By: Jay JohnstonLeavenworth HSBy: Jay JohnstonLeavenworth HS

1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale

Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale

Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852Election Results

1852Election Results

George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)

Presidents of the United States

KEY EVENTS:Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)Kansas Territory violence “Border Ruffians” (1855)Caning of Charles Sumner (May 22, 1856) John Brown raid on Pottawatomie Creek (May 24, 1856)LeCompton Constitution (1857)The Impending Crisis of the South (1857)Supreme Court Dred Scott decision (March 6, 1857)Panic of 1857 – Tariff of 1857Lincoln-Douglas Debates (Fall 1858)

Freeport DoctrineHarper’s Ferry RaidElection of 1860Crittendon Compromise – Crittendon Amendments

The 1850’s - The Slavery Question

New territories would continue to be a source of strife as the battle for the expansion of slavery would intensify

The area of concern would actually be the Louisiana Purchase territory, which had thought to be handled by the 1820 Missouri CompromiseThis admitted Missouri as a slave state, but banned

slavery north of the 36, 30 lineSenator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, pushed for

the repeal of this provision in order to get Kansas and Nebraska accepted as territoriesThis leads to a bloody fight in the Kansas territory

The Fight Begins

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Compromise of 1850

By 1853 settlement increased dramatically in the Kansas territoryHowever, land settlement and the desire for railroads

across territory west of Missouri would require its organization as an official territory

In 1853 the House passed a bill creating a the Nebraska territory north of Oklahoma to CanadaThe Missouri Compromise had set up this land excluding

slaveryHaving already lost California (Compromise of 1850),

slavery forces were determined to salvage something from NebraskaMissouri was especially adamant about not being

surrounded on 3 sides by free soil, would rather it “sink in hell” (Mo Sen. David Atchison)

The Death of the Missouri Compromise

To help solve the problem Stephen Douglas proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in January 1854. This act would essentially repeal the Missouri Compromise by

letting the people of a territory decide for themselves whether to become a free or slave state

This principle is popular sovereignty.Due to pressure from Atchison, Douglas tweaked the

bill to split Kansas and Nebraska into two separate territories This was part of Atchison’s plan to have Kansas become a

slave state and Nebraska free President Franklin Peirce to signed off on it

The act passed, but Northerners were enraged by what they saw as a sellout to the South.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

This bill raised a firestorm in American politics

The bill got the attention of another Illinois figure: Abraham LincolnHe was an anti-slavery Whig who had served in

the Illinois legislature and CongressHe acknowledged the constitutional right to hold

slave property where it already existed, but believed it was morally wrong

Even with strong opposition from Abolitionists, Free Soilers, and northern Whigs the Kansas-Nebraska bill passed

Stephen Douglas – Illinois Senator

The slavery issue divided the Whigs, as northern Whigs became disgusted with Whig leaders’ willingness to compromise on slavery. Issues such as banks, which had once been central to the Whig

Party, had been resolved, and many Whig leaders were dead or dying.

The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska officially completed the end of the Whig Party, their political power had completely faltered

Southern Whigs left and became Democrats after Whig President Zachary Taylor had supported a free CaliforniaNorthern Whigs soon scattered to other parties to get away

from the negative Whig label leads to Republican Party

Death of the Whigs

During the summer of 1854, disgusted Northerners launched a new political party that they named the Republican Party.

This party that became the most popular landing place for former northern WhigsThe Republican name was first reported in use in

1854The Republicans argued against slavery

and fought for the repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Fugitive Slave Act.

Rise of the Republicans

Birth of the Republican Party 1854

Birth of the Republican Party 1854

WHO ARE THEY?!?!?! Northern Whigs. Northern Democrats. Free-Soilers. Know-Nothings. Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

WHO ARE THEY?!?!?! Northern Whigs. Northern Democrats. Free-Soilers. Know-Nothings. Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Soon there began a mass influx of settlers in the Kansas territory in the fight to decide its fate Thousands of free soiler New Englanders poured in to begin anti-slavery

movements within the state In opposition many Missourians and Southerners also moved in

Missourians, labeled “border ruffians”, became alarmed by the growing amount of free soil settlers crossed the border and voted illegally thousands of times The border ruffians succeeded as Kansas elected a pro-slavery territorial

legislature The territorial governor pleaded with President Franklin Pierce to

nullify the election the President instead listened to Atchison (MO) and had the governor removed

The new legislature legalized slavery in Kansas even the majority of Kansas settlers were against slavery Kansas soon became the leading issue in national politics as the two camps

waged war against each other Pro-slavery forces made their camp in Lecompton Anti-Slavery forces made the base and legislature in Lawrence

Bleeding Kansas

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Senator Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Senator Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congressman Preston Brooks

(D-SC)

Congressman Preston Brooks

(D-SC)

In this debate Charles Sumner of Massachusetts gave a passionate and well-publicized speech in the Senate on May 19 and 20, 1856

