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By: Nikita Mathew, Noor Al-Alusi, Sara Shu Period 3 http://www.animalpicturegallery.net/animal-picture-peacock-Laurence-Shan.jpg Chordata: Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds Slide 2 2 Amniotes An amniote is a member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo (i.e. mammals, birds and other reptiles). Embryonic membranes distinguish amniotes from tetrapod amphibians. http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/34-19-AmnioticEgg-L.gif Slide 3 AMPHIBIANS http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/classification/kc_class ification_appearance.htm Slide 4 Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Salamanders -Order: Urodela tailed ones Frogs -Order: Anura tail-less ones Caecilians -Order: Apoda legless ones Slide 5 Sample Animals http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/salamander-regrow- body-parts-1.jpg http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/04/ 090401101745-large.jpg http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources- rx/images/caecilian_30881_1.jpg Slide 6 Body Cavity Has Coelom Bilateral symmetry http://z.about.com/d/animals/1/0/W/5/s hutterstock_716539.jpg Body Symmetry Slide 7 Nervous System Present Brain has medulla, cerebellum, a small cerebrum Has spinal cord and nerves Two eyes with third eyelid/protective membrane Slide 8 Circulatory System Are cold blooded (body temperature same as surrounding environment) Three chambered-heart with two atria and one ventricle Slide 9 Digestive System All amphibians use mouth, stomach, and small intestine for digestion Frogs have a long sticky tongue that is usually folded backwards in their mouth http://www.pollsb.com/photos/o/26648- frog_tongue.jpg Slide 10 Excretory System Two kidneys are the main excretory organs Filter waste that leaves the body as urine Liquid and solid wastes leave through cloaca Slide 11 Locomotion/Musculature Frogs and salamanders are tetrapods (four feet) Most frogs and salamanders use strong hind legs to move Caecilians burrow in moist soil because they are legless http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/frog/frog993 8-LeopardFrog-Jumping.jpg Slide 12 Skeletal Type Endoskeletonconsists of hard supporting elements (cartilage and/or bone) Has axial skeleton (skull, backbone, and ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs) Skeleton provides support and enables movement Slide 13 Sensory Structures/Features Frogs and salamanders have eyes while caecilians are nearly blind Can sense vibrations on the ground Frogs have external eardrums that sit behind the eyes http://departments.juniata.edu/biology/vertzoo/Fro g_morphology.jpg Slide 14 Reproduction: Frogs and Salamanders Sexual reproduction Eggs laid and fertilized outside of mothers body in water/moist environment Eggs lack shell so are prone to dehydration so amphibians lay them in moist environments with a jelly-like layer for protection Slide 15 Reproduction: Caecilians Only amphibians to use internal insemination Fertilized eggs are laid outside and guarded by female When hatched, caecilians are already metamorphed Slide 16 Gas Exchange Mostly rely on moist skin for gas exchange Breathe using positive pressure Lowers roof of mouth and take in air through nostrils. Nostrils then close and roof of mouth is raised, pushing air into lungs. Slide 17 Other features Amphibian means two lives (many live in aquatic and terrestrial environments) Have complex social behaviors, including certain vocal communication during breeding http://www.amphibian.com.au/amphibian_frog.jpg Slide 18 http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/classification/kc_clas sification_appearance.htm Phylum: Chordata Reptiles Slide 19 http://derek4messiah.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/eat ing-lizards-acts-10-11/ http://www.marathonbooks.com/Alligator.html http://naturescrusaders.wordpress.com/2009/02/19/sea-turtles-are- drowning-save-them-from-bottom-longline-fishing-nets/ http://www.w orldlatestnew s.com/world- news/t-rex- was-a- cowardly- bully-who- picked-on- runts-60933 Slide 20 Body Cavity Body Symmetry present bilateral http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/70/Flo rida_Alligator.jpg http://fireflyforest.net/images/firefly/200 5/June/gopher-snake-head.jpg http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/12/03/article-1091654- 02ACEF34000005DC-483_468x463.jpg Slide 21 Nervous System Nervous system consists of a brain, spinal cord, and sense organs. More advanced nervous system than amphibians Reptiles have much smaller brains compared with mammals Olfactory bulb http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/409665/70848/In-the-brain-of-reptiles- such-as-the-caiman-the Snakes tongue have highly sensitive smell sensors. Alligators have sensory nodules on jaws, connect to nerve fibers responding to vibrations and small pressure changes in the water. Crocodiles have similar organs on almost every scale on their body Slide 22 Circulatory System Cold blooded- do not use metabolism to control body temperature Behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature Ectothermic-absorption of external heat as main source of body heat Slide 23 Digestive System Present [mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, rectum] Snakes: loosed articulated jaws and elastic skin to swallow prey larger than itself http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060915 -python-ewe.html Slide 24 Excretory System Cold blooded Covered with scales Kidneys and ureters to get rid of liquid wastes Molt/shed their skin Slide 25 Locomotion/Musculature Snakes use waves of lateral bending to propel themselves forward They also grip ground with belly scales at several points, pulling its other parts forward. Other Reptiles: -stomachs close to ground - low center of gravity forces body to work more http://www.rubberbug.com/reptiles.htm Slide 26 Skeletal Type endoskeleton Breast bone protects lungs and heart Turtles have a hard shell that are fused to the vertebrae and ribs; defense against predators. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/turtle-shell-1.jpg Slide 27 Sensory Structures/Features Scales that contain keratinprovides waterproof barrier that helps prevent dehydration in dry air Snakes: -acute chemical sensors and lack eardrums their sensitivity to ground vibrations help them detect movement -flicking tongue helps to fan odors toward olfactory organs on roof of mouth Slide 28 Reproduction Sexual Females eggs fertilized internally Eggs, with a leathery and flexible shell, are then deposited Slide 29 The Amniotic Egg extraembryonic membranes protect the embryo. gas exchange, waste storage, transfer of stored nutrients to embryo Amnion: a fluid filled cavity that cushions against shock Is not found in amphibians Slide 30 Gas Exchange Watertight skin (due to scales) not used as respiratory surface. Most rely solely on lungs for gas exchange Turtles also use moist surfaces of cloaca. Slide 31 Unique Features Some lizards can lift their front legs off the ground while running http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=24742&start =200 http://www.duiops.net/seresvivos/galeria/lagartos/Ani mals%20Funny_Lounge%20Lizard.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.duiops.net/seresvivos/galeria/lagartos/Animals% 2520Funny_Lounge%2520Lizard.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.duiops.net/seresvivos/gallery_lizards.htm l&usg=__CtYkVu8qt4gCQjHxAPznnjygUeQ=&h=1200&w=1600&sz=263&hl=en&start=2&sig2=uKXN wOkb_vXSt0JdEuzWWg&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=vX9baTQziSNaBM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/ima ges%3Fq%3Dfunny%2Breptiles%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4SNNT_enU S353US353%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=DaOdS6OoF4bmtgPl5t2dAg Slide 32 Phylum: Chordata http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/classification/kc_clas sification_appearance.htm Birds Slide 33 Sample Animals Finch http://www.steveklotz.com/blog/wp- content/uploads/2007/05/finch.jpg http://kecute.files.wordpress.com/2008/03 /ducks-cute.jpg Ducks Toucan http://www.wildernessclassroom.com/www/sc hoolhouse/rainforest_library/animal_images/to ucan.jpg Ostrich http://www.icis.com/blogs/asian-chemical- connections/035ostrich_468x538.jpg Slide 34 Body Cavity Present (has coelom) Body Symmetry Bilateral symmetry http://www.birdsafaris-uganda.com/images/bird%20watching.jpg Slide 35 Nervous System Present The central nervous system is composed of a brain, a spinal chord, and nerves. The autonomic nervous system controls heartbeat, breathing, and digestion. http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/miller/brainfig7-11.gif Slide 36 Circulatory System Present Warm-blooded Heart pumps blood through body to give energy to all parts of the bird Birds have a four-chambered heart to keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of metabolism. http://chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/explore/embryolo gy/day02/graphics/bird_heart.jpg Slide 37 Digestive System Present Beaks evolutionarily modified according to diet/environment The crop organ is unique to birds, stores food, continuously supplies small amounts of food to the stomach Stomach has two parts: Proventriculus (secretes digestive juices) & Gizzard (gravel and muscles grind up food) Extremely high metabolism http://www.ericsons.net/images/129.jpg Slide 38 Excretory System Two kidneys are the main excretory organs Birds lack a urinary bladder Both liquid and solid wastes are excreted through cloaca http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_6PVnFGph9uU/Ss0uSC - 4yUI/AAAAAAAABTs/Y6wXEuD_TlU/s400/seagull +pic.JPG Slide 39 Locomotion/Musculature Wings (made of B-keratin) adapted for flight Power for flapping comes from contractions of the large pectoral attached to sternal keel Some birds have wings adapted to soar on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally Ratites = flightless birds (lack sternal keel and enlarged pectoral muscles) http://raptorrehab.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/bird_wing_by_lily.jpg Slide 40 Skeletal Type Internal skeleton Two legs and two wings Reduction in weight facilitates flight (no teeth, no jaw bones, reduced skull) Hollow bones make bones stronger, not lighter Sternal keel allows for flight (not present in ratites) http://www.emperor-penguin.com/penguin-chick.jpg Slide 41 Sensory Structures/Features Well developed mid brain -> acute vision Excellent sense of hearing Reduced olfactory lobes -> poor sense of smell Large Corpora Striata -> instinctive behavior (i.e. feeding, flying, reproduction, etc.) http://www.markhazeldesign.com/images/owl-eyes.jpg Slide 42 Reproduction Sexual reproduction Eggs fertilized internally Eggs have protective shell http://www.klamathbirdingtrails.com/images/ed-eggs.jpg Slide 43 Reproduction (contd.) Birds engage in elaborate courtship rituals during breeding season http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~iag/peacock3b.jpg Slide 44 Gas Exchange Complex respiratory system Air goes into nostrils -> trachea -> syrinx -> bronchi -> lungs -> abdominal air sacs ->lungs -> other air sacs -> up the bronchi http://www.earthlife.net/birds/breath.html Slide 45 Other Unique Features Wide range of feet and beaks, adapted to the environment and food http://static.lulu.com/items/volume_63/4086000/4086238/1/preview/32 0_4086238.jpg A birds brain is actually 10x larger than a non-bird reptiles, and only slightly smaller than a mammals Slide 46 QUIZ! Of the amphibians (frogs, salamanders, caecilians), which organisms use external fertilization? Frogs Salamanders Caecilians Both A and B Slide 47 ANSWER: D (eggs of frogs and salamanders are fertilized outside the body while caecilians eggs are fertilized internally) Slide 48 2. Platyhelminthes, birds, amphibians, and reptiles all possess: a. A true circulatory system b. A true respiratory system c. Bilateral Symmetry d. Coelom e. A vertebrae Slide 49 ANSWER: C (amphibians, birds, reptiles, and Platyhelminthes all have bilateral symmetry) Slide 50 3. Which of the following are cold-blooded? A. Amphibians B. Birds C. Reptiles D. Both A and C Slide 51 ANSWER: D (amphibians and reptiles are cold blooded) Slide 52 4. True or false: Amphibians use amniotic eggs in their reproductive process Slide 53 ANSWER: False (reptiles and birds use amniotic eggs)