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By: Mr. MooreHigh School of Economics & Finance, NY, NY
Contribution from Ms. Susan PojerHorace Greeley H. S., Chappaqua, NY
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A New Approach to Studying History
A Rediscovery of Secular Classical Learning
A Perception From Antiquity That Mankind Could Exert His Will Over His
Life
Renaissance Art Focused on Man and His Ideas, promoting virtue and the dignity of man while adhering to a
sense of religious decorum
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The Study of History
Characteristics: A new approach to dividing history
into three parts: antiquity, medieval, modern
Greek and Roman celebrated, not seen as pagan times
Explanations for events were based on natural and human actions, not the divine
New focus on law, government, and diplomacy instead of a focus on religious importance
History was a guide to life, not a reason to justify and glorify God
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A Rediscovery of Secular Classical Learning: The
Florentine “Academy” and Platonism Origins
Florence invited Manuel Chrysoloras from Constantinople to promote Greek learning
Council of Ferrara-Florence reunited Eastern and Western churches – 1439
Byzantine Greek scholars flee the Turks after the fall of Constantinople – 1453
Goal and Appeal Synthesize Platonic tradition with Christian
teachings Belief that human reason exists in the world
humans occupy and the eternal sphere – as evidenced by mathematical and moral truths
This allows mankind to have power over their actions i.e. Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man
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Secular Learning: Sir
Thomas More’s Utopia
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Controlling the Human Will :
the Dignity of Man Humanists saw parallels
between their lives and those from antiquity
There developed the idea of the human will, giving men some control over their lives – not all decided by God
The Oration on the Dignity of Man is an excellent example
The Book of the Courtier by Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control.
Baldassare Castiglione by Rafael
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Art and Patronage� Italians were willing to spend a lot of
money on art./ Art communicated social, political, and
spiritual values./ Italian banking & international trade
interests had the money.
� Public art in Florence was organized and supported by guilds.
Therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status!
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Renaissance Florence
The Wool Factoryby Mirabello Cavalori, 1570 1252 – first gold
florins minted
Florentine lion:symbol of St.
Mark
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Lorenzo “the Magnificent”: 1478 - 1521
Rise of the Despot:
the Medici Family and Patronage of the Arts
Cosimo I de Medici: 1517 -
1574
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Florence Under the Medici
Medici Chapel
The Medici Palace
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Isabella d’Este:
“First Lady of the Italian Renaissance”
1474-1539
Great patroness of the arts.
Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!”
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1. Realism & Expression
Expulsion fromthe Garden by Masaccio in 1427
First nudes sinceclassical times
Addition of fig leaves shows changes in mores
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2. Perspective
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!
First use of linear
perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!
� The Trinity
� Masaccio
� 1427
What you are, I once was; what I am, you will
become.
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Perspective
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3. Classicism
Greco-Roman influence.
Secularism.
Humanism.
Individualism free standing figures.
Symmetry/BalanceThe “Classical Pose”
Medici “Venus” (1c)
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4. Emphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:
The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino by Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466
A Renaissance Man and Condotteri
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5. Geometrical Arrangement of
Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate
Leonardo da Vinci
1469
The figure as architecture!
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6. Light & Shadowing/Softening
Edges
Chiaroscuro
Sfumato
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7. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities
� Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, andArchitects
� Giorgio Vasari
� 1550
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Vitruvian Man
Leonardo daVinci
1492The
L’uomouniversale
or
The Universal
Man
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Characteristics of the Renaissance “Man”
Broad knowledge about many things in different fields – studia humanitatis
Deep knowledge/skill in one area Able to link information from
different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge
The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education
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Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4
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horizontal
vert
ical
Perspective!
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498
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The Pieta by MichelangeloBuonarroti in 1499
Marble
Commissioned by French cardinal Jean de Billheres
The Church as Patrons of the Arts
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Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512
More concerned with politics than with theology.
The “Warrior Pope.”
Great patron of Renaissance artists, especially Raphael & Michelangelo.
Died in 1513
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The Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
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The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling
Michelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 1512
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The Sistine Chapel Details
The Creation
of the Heavens
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The Sistine Chapel Details
Creation of Man
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The Sistine Chapel Details
The Fall from Grace
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The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 One point perspective.
All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included all of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Arts!
A great variety of poses. Located in the papal apartments
library. Raphael worked on this commission
simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel.
No Christian themes here.
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The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
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Aristotle:looks to thisearth [thehere and
now].
Plato:looks to theheavens [or
the IDEALrealm].
The School of Athens – Raphael, details
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Renaissance Art: Italian vs. Northern
Europe Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art.
But, Italian influence was strong. Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was
widely adopted in Italy.
The differences between the two cultures: Italy change was inspired by humanism with
its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.
No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.
More princes & kings were patrons of artists.
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Characteristics of Northern Renaissance
Art The continuation of late medieval
attention to details. Tendency toward realism &
naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].
Interest in landscapes. More emphasis on middle-class
and peasant life. Details of domestic interiors. Great skill in portraiture.
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Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)
More courtly and aristocratic work. Court painter to
the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.
The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.
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Giovanni Arnolfini and His
Wife
(Wedding Portrait)
Jan Van
Eyck
1434
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Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife
(details)
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Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
The greatest of German artists.
A scholar as well as an artist.
His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I.
Also a scientist Wrote books on
geometry, fortifications, and human proportions.
Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.
Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.
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Hans Holbein, the Younger
(1497-1543) One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.
While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. Erasmus Writing, 1523
Henry VIII was his
patron from 1536. Great portraitist noted
for: Objectivity &
detachment. Doesn’t conceal the
weaknesses of his subjects.