In it he said the Missourians were Murderous robbers who had destroyed the innocence of Kansas by introducing the horrors of slavery into itHe also ridiculed southern senators including Andrew Butler of South

CarolinaCongressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina wanted to defend

his cousin’s honor against SumnerTwo days after Sumner’s speech, Brooks walked into the Senate

Chamber and beats Sumner with a heavy caneSoutherners were excited by this event

Brooks was seen as a hero defending southern valuesHe received gift canes with the inscription “hit him again”He is censured by the House and resigns but is soon reelected

again

The Caning of Charles Sumner

Republicans gain support and thousands of voters in the affair and the incident reflects that barbarianism of slavery and its supporters“Bleeding Kansas” was used as a rally cry against slavery - showed

Southern barbarism In May 1856 an army of pro-slavery Missourians marched to

Lawrence, KansasOn May 21 they sacked the town and burned several buildingsA rival force of free-soilers arrive, but a little too late

One of these free soil “captains” was John BrownHe was an abolitionist zealot who considered himself anointed by the

Lord to avenge slaveholdersLeading a small band neat Pottawatomie Creek on the night of May 24

1856 Brown drags 5 men from their cabins and has them killedThis sets off a violent war in Kansas during the summer of 1856

where raids on both sides kill hundreds It subsides when President Pierce sends a new territorial

governor and 1,300 troops to squash the violence

Effects – Summer of Violence 1856

By 1856 the Republicans were the largest party in the northTheir main platform was the abolition of slaveryWere the first truly sectional party

THE ELECTION:All three major parties were eager to choose

candidates with no ties to “Bleeding Kansas.”American Party Nominates Millard FillmoreRepublicans nominate John C. FremontDemocratic nominee James Buchanan won the

election, promising to stop “the agitation of the slavery issue.”

President Buchanan hoped that the Supreme Court would resolve the slavery issue.

The Election of 1856

1856Electio

n Results

1856Electio

n Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

The Supreme court had a majority of justices from slaves states (5), including Chief Justice Roger B. Taney

Dred Scott Slave His owner had military posts in Wisconsin and Illinois Recently moved back to Missouri After owner’s death he sued for his freedom on grounds that his stay in

Wisconsin where slavery was outlawed The supreme court declared that the Missouri Compromise ban on

slavery was unconstitutional The Supreme Court’s March 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision

angered antislavery forces. In the decision, the Court reasoned that slaves were the property of

their owners The Constitution protected the right to own property It ruled that slaves were not citizens, had no right to sue in court They could not be considered free even if living in a free state or territory.

The decision meant that Congress had no power to ban slavery anywhere.

Dred Scott

•Violent abolitionist•Involved in the Bleeding Kansas

•Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas

•Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.Picture/J.Brown

•Attacked a U.S.

Ammunition depot in Harper’s

Ferry, Virginia in

Oct. of 1859 to capture weapons

and begin his slave revolt.Picture/J.Brown

•Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee

•Put on trial for treason.Picture/J.Brown

• He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to

death.• His last words were to this

effect: “I believe that the issue of slavery will never be

solved unless through the shedding of blood.”

• Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to

the abolitionist cause.• Southerners were terrified

that if John Brown almost got away with this, there

must be others like him in the North who are willing to

die to end slavery.• South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own

country.

Picture/J.Brown Hanging

Reading/Tubman on Brown

The issue over the spread of slavery invigorates Lincoln’s political career Lincoln believed slavery and American ideals of freedom and liberty

could not coexist He runs for Illinois senate in 1858 against Stephen Douglas

The two engaged in a series of 7 debates in the race where slavery became the central issue

At the time state legislatures elected U.S. senators Douglas declared himself not an advocate of slavery, but an advocate

of the right to choose it He, like many northerners, did not want free blacks in Illinois He was against black citizenship

Even with staunch abolitionists views, Lincoln backed away from talk of equality

His arguments often came back to the Declaration and Constitution, that all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

“I believe this government cannot endure permanently have slave and half free…It will become all one thing or all the other”

Stephen Douglas & the

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas & the

Freeport Doctrine

PopularSovereig

nty?

PopularSovereig

nty?

Douglas won the election in a close vote as Democrats had taken a slight majority hold in Illinois But Lincoln wins popularity and notoriety which will place him on

the national scene In the Freeport Debate, Lincoln tries to trick Douglas and

catch him in a choice of his own philosophiesHe was trying to force Douglas to choose between Dred Scott

decision (legalized slavery in all territories) and popular sovereignty (Kansas-Nebraska Act) Douglas replied that even if Dred Scott had legalized slavery in

free territories, it was up to each state to enforce it In essence, he chose popular sovereignty This helps him win the election but alienates Southern Democrats Southern Democrats tried to pass a federal slave code in 1859

which Douglas opposed

The Freeport Doctrine

Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could work against the

expansion of slavery….. Southerners would not support Douglas for the presidency in

1860Picture/ L&D Debates

George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)

Presidents of the United States