By ILTAF MEHDI1

COURSE TITLE:

FUNDANENTALS OF PROGRAMMING

INSTRUCTOR:

ILTAF MEHDI

By ILTAF MEHDI2

Course DetailsCourse Details

LecturesLectures AssignmentsAssignments Presentation Presentation Lab Work (Practical) Lab Work (Practical)

By ILTAF MEHDI3

LANGUAGE?LANGUAGE?

Language is a source of communication Language is a source of communication between people. between people.

It is medium of ExpressionIt is medium of Expression What is the computer language?What is the computer language? To establish a communication between user To establish a communication between user

and computer . (HRF, MRF)and computer . (HRF, MRF) In general, there are two classes of In general, there are two classes of

languages languages Natural languagesNatural languagesProgramming LanguagesProgramming Languages

By ILTAF MEHDI4

Natural languagesNatural languagesThese are the languages through which the human beings These are the languages through which the human beings communicate with each other. For example: English, Urdu, communicate with each other. For example: English, Urdu, French, Pashto etc.French, Pashto etc.

Programming languagesProgramming languagesThese are the languages through which the human beings These are the languages through which the human beings communicate with the computer. These are the most widely used communicate with the computer. These are the most widely used mediums between the user and the computer. Examples are C, mediums between the user and the computer. Examples are C, C++, COBOL, PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN etc. C++, COBOL, PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN etc.

The programming languages are classified into The programming languages are classified into two types:two types:1) Low level languages.1) Low level languages.2) High level languages2) High level languages

By ILTAF MEHDI5

1)1) Low-Level LanguageLow-Level Language It consists of two types of languagesIt consists of two types of languages

Machine languageMachine languageMachine Language was the first language used for Machine Language was the first language used for computers as a source of communication This is the only computers as a source of communication This is the only language which is language which is directly understandabledirectly understandable by the machine by the machine (computer) and (computer) and needs no translationneeds no translation programs (compiler, programs (compiler, Assembler, Interpreter). Machine language is the language of Assembler, Interpreter). Machine language is the language of binary digits 0’s and 1’s(“0” means “OFF” and “1” means binary digits 0’s and 1’s(“0” means “OFF” and “1” means “ON) that is why it is also called as binary language. It is very “ON) that is why it is also called as binary language. It is very difficult to write programs using 0’s and 1’s i.e. in machine difficult to write programs using 0’s and 1’s i.e. in machine language. Thus machine language is totally language. Thus machine language is totally machine machine dependent and is efficient for computers and inefficient for dependent and is efficient for computers and inefficient for programmers. programmers.

By ILTAF MEHDI6

Main Points of Machine Main Points of Machine languagelanguage

The first language that was invented. The first language that was invented. It is machine dependant.It is machine dependant. It is also called binary language. It is also called binary language. It is the most complicated and hard language.It is the most complicated and hard language. A program created in machine language A program created in machine language

cannot be run on any other computer cannot be run on any other computer • Machine language depends on electric pulses Machine language depends on electric pulses (i.e (i.e

on / off).on / off).