AN INVESTIGATION ON THE POLLUTION OF INLAND SURFACE WATER FROM INDUSTRY. "A CASE STUDY

OF MANOHARA RIVER".

BY

SANTOSH KAFLE.

Industrial pollution

• Industrial pollution is not a disagreeable prospect but a present reality.

• Growth in industrial sector is a critical factor-determining nation’s economic development, which is generally accompanied by a shift of population from

rural to urban areas, and the creation of new environmental hazards are

obvious.

• The environmental concerns arising from the industries in Nepal are still

much less in comparison to the environmental concerns arising from other

sectors, For example while domestic effluent contributes to almost 95% of

total effluent in Kathmandu, the industrial sector contributes to only 5%.

(ICIMOD/MOPE, 2001)

Industrial growth in Nepal:• Up to fiscal year 2002/2003, the total number of industries registered

was 157,458 out of which only 32933 have been renewed.

• Industrial category. Number.

• Manufacturing industries 39,828

• Energy industries 806

• Agriculture and wildlife 1,199

• Mineral 175

• Tourism 2,130

• Service 15,514

• Construction 5,064

• Total 64,715

• A maximum number (10,123) of industries were registered in year 1999/2000

• (Source: from Department of Small and Cottage Industry, DCSI, 2003)

Among manufacturing industries number of carpet industriesregistered in 1996 to 2003 were 205, 235, 278, 198, 122,105 and 80 respectively for each fiscal year. Similarly thenumbers of registered soft drink manufacturing industrieswere 33, 29, 28, 18, 15, 35 and 27 for each successive yearfrom 1996 to 2003 respectively.

from 1996 to 2003 the number of industries registered inBagmati Zone were 20,006 industries. Out of which districtKathmandu alone composed of 12,579 industries. In theyear 1986/87 the number of industries in Kathmandu valleywere just 1504 (IUCN 1991). Thus the comparison ofindustrial registration on district basis showed that largestnumbers of industries were found registered in Kathmandudistrict. The number of industries registered in Terai wasfound greater than hill and Himalaya region (DCSI, 2003).

• About 18,000 carpet industries have been registered up to October 2004.

The average yearly registration is about 1600-1700(DSCI). The number of

carpet factory registered in central carpet industry association is 1268 out of

which 800 are said to be operating actively (CCIA, 2005)

Existing legislations

• It has been the government policy to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of developmental projects and human action (NEPAP, 1993)

• 1.1.5.1 Legislation covering provisions for water pollution control:• Aquatic animal protection Act, 2017

• Environmental protection Act2053 and regulation 2054

• Mines and minerals Act2042 and regulation 2056.

• Pasupati area development trusts Act 2044.

• Solid waste management and resource mobilization Acts and regulations 2044

• Nepal water supply corporation Act2046

• Local self-governance Act2055

• Town development Act2048

• Pesticides Act 204 and regulations 2050

• Water resource Act 2049 and regulation 2050

• Electricity Act 2049 and regulations2050

• Industrial enterprises Act2049

• Forest Act 2049

• Soil and watershed conservation Act 2039 and regulations2042.

Rationale:

• A total of 337 households in Kathmandu valley still directly depend on river/stream for their source of drinking water (CBS 2001). The expansion of current trend of unplanned urbanization and industrialization, which most likely will demand more water in future, is unavoidable. The increase in population is most likely in rapidly expanding urban areas of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, which are currently drained by Manohara River.

• The assessment of existing water quality in spatial as well as temporal basis and suggesting the control measure or suitable alternative is important in order to safe guard the water needs of future population.

• Assessment of extent of river pollution from effluents of specific industry will help to find out potential threat from these industries to water availability and habitability of future population.

• The study on the spatial and temporal effects from the effluents of individual industries on river water is rare in Nepal. This study attempts to find out the potential effect of effluents both at spatial and temporal basis on river water. This study also helps to find out whether the industries discharging their effluents are complying with existing limit set by legislation or not.

Objective of the study:

• The general objective of the study is to investigate the effect of industrial effluent on running water.

• The specific objectives are,

• To analyse effluent quality of industries and its compatibility to national standard.

• To study the spatial and temporal pattern of effect of effluent of individual industries into river water.

• To assess the water quality of Manohara River.

• To study the existing policy and legal framework for water pollution control.

Limitations:

• The study is carried out only for two

seasons respectively for summer

(premonsoon) and Rainy (monsoon).

• The data on bacteriological water quality is

not collected.

Study area and sampling sites

N

†E N

Site selection

Sample collection,

pretreatment,

preservation and

determination of

parameters like DO,

Temperature,

Alkalinity, PH.

Sample safely

hauled to

Laboratory.

Preservation, refrigeration

and determination of

parameter to be analyzed

in short time like NO3¯,

PO4 within specified time.

Safe storage of

samples in

refrigerator

Determination of rest of

the pre-selected

parameters.

Container Sample

size (ml)

Sample type Preservation Recommended

maximum storage

time

Regulatory

Alkalinity P/G 200 Grab Refrigerate 24Hrs. 14 day

CO2 P/G 100 Grab Analyze immediately 0.25 hours N.S

BOD P/G 1000 Grab Refrigerate 6 hours 48 hours

COD P/G 100 Grab Analyze immediately or

add H2SO4 to pH<2

7 day 28 day.

