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![Page 1: By Richard Hinrichsen, Shawn Narum, Matt Campbell, Mike Ackerman, Craig Steele, Maureen Hess, Bill Young, Barbara Shields, Brian Maschhoff Funded by: Bonneville.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e755503460f94b76f3a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ESTIMATING THE PROPORTION OF HATCHERY-ORIGIN SPAWNERS USING
PARENTAGE-BASED TAGGING
byRichard Hinrichsen, Shawn Narum, Matt Campbell, Mike Ackerman, Craig Steele,
Maureen Hess, Bill Young, Barbara Shields, Brian Maschhoff
Funded by: Bonneville Power Administration
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Why Estimate Hatchery-Origin Spawners?
These fish originate in hatchery, are released as juveniles, and return to spawn in the wild.
Influx of hatchery spawners affects population dynamics by artificially increasing spawner numbers.
Influences: density dependence, reproductive success.
Genetic effects (Christie et al. 2012).
Mark R. Christie, Melanie L. Marine, Rod A. French, and Michael S. Blouin. 2012. Genetic adaptation to captivity can occur in a single generation. PNAS 109:238-242.
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Relative Reproductive Success of Hatchery-born Spawners
Chilcote et al. (2011) found that a naturally spawning population composed entirely of hatchery-origin spawners would have a reproductive performance that is 0.128 of that expected for a population composed entirely of wild-origin spawners.
The study was based on 93 salmon populations in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, that were known to contain both wild and hatchery fish. Three species were represented: steelhead, coho and chinook.
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Source: Chilcote et al. (2011) CJFAS
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Using CWT To Estimate Ph
A fraction of juvenile fish at source hatcheries are visibly marked with a fin clip (adipose or other) or implant elastomer tag.
Furthermore, some juvenile fish are tagged with a coded-wire tag that identifies the hatchery of origin.
Spawning fish are sampled using carcass surveys.
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Visible Marks (VM)
Visible Implant Elastomer tags (VIE)
Adipose Fin Clip
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Coded Wire Tags (CWT)
Magnified section of a CWT (1.1 mm long) before insertion into the snout of a juvenile salmon.
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Source: Northwest Marine Technology.
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Carcass Survey
Fish with CWT are indentified with a hand-held wand device; snouts sawed off to recover tags.
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An Easy Solution
Use constant VM fraction at all source hatcheries! For example, l = 0.25. In that case,
fractionVMratesample
sampleinfishVM#ˆ
H
is an estimate of the total number of hatchery-origin spawners on the spawning grounds.
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Little White Salmon NFH
Priest Rapids H
Ringold Springs H
Lyons Ferry H
Umatilla H
HANFORD REACH EXAMPLE
Source: Hinrichsen, Sharma & Fisher (2012) TAFS:
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Visible marking and coded-wire tagging at source hatcheries that provide spawner inputs to Hanford Reach spawning grounds.
Total number of spawning ground carcasses sampled in 2010 was 9,791 and the sample rate was 0.11252. Of carcasses sampled, 23 were VM and CWT at
a hatchery and 308 were VM only.
Hatchery Brood year VM & CWT VM only CWT only
Not VM & not CWT
VM fraction,
l
CWT fraction,
f
# tags in
sample
Little White Salmon NF 2005 448,145 1,354,029 0 0 1.00 0.25 1
Priest Rapids 2005 199,445 1,628,614 0 5,048,231 0.27 0.11 3
2007 202,568 813 0 4,344,925 0.04 1.00 7
Ringold Springs 2006 222,706 0 0 3,179,824 0.07 1.00 2
2007 221,951 2,230,190 0 645,308 0.79 0.09 7
Lyons Ferry 2006 231,534 1,673 220,350 6,076 0.51 0.99 1
Umatilla 2007 279,480 0 0 0 1.00 1.00 2
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Total Numbers Released
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VM only
Little White Salmon 2005
Priest Rapids 2005
Priest Rapids 2007
Ringold Springs 2006
Ringold Springs 2007
Lyons Ferry 2006
Umatilla 2007
VM or CWT In 2010 Hanford Reach Carcass Survey
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23 CWT and VM285 VM only
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Simplified Method of Moments Estimator
ii
ii
xH
,1~
• x1,i is the number of carcasses sampled that were VM and CWT at hatchery i.
