BYERIC ODOTEI

Background• West Africa – 17 nations:

– 12 Francophone– 4 Anglophone – Gambia, Ghana, Sierra Leone

& Nigeria– 1 Portuguese

• French speaking countries follow French TVET system

• English speaking countries follow English TVET system

BackgroundFOCUS OF THE PAPER

IN WEST AFRICA: TVET system of the English Speaking West Africa

Specifically, the TVET system being developed in Ghana

IN SOUTHERN AFRICAThere are many countries – 15 SADC countries

all at various levels of developmentSpecifically, the TVET system in Botswana

ANALYSIS OF THE TVET REFORMS IN BOTSWANA AND GHANA

Ghana TVET ReformsPart of Education Reforms launched in 2007.Two policy documents:

TVET Policy Framework for Ghana,Council for Technical and Vocational Education

and Training (COTVET) Act

1. TVET POLICY FRAMEWORKPriority TVET Sectors:

Fisheries and Aqua CultureAgriculture and Agro-Related IndustryBusiness and CommercialArts and CraftsElectrical/Electronic EngineeringMechanical EngineeringAutomotive EngineeringBuilding ConstructionDraughtsmanshipTourism and HospitalityInformation and Communication Technology

Goals of the FrameworkFlexible human resource supply, responsive

to changes in labour market

Quality skilled workforce to produce goods that are competitive in the local and global market

Strategies of the Policy Framework Improvement of efficiency and management

of TVET system Establishment of the Council for Technical

and Vocational Education and Training (COTVET)

Coordination of all aspects of TVET

Strategies of the Policy Framework Improvement of trainability of the workforce

Introduction of compