“The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid.”

Francis Crick, 1958

1. InitiationHelicase unwinds DNA forming a “replication fork”Multiple replication forks along a DNA molecule create replication bubbles

2 Elongation---Adding New Nucleotides

RNA Primase adds a complimentary RNA primer to each template strand as a starting point for replicationDNA Polymerase reads the template strand (3’ to 5’) and adds new complimentary nucleotides (5’ to 3’)DNA synthesized in the direction of the replication fork is called the leading strand

the antiparallel nature of DNA, replication occurs in two directionsAn RNA primer is laid down on the other strand, and new nucleotides are added 5’ to 3’ moving away from the replication fork. This is the lagging strand and the segment of DNA produced is called an Okazaki fragment

The DNA unwinds some more and the leading strand is extended by DNA polymerase adding more DNA nucleotides. Thus, the leading strand is synthesized continuously.

DNA polymerase adds new DNA . This produces the second Okazaki fragment. Thus, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously

3 Termination

A different type of DNA polymerase removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

The genome of any organism contains all the information for making that organism. The information is encoded in various types of genes that are transcribed into 4 types of RNA:mRNA - Messenger RNA: Encodes amino

acid sequence of a polypeptidetRNA - Transfer RNA: Brings amino acids to ribosomes during translationrRNA - Ribosomal RNA: With ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNAsnRNA - Small nuclear RNA: With proteins, forms complexes that are used in RNA processing in eukaryotes

Messenger RNA carries the actual code that specifies the amino acid sequence in a polypeptideMaking mRNA starts with a protein encoding gene on a template strand of DNA

1. Initiation

RNA Polymerase binds to a promoter which is a region of bases that signals the beginning of a geneRNA Polymerase is bound to the TATA box of the promoter by transcription factorsThe double helix unwinds and is ready to be transcribed

2 . Elongation

RNA Polymerase moves along the protein encoding gene adding new RNA nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction and complimentary to the DNA templateWorks at up to 60 nucleotides/second

3 Termination

RNA Polymerase reaches the terminator region of the protein encoding geneAll the enzymes and factors are released

If 3 RNA bases code for 1 amino acid, RNA could code for 43 = 64 amino acids. More than enough coding capacity for 20 amino acidsCode is redundant for most amino acids

“Players”

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• Ribosomes• Transfer RNA (tRNA)• Amino Acids

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

1.Synthesized in Transcription2.Composed of Codons3. Codons are 3-base sequences of mRNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

3 base anitcodon pairs with the mRNA codon

SUG

AR

-PHO

SPHATE

BA

CK

BO

NE

B A

S E S

H

P OO

HO

O

O

CH2NH2N

NHNN

HOH

PO

OHO

O

O

CH2

NH2

NN

NN

H

P

O

OHHO

O

O

CH2

NH2

NN

NN

O Guanine

Adenine

Adenine

Arginine

A Codon

There are 20 amino acids, each with a basic structure Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

Amino Acids

• Therefore, there is a total of 64 codons with mRNA, 61specify a particular amino acid.

3 Steps:1) Initiation2) Elongation3) Termination

1 Initiation

5’ G-cap of mRNA binds to ribosomeStart codon AUG and anticodon with Methionine bind a P siteA site is open and ready to receive new tRNAs

• Besides selecting the amino acid methionine, the codon AUG also serves as the “initiator” codon, which starts the synthesis of a protein

2 Elongation --- Adding New Amino Acids

1.Codon recognition2.Peptide bond formation3.Translocation

3 Termination

1.A stop codon is reached

UAA,UAG,UGAAll parts release