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Transcript of By the third quarter of the sixteenth century, sets of the four continent maps were popular as wall...
By the third quarter of the sixteenth century, sets of the four continent maps were popular as wall maps in private houses as a ‘description of the world in four parts.’
From: David Woodward, “Mapping the World” in Anna Jackson and Amin Jaffer eds., Encounters : The Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500-1800
“Slaves, Textiles, Opium: The Other Half of the Triangular Trade”
• (1) AfroEurasian Consumption-Production and Atlantic Extensions
• (2) Silver Circuits: From the Americas to Pacific-Indian Ocean and back to the Atlantic
• (3) New Worlds: American Private Traders and Asia: 1750-1850
Afro-Eurasian Trading Networks on the Eve of Coumbus-Da Gama: Marco Polo and Moroccan Ibn Battuta’s (1304-1368) travels from
Spain to Canton via Africa and India including the Maldives:
• 貨 , huo (goods) • 買 / 賣 mai-mai
(buy/sell) • 貝 bi; (money)
• Cowrie (from Hindi-Urdu kauri) producing seas of Indian-Pacific Ocean
(1764)Detail from "Concert in an Interior" by Antwerp-based Jan Jozef Horemans II
American Copy of calico: Walters & Bedwell", this print is dated to 1775-1776Winterthur Museum
• .
from George Kuwayama:Chinese Ceramics in Colonial Mexico
• Acapulco Harbor:Acapulco-Veracruz connection
Overland
Elihu Yale, 1649-1721 ( governor of Fort St, George Madras, 1686-1692)
Madras had one of the largest
slave trade markets in Asia,
a center developed by the
Dutch and British merchants.
Yale attempted to curtail the
kidnapping of children, and
decreed that the slave had to
be examined by the Fort
officials before transportation.
January, 1699 “[The ship Fortune] returned from Madagascar [to New York], laden with East India goods… [Governor Bellomont] learned that two and twenty of the principal merchants of the town and several members with the Secretary and Clerk of the Council, were interested in the cargo….”
April, 1699 New York-based William Kidd sailed back to Hispaniola from the Indian Ocean in the captured Quedah Merchant, the 400-ton Indian-Armenian merchant ship leased to a royal trader, a cousin of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Loaded with over 500 bales of textiles, silks, opium, saltpeter, sugar and gold and the cargo valued at £50,000 (Rs. 440,000), the ship was travelling from Bengal to Surat.
June, 1699: [Governor Blasse, New Jersey] “I … took four of the persons suspected of piracy who confess that [they] have been on the coast of India and have taken several prizes there.
“A New and Accurate Map of Asia,”(London, 1747) by Emanuel Bowen. 1770 edition
hanging in John Brown house.
Modern History of OpiumAsia
1660s: increase in use of opium in Persia and India for recreational use
1600s-1700: Portuguese and Dutch introduce tobacco laced with opium to Batavia and China
1729: Qing Emperor prohibits smoking of opium, import only under license for medical use
1796 & 1799: Opium import and cultivation banned in China
1839: Ordered to surrender all opium, British warships fire on Canton, start Opium War.
Atlantic and East India Co. (EIC)
1606: Elizabeth I’s charter ships are instructed bring back opium from India
1680: Invention of laudanum: (opium, sherry wine and herbs: medicinal and recreational
1773: EIC establishes opium monopoly in India
1800: The British Levant Company purchases a1/2 of output of Symrna (Turkey) for import into Europe and US
1830: British recreational use of opium: 22,000 lbs.
1840: New Englanders import 24,000 lbs to US. Customs Duty on opium is started.
“Into the Arms of Morpheus”• Morphine was isolated by
German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner in 1805. He named the compound after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams.
• In the US, in 1896;
313,000 opium addicts, mostly women, consuming laudanum and other forms of opium.