Chloride P/G 50 Grab Not required Not stated 28 days.

Color P/G 500 Grab Refrigerate 48 hours 48hours

Specific

conductance

P/G 500 Grab Refrigerate 28 days 28 days

Hardness P/G 100 Grab Add HNO3 or H2SO4 to pH

<2

6 months 6 months.

Metals general P/G 1000 Grab Refrigerate, HNO3 to PH <2 6 months 6months.

Chromium (VI) P (A),

G (A)

1000 Grab Refrigerate 24 hour 24 hour

Ammonia P/G 500 Grab/composite Immediate, H2SO4 <pH 2

and refrigerate.

7 day 28 day.

Nitrate P/G 100 Grab/composite Immediate/refrigerate 48 hour 48 hour

DO G 300 Grab Immediate 0.25hour 0.25 hour

pH P/G 50 Grab Immediate 0.25 hour 0.25 hour

PO4-- G (A) 100 Grab Immediate 48 hours Not stated

Solids P, G 200 Grab/composite R 7 days 2-7 days

Temperature P, G -------- Grab Immediately 0.25 hours 0.25 hours

Nitrite P, G 100 Grab Immediate/refrigerate 2 days 2 days

Physicochemical analysis:

• All the experiments were performed

according to methods described in

"Standard Method for the Examination of

Water and Wastewater 1998"[APHA,

AWWA, WEF, 20th Ed.] and "Text Book of

Quantitative Chemical

Analysis"1996[Vogel's, 5th Ed.]

• Parameters and Methods:• Physical appearance: sensory perception

• Temperature: Thermometer

• PH: pH meter

• Conductance: Conductivity meter

• Total Dissolved Solids (T.D.S): Gravimetric

• Total solids (Dried at 103-1050C): Gravimetric

• Dissolved oxygen(DO): Winklers titrimetric Method

• Alkalinity: Titration

• Chloride: Argentometric method

• Nitrite:

• Nitrate:

• Inorganic phosphorus: Molybdophosphoric acid method

• Ammonia: Colorimetric Nessler's Method:

• Ca –Hardness: Titration

• Mg-Hardness: Titration

• Hardness: Titration

• Iron: Phenanthroline method

• Chromium: Diphenyl carbazide method

• Biochemical oxygen Demand: Five-Day BOD method

• COD: Open reflux method

Results and discussion:

• Physical appearance: • All samples except samples at site III and effluents samples at site II

were observed colorless and odorless.

• Temperature: • The highest recorded temperature during study period was 760C in effluent

of carpet dyeing and lowest recorded was 190C at site I in September.

Parameters April May August September

Physical appearance

(color/odor)

Colorless/odorless Colorless/odorless Colorless/odorless

Colorless/odorless

Air temp. (0C) 27 29 26 25

Water temp. (0C) 23 24 23 19

PH 7.3 7.05 7.2 7.2

Conductivity (m∫/cm. 35 28.5 30 22

T.D.S (mg\L) 15 18 8 8

T.S (mg\L) 22.5 28 14 12

T.S.S (mg\L) 7.5 10 5 4

DO (mg\L) 6.1 6.0 6.8 7.1

Alkalinity (mg\L) 54.5 49.5 50 41.5

Cl - (mg\L) 7 11.1 5.6 5.1

NO2 - (mg\L) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

NO3 - (mg\L) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

PO4- - - (mg\L) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

NH3 (mg\L) 0.1 0.09 0.03 0.1

Ca (mg\L) 2.4 0.9 1.6 1.5

Mg (mg\L) 8.4 5.6 3.1 3.8

Hardness (mg\L) 9.8 6.7 4.05 4.8

Fe (mg\L) <1 <1 <1 <1

Cr (mg\L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

BOD (mg\L) 1.8 2.4 1.9 1.4

COD (mg\L) 12.7 15.1 12.45 11.6

April. May August September

U/S Efflu

ent

M

P

D/S U/S Efflue

nt

MP D/S U/S Efflue

nt

MP D/S U/S Effluent MP D/S

Physical

appearance

(color/odor)

Gra

yish

/

Org

anic

Red /

punge

nt

Re

ddi

sh/

pu

ng

ent

Slight

ly

reddis

h/odo

rless

Grayi

sh/

Organ

ic

Red /

punge

nt

Reddi

sh/pu

ngent

Slight

ly

reddis

h/org

anic

Clear/

odorl

ess

Red /

punge

nt

Reddish/

odorless

Clear

/odor

less

Clear/od

orless

Red /

pungent

Reddish/

odorless

Clear/odo

rless

Air temp. (0C) 29 27 28 26 32 26 27 27 24.5 25 25.5 25 25 25 25 25

Water temp.

(0C)

26 75.5 42

35

26.9 73.6 50.5

34.5

22 56 29.5

22

21 58.7 31.7

21

PH 7.4 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.7 6.7 7.5 7.7 7.6 6.7 7.1 7.5 7.2 7 7.1 7.2

Conductivity (m∫/cm.

398 1807 13

18 521

362 1759 1367

384

156.5 1131 421.5 135.

5

178.5 1518 665

197

T.D.S (mg\L)

200 1200 12

00 600

200 1200 1200

600

300 800 600

300

250 800 600

250

T.S (mg\L)

280 1800 16

00 1000

285 2000 1800

1000

400 1200 800

400

400 1200 800

400

T.S.S (mg\L)

80 600 40

0 400

85 800 600

400

100 400 200

100

150 400 200

150

DO (mg\L) 5.3 0 1.2 4 2.6 0 1.4 2.3 5.7 0.3 2.9 5.7 5.82 0.0 3.5 5.7

Alkalinity

(mg\L)

148.

5

26 68

132

143 23.5 65

144.5

86 27 83

82.5

74 26 55

72.5

Cl - (mg\L)

41.2 9.62 30.

5 42.2

27 17.6 30.6

30.9

41.9 13 38

41.6

33.37 75.3 58.1

34.1

NO2 - (mg\L) 3.1 0.3 1.2 4.1 3 0.1 3.2 3.3 1.4 0.4 1.2 1.4 0.3 0 0.3 0.3

NO3 - (mg\L) 2.3 0.2 0.9 2.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.6 2.5 1.7 0.5 3.45

PO4- - - (mg\L) 1.1 0.6 1 1.1 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.7 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.345

NH3 (mg\L) 2.3 0.7 1.7 2.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6 0.9 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.67 0.72

Ca (mg\L) 35 15 29 36 35 18 36.9 37.7 16 28 21.2 16.3 18.7 0.0 20.6 19.2

Mg (mg\L)

102.

6

73.4 92.

3 104

99 209 81.5

113.9

47.3 101.9 72.1

51.1

42.6 0 47.4

42.8

Hardness

(mg\L)

124 82.5 11

0 126

120.5 220 104

136.9

57 119 85

61

54 84 60

54.5

Temperature(0C)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

0C

April

May

August

September

pH

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

April

May

August

September

conductivity

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

co

nd

uc

tiv

ity

April

May

August

September

Total Suspended Solids(T.S.S)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

T.S

.S m

g/L April

May

August

September

Total Dissolved Solids(T.D.S)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

T.D

.S m

g/L April

May

August

September

Total Solids(T.S)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

T.S

mg

/L

April

May

August

September

Dissolve oxygen(DO)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

DO

mg

/L

April

May

August

September

Alkalinity(mg/L)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

Alk

alin

ity(m

g/L

)

April

May

August

September

Chloride

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

Ch

lori

de

(mg

/L)

April

May

August

September

Nitrite

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

NO

2(m

g/L

) April

May

August

September

Nitrate

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

NO

3(m

g/L

) April

May

August

September

Phosphate

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

PO

4(m

g/L

) April

May

August

September

Ammonia

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

NH

3(m

g/L

) April

May

August

September

Calcium(Ca)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

Ca(m

g/L

) April

May

August

September

Magnesium(Mg)

0

50

100

150

200

250

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

Mg

(mg

/L) April

May

August

September

Hardness

0

50

100

150

200

250

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

Ha

rdn

es

s(m

g/L

)

April

May

August

September

Iron

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

Fe

(mg

/L)

April

May

August

September

Chromium(Cr)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

Cr(

mg

/L)

April

May

August

September

Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

BO

D(m

g/L

)

April

May

August

September

Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S

siteII siteIII

CO

D(m

g/L

)

April

May

August

September

conclusion

• The effluents from the industries are not complying with the national standard. As indicated by the magnitude of parameters like temperature, pH, T.S.S, BOD, COD and Cr.

• The effluents were observed pollution within the measured stretch specially in dry season.

• At site parameters were observed within WHO standard(WHO), RWQCBRS(MoPE, 1994).

• Besides industrial effluents river Mahohara gets progressively polluted with other sources.

Contd……….

• It was found that 100m stretches of

Manohara River are not enough distance ti

completely disperse the observed

discharge of the pollutants in low flow

season.

Recommendations

• The government should set up a special vigilance squads to conduct raids on the industrial units polluting the river and urge them to impose self regulation.

• High tax needs to be induced to polluting industries.

• The government should attract the firm by providing maximum subsidies for most polluting industries for purchasing anti-pollution technology and treatment plants.

• It needs further study, considering more distance separated at decreasing interval to find the exact point of complete dispersion of pollutants.

• The dyeing industry should detain their effluent for sometime and discharge only when temperature drops below 400C, which will also help to settle solids.

• The dyeing factory should avoid using chromium and other heavy metals containing synthetic dyes.

Acknowledgement• Prof. Dr. Mohan Bikram Gewali(Supervisor)

• Prof. Dr.Umakant Rai Yadav(Head of

Department).

• lecturer, Ms. Armila Nyachhyon (Co-

Supervisor).

• friends Padam , Upendra, Rajeshwor, Saroj, Sameer .

• department staffs especially laboratory staffs Mr. Alok and Mrs. Anju.

• to my parents and all family members.