By Kolap Samel and Diana Tohmeh

A History of Instructional Design and Technology By Robert A. Reiser (2007)

By Everett M. Rogers (2007)

Four ElementsInnovation

Idea, Object

Communication ChannelsWay messages are sent

TimeRate of Adoption

Social SystemPlace where diffusion occurs

Factors Affecting Technology Uses in Schools: An Ecological Perspective

By Yong Zhao and Kenneth A. Frank 2003

Frogs into Princes: Writings on School ReformBy Larry Cuban (2008)

High Access and Low use of Technologies in High School Classrooms: Explaining an Apparent Paradox

By Larry Cuban, Heather Kirkpatrick and Craig Peck (2001)

The Belief:Greater Access = Greater

Use

What are some possible reasons for limited technology

use?

Theories

Instrumental Theory• Technology is Neutral• Technologies are Tools

Substantive Theory• Technology is Not Neutral• Can Restructure the Social

World

Critical Theory• Middle Road?• Redesigning to Adapt

Allowing Educational Technologies to Reveal: A Deweyan Perspective

By David Blacker (1993)

Transforming Technology: A Critical Theory RevisitedBy Andrew Feenberg (2002)

Is Technology Value-Neutral?

Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing Critical Features From an Instructional

Perspective.By Peggy A. Ertmer and Timothy J. Newby (1993)

The Programmed Instruction Era: When Effectiveness MatteredBy Michael Molenda (2008)

Learning Theories•Behaviorism

•Cognitivism

•Constructivism

Learning•Occurs when behaviors are changed in response to a stimuliInstruction•Goal is to elicit a desired response•Determine what cues can elicit a response

Learning•Receiving, organizing, storing, and retrieving informationInstruction•Make knowledge meaningful•Learners connect new information with existing information

Learning•Occurs through a hands-on approach and learner’s experienceInstruction•Create authentic tasks•Learner’s should solve complex problems through collaboration

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Recall, List, Retrieve, Find, Name,

Recognize, Identify, Locate, Describe

Interpret, Summarize, Explain,

Compare, Classify

Do, Carry Out,

Implement, Run

Compare, Outline, Question

Check Judge Test

Design

How can we apply each of these theories to instruction?

Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism

Gagné, Wager, Golas, & Keller (2005). Principles of instructional design (5th ed.).

instruction is "a deliberately arranged set of external events designed to support internal learning processes”

9 events of instruction for effective learning

List 2 or 3 instructional design events or concepts that you share with Gagne’s ideas or events of instruction?

How does the nine events of instruction determine what and when to use media or technology in instruction?

Maddux, C. D. (2003). Twenty years of research in information technology in education: Assessing our progress.

Need for Stage 3 research: specific application on learners, teachers, and other variables

It never happened because Problems of fads in education Problems of qualitative research

Best of both approaches: qualitative data collection and quantitative data analysis

Kumar, M. (2007). Mixed methodology research design in educational technology. Best of both approaches: qualitative data collection and quantitative data analysis

gg

Schools goes through many fads when it comes to technology, and Maddux wrote that research had minimal impact on school. What does this mean for schools and their

integration of technology? It’s been 8 years since his article was

published, do you see any changes in schools and their integration of technology?

Baker, E. L., & O’Neil Jr., H. F. (2003). Evaluation and research for technology: Not just playing around.

Include test & assessments

Continue to look for ways to improve instructional technology and its research

Invalid evaluations because of confounded variables

Need to evaluate using economic analysis

Clark, R. E. (1992). Dangers in the evaluation of instructional media.

How do you evaluate instructional technology that is given to you (i.e. district, principal, and etc.) ?

If you choose to use it, do you take extra steps or are you okay with the way you use it?

Callister, T. A., & Burbules, N. C. (2004). Just give it to me straight: A case against filtering the Internet. 4 reasons against filtering: does not work, anti-educational,

damage fabric of knowledge, and there are other solutions

Accessibility is for everybody!!!Mueller, J. P. (2003). Accessibility for everybody:

Understanding the section 508 accessibility requirements.

As teachers who have dealt with filtering since CIPA, what are your sentiments with filtering now, and how have you coped?

What are some examples in which you used technology to make the material or content more accessible to your students (i.e. audio/visually impaired, special, ELD and etc)

Pan, G., & Bonk, C. J. (2007). The emergence of open-source software in North America. Advantages:

motivates innovationmakes available the talent of the world reduces costs

Disadvantages: quality is at riskhidden cost

Here are some questions to think about while you are reviewing in this section:Use Roger's diffusion to examine a technology in

your schoolCompare & Contrast multiple views of technologyApply the different learning theories to e-learning

and highlight its major differencesAdvantages & Disadvantages of instructional designThe importance of formative & summative

evaluationPro/Cons of internet filteringCompare and contrast Cuban & Clarks view on

educational technology (educational reform)