BY-. Foundations are structural components used to support columns and transfer loads to the...
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Transcript of BY-. Foundations are structural components used to support columns and transfer loads to the...
Foundations are structural components used to support columns and transfer loads to the underlying Soil.
Foundations
FOUNDATIONS
Shallow Deep
Isolated footing
Combined footing
Strap
footingWall
footingRaft
footing Caissons Pile
Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface.
A pile is a slender structural member made of steel, concrete or wood.
A pile is either driven into soil or formed in-situ by excavating a hole and filling it with concrete.
PILE FOUNDATION
As with other types of foundation, the purpose of a pile foundation is: To transmit a foundation load to a solid ground. To resist vertical, lateral and uplift load .
Piles can be Timber Concrete Steel Composite
FUNCTION OF PILES
When the strata below the ground surface is very weak to support load transmitted by the structure.
For the transmission of structural loads through deep water to a firm stratum.
Where the soil is water-logged. When stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater
depth.When the soil is highly compressible.
NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATION
Load on the pile is more than the designed load. Displacement of reinforcement during casting. Bearing pile resting on a soft strata. Improper choice of the type of pile. Insufficient reinforcement in the pile. Decay of timber piles due to attack by insects. Buckling of piles due to inadequate lateral support. Defective method adopted for driving the pile. Incorrect assessment of the bearing capacity of the pile. Lateral forces not considered in the design of piles.
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PILES
Physical properties of the soil at the site.Depth to a stratum capable of supporting the piles.Possibility of variations in the depth to a supporting
stratum.Availability of materials for piles.Number of piles required.Facilities for driving piles.Comparative costs in place.Types of structures adjacent to the project.
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF PILES
Based on material
Based on method of construction / installation
Based on mode of transfer of loads
Based on use
Based on displacement of soils
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Driven pilesDriven and cast-in-situ pilesBored and cast-in situ pileJacked piles
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
End bearing piles Friction/Floating piles Combined end bearing piles
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF TRANSFER OF
LOADS
Load bearing pilesCompaction pilesTension pilesSheet pilesFender pilesAnchor piles
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON USE
Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment loading may be applied at the soil surface from the overlying structure.
For the majority of foundations the loads applied to the piles are primarily vertical.
For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge piers, tall chimneys, and off-shore piled foundations the lateral resistance is an important consideration.
LOADS APPLIED TO PILES
H
VM
Hammer is raised by a rope or a steel cable. Then it is allowed to drop on pile cap. The weight of drop varies from 230-1800 kg. Weight depends on the shape and length of pile and
the nature of the ground. Takes a lot of time.
DROP HAMMER
A heavy hammer is dropped on to the pile through a small height but in quick succession.
A steam cylinder and piston is used. Steam pressure and the rate of hammer blows are
kept uniform. Steam hammers are of two types:
Single Acting type Double Acting type
STEAM HAMMER
Sometimes, piling is done by boring holes of suitable diameter to the required depth and then dropping piles in them.
Generally cast-in-situ piles are laid by this method.
SCREWINGScrew piles and disc piles are generally driven by this
method.They are driven into the ground by turning them round
and round in one direction with big levers.
BORING
Pile driving can also be done displacing the material at or near the foot of the pile by means of one or more water jets under pressure.
Sometimes, hammer may be used to force the pile rapidly into the ground.
The pressure of the jet should be sufficient to displace the soil for driving the piles quickly and satisfactorily.
WATER JETS
Provides a common solution to all difficult foundation site problems.
Can be used for any type of structure . Can be used in any type of soil. Now-a-days pile foundation is vastly in use instead
of well and caisson foundation.
ADVANTAGES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS