of the Roman !ariety. The window and door frames

were of mar%le. The interior surfaces were adorned all o!er %y mosaics or  frescoes in the

higher parts of the edifice, and %elow with incrustations of mar%le sla%s, which werefre;uently of !ery %eautiful !arieties, and disposed so that, although in one surface, the

coloring formed a series of large panels. The %etter mar%les were opened out so that the

two surfaces produced %y the di!ision formed a symmetrical pattern resem%lingsomewhat the mar(ing of s(ins of %easts.

[edit] Byzantine legacy

ltimately, Byzantine architecture in the :est ga!e way to Romanes;ue and 5othic

architecture. $n the East it eerted a profound influence on early $slamic architecture,During the mayyad aliphate era 822)?4+09, as far as the %yzantine impact on early

$slamic architecture is concerned, the %yzantine artistic heritage formed a fundamental

source to the new $slamic art, especially in 1yria and alestine . There are considera%le

 %yzantine influences which can %e detected in the distincti!e early $slamic monuments in

1yria and alestine, as on the Dome of the Roc(  82@)9 at 7erusalem, the mayyad&os;ue 840@?)+9 at Damascus. :hile the Dome of the Roc( gi!es clear reference in plan

? and partially in decoration ? to %yzantine art, the plan of the mayyad &os;ue has alsoa remar(a%le similarity with the 2th ?4th c. normal hristian %asilicas, %ut it has %een

modified and epanded on the trans!ersal ais and not on the normal longitudinal ais as

in the hristian %asilicas. This modification ser!es %etter the liturgy for the $slamic prayer. The original mihra% of the mos;ue is located almost in the middle of the eastern

 part of the ;i%la wall and not in its middle, a feature which can %e eplained %y the fact

that the architect might ha!e tried to a!oid the impression of a hristian apse which

would result from the placement of the mihra% in the middle of the transept. The tilewor(, geometric patterns, multiple arches, domes, and polychrome %ric( and stone wor(

that characterize $slamic and &oorish architecture were influenced to some etent %yByzantine architecture. $n Bulgaria, Russia, Romania, 1er%ia, 5eorgia, (raine, andother 'rthodo countries the Byzantine architecture persisted e!en longer, finally gi!ing

 %irth to local schools of architecture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaconiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothesis_(liturgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dome_of_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaconiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothesis_(liturgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_architecture&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dome_of_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine

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Byzantine Culture

rt I rchitecture  I !ardens

"iterature I #usic

ristocracy $

Bureaucracy I %iplomacy

Economy I "aw

rmy I &avy

Calendar I Coinage I Cuisine

%ance I %ress

#edicine I Science

 #eo?Byzantine architecture had a small following in the wa(e of the )@th?century 5othic

re!i!al, resulting in such ewels as :estminster athedral in >ondon, and in Bristol froma%out )G+0 to )GG0 a related style (nown as Bristol Byzantine was popular for industrial

 %uildings which com%ined elements of the Byzantine style with &oorish architecture. $twas de!eloped on a wide?scale %asis in Russia during the reign of  Aleander $$ %y

5rigory 5agarin and his followers who designed 1t