• qi is the sample rate• li is the VM fraction at source hatchery i.• fi is the CWT fraction at source hatchery i
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Method of Moments For both VM&CWT and VM only
VM&CWT equations
VM only equation
iiii Hx ,1
n
iiii Hx
12 )1(
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Proportions of Hatchery-Origin Spawners (Hatchery-specific)
GLSE
var(GLSE)
n
j j
jjj
i
ii
iii
iiii p
p
pp
Ep
1
2
2
)1(
)1(
)1()1(1ˆvar
EHp iiˆ/ˆˆ
var(SMME)
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Proportion of Total Hatchery-Origin Spawners
GLSE
var(GLSE)
n
i i
iii
n
i i
ii
n
i ii
iii
p
p
pp
Ep
1
2
12
1 )1(
)1(
)1()1(1)ˆvar(
E
Hp
ˆ
ˆˆ
var(SMME)
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
GLSE SMME
Coded-wire tagging fraction, f
CV
of
p e
sti
ma
te
CV of the GLSE and SMME relative to tagged fraction, f. Number of hatcheries = 2; True spawning population = 1000; true value of p = 0.5; sample rate = 0.20; H1 = H2; VM fraction of one hatchery is 1.0, and the other is 0.5.
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Estimates of hatchery inputs to Hanford Reach spawning grounds in 2010. Standard errors of estimates in parentheses.
Hatchery contribution to spawning population
Proportion of hatchery fish in total spawning
population
Source Hatchery
Brood
year GLSE SMME GLSE SMME
Little White Salmon 2005 45.1 (39.5) 35.7 (35.2) 0.0005 (0.0005) 0.0004 (0.0004)
Priest Rapids 2005 2100.4 (738.3) 919.2 (529.9) 0.0241 (0.0085) 0.0106 (0.0061)
2007 1397.2 (526.7) 1396.8 (526.6) 0.0161 (0.0061) 0.0161 (0.0061)
Ringold Springs 2006 271.6 (191.3) 271.6 (191.3) 0.0031 (0.0022) 0.0031 (0.0022)
2007 2818.4 (289.6) 868.2 (326.8) 0.0324 (0.0033) 0.0100 (0.0038)
Lyons Ferry 2006 17.7 (17.1) 17.6 (17.1) 0.0002 (0.0002) 0.0002 (0.0002)
Umatilla 2007 17.8 (11.8) 17.8 (11.8) 0.0002 (0.0001) 0.0002 (0.0001)
Total 6668.1 (788.9) 3527.0 (838.6) 0.0766 (0.0090) 0.0405 (0.0096)
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Ambiguity in hatchery of origin
Hatchery #1 Hatchery #2 Hatchery #3
CWT CWT
CWT
SAMPLE
S p a w n i n g G r o u n d s
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Parentage-Based Tagging
Parentage-based tagging (PBT) instead of CWT Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) used to
determine parents and therefore, hatchery of origin and brood year.
Increased tagging fractions can solve problem of ambiguity in determining hatchery of origin.
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Parentage-Based Tagging (PBT)
Genotype hatchery broodstock with SNPs and record genotypes in a data base of parents.
Sample carcasses on spawning grounds. Determine if carcass genotype comes from
parents in data base (is tagged) (Anderson 2010).
Use tag to determine release group.
Anderson, E.C. 2010. Computational algorithms and user-friendly software for parentage-based tagging of Pacific salmonids. SWFSC Final Report 10 March 2010.
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Tag Loss
Data from the South Fork Salmon show that 29 of 218 samples failed to genotype. Culprit: carcass decay.
PBT tagging fraction for the McCall spawn year 2008 and spawn year 2009 broodstock were 97.61% and 96.43%, respectively. The tagging rate is estimated for each hatchery
by squaring the proportion of successfully genotyped broodstock.
Accounting for tag loss, the effective tagging fraction was approximately 0.97 x (218-29)/218 = 0.84.
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Little White
Salmon 2005
Priest Rapids 2005
Priest Rapids 2007
Ringold Springs 2006
Ringold Springs
2007
Lyons Ferry 2006
Umatilla 2007
TOTAL0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010SE (CWT) SE (PBT) n = 9,791SE (PBT) n = 1,000SE (PBT) n = 500
Sta
nd
ard
Err
or
(SE)
Sensitivity Analysis
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VM 25% all releases
VM 100% all releases
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Please Visit Us!
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Conclusions
When marking fractions at all source hatcheries are equal, estimation is simple. However, when marking fractions vary widely, estimation is complex and precision may decrease.
Small tagging fractions can lead to ambiguity in estimation of proportion of hatchery-origin spawners and loss of precision;
In the Hanford Reach example, very few (23) carcasses tested positive for a CWT.
PBT has the potential to increase numbers of tagged carcasses and thereby increase precision of estimates of the proportion of hatchery-origin spawners.
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