byUofSDomesticFruitProgram - Alberta Farm Fresh
Transcript of byUofSDomesticFruitProgram - Alberta Farm Fresh
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Dwarf Sour Cherries
Harvest & Pest Management
Harvest
Starts fruiting in 3rd year (depending on variety, location, etc.) Expect full harvest maturity &production by Year 7
Harvest period 5‐6 week window (~ 3 weeks per variety)
Late July to mid to late August
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER+
Blue Honeysuckle ? ?Day Neutral Strawberry ? ? ?EverbearingStrawberry ? ? ?June Bearing Strawberry
Saskatoon Berry
FloricaneRaspberry
(Summerbearing)
PrimocaneRaspberry
(Fall bearing)
Sour Cherry
Currant / Gooseberry
Chokecherry
Plum
Apple
Hazelnuts
Grapes
Pears
Sea Buckthorn
Late MayEarly June
LateJune
Early July
Late JulyEarly Aug
Late AugEarly Sept
Average Maturation Time
Crimson Passion
Juliet
Valentine
Cupid
SK Carmine Jewel
Romeo
Harvest
Harvest when fully ripeNot just when the fruit colours up NOTE: this can take 2+ weeks to fully ripen
Use taste, sugar content, fruit retention
U of Sask has produced example Ripeness Cards
Photos by U of S Domestic Fruit Program
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WHAT PATTERNS DO YOU SEE IN THE RIPENING OF
SOUR CHERRIES?
Ripeness Colour Card – USask Fruit program
Ripeness Colour Card – USask Fruit program Ripeness Colour Card – USask Fruit program
Ripeness Colour Card – USask Fruit program Ripeness Colour Card – USask Fruit program
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Ripeness Colour Card – USask Fruit program
INSTA‐POLL“WHICH FACTOR DO YOU THINK
IS MOST IMPORTANT TO CONSUMERS?”
Harvesting Methods
Hand
Shaking with a catch frame
Mechanical harvesters
Harvest – Cooling
Harvest in morning (or in cooler conditions) Fruit is cooler and more firm Less damage
Quicker to cool
Yield
Estimated at 10‐15kg / mature tree
Post‐harvest Processes
CoolingA.S.A.P.
Remove debris
Sort / Grade
PittingMechanical Various machines and methods
Freezing
Processing
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PEST MANAGEMENT
Pest Management
Vertebrate pestsDeer Voles / mice
Rabbits Birds
Feeding damaged by deer on sour cherry – regrowth resulted in bushiness, but no long term impact
CHERRY FRUIT FLY
Cherry Fruit Fly / Western CFF
A.k.a. cherry maggot
Rhagoletis indifferens
Adults emerge late spring/early summer
Larvae (maggots) bore into centre of fruit near pit
Mature larvae bore out and drop to soil to pupate and overwinter (2‐5cm deep)
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Cherry Fruit Fly – adult
Black body, white abdominal stripes, yellow marking at
base of wings
Distinctive black patterns on wings
Cherry Fruit Fly – larvae (maggots)
Larvae are wider at one end then the other
No raised anal spiracles on posterior (butt) end)
Larvae bore into centre of fruit, near pit
Infested fruit often float in water
Larvae may emerge from fruit in cooler or after freezing/thawing
Management
Registered chemical applications should be made to control adults as early as detected (prior to the start of egg‐laying)
Beneficial parasitic wasps can attack larvaeWill not likely be sufficient
Destroy infested fruit prior to larval emergence
Remove and destroy alternative hosts within 250m of crops
CHERRY LEAF SPOT
Shot hole on ChokecherryPhoto by Forrest Scharf
Shot hole on Sour CherryPhoto by Forrest Scharf
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Shot hole on Sour CherryPhoto by Forrest Scharf
Note – progression of shot hole from previous picture
BROWN ROT /CHERRY BLOSSOM BLIGHT
Brown Rot /Cherry Blossom Blight
Caused by Monilinia spp. (probably M. fruiticola)
Common disease in many Prunus fruit crops (peach, apricot, cherry, etc.)
Can cause Blossom and twig blight
Fruit infection (brown rot / mummy berry)
Disease Cycle
Overwinters on mummified fruit, peduncles, blighted blossoms & twigs
Spore pustules (sporodochia) develop on blossoms & twigs in cool, wet weather
Conidia are produced on mummified fruit, blighted twigs & blossomsDisseminated by wind, rain or insects
Disease Cycle
Infection related to: TemperatureDuration of the wetness period Increased wetness overcomes temperature
Latent or quiescent (dormant) infections may occur for part of the seasonMay become active later in the season
Infection of Fruit ClusterPhoto by Forrest Scharf
All blossom parts are attacked
Fruit set may be poor
Blossom & Twig Blight
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Blossom Blight & MummyberriesPhoto by Forrest Scharf
Initially appear as small, circular, necrotic lesions or specks on
green or ripening fruit
Spreading, firm, brown rot develops rapidly
Brown Rot & Mummy berriesPhoto by Forrest Scharf
Infected fruit typically remain attached
Mummified fruit may develop with profuse grey or tan sporulation
Management
Avoid wetting fruit Irrigate plants using drip irrigation, not sprinkler
Encourage airflow to reduce plant wetness
Remove mummified fruit or prune out infectionsMay reduce innoculum levels to some extent Difficult on a larger scale
BLACK KNOT
Black Knot
Apiosporina morbosa
Affects all plants within the genus Prunus
A single plant can infect a large area
Photo by Tricia Simon
Swollen tar‐like galls of various sizes are visible on branches and branch junctions
Photo by Tricia Simon
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Initial – small swelling or gall at a succulent growing point or
fruit spur
Photo by Tricia Simon
Swollen tar‐like galls
Management
Remove sources of inoculum in adjacent areas
Prune out infected branches during the dormant season, when plants are dormant and galls are highly visible Galls should be pruned out, with cuts being made at least 6 inches beyond obviously infected materials Make cuts at an appropriate point (healthy collar, etc.)
If possible, disinfect tools between cuts
Destroy infected material by burning, burial and/or proper composting, or removal from the site
Management
Ensure plants are healthy and free from stress
Ensure adequate canopy ventilation
Chemical controls are limited, fairly ineffective and expensive
Consider hiring a certified arborist for complex pruning activities
SPOTTED WING DROSOPHILA
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Drosophila suzukii
Vinegar fruit fly
There are lots of different fruit flies out thereMost vinegar flies only attack overripe, decaying, fallen fruit (present in late summer)
Spotted Wing Drosophila ‐ Adults
2‐3mm light yellow‐brown flies with red eyes
Males Single black spot on the end of each wing
FemalesNo spots, but distinctive saw‐like ovipositor (egg‐laying device)
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Male adult SWD – wing spotsPhoto by Sheila Fitzpatrick ‐ AAFC
Female SWD – saw‐like ovipositorPhoto by Sheila Fitzpatrick ‐ AAFC
SWD – Symptoms / Damage
Females saw through the intact flesh Pinprick‐size holes are visible in the soft areas of the fruit
Larvae hatch and feed within the fruit Fruits soften where feeding is occurringMultiple larvae accelerates fruit collapse
Fruit becomes unmarketable
Disease may develop in infested fruit
Fruit damaged by SWD – note sunken flesh, oviposition holes, larvae & pupae
Photos by BCMAF, OMAFRA, OSU
QUESTIONS???
Rob Spencer, BSA, MSc, P.Ag.Commercial Horticulture Specialist
Alberta Ag‐Info Centre
310‐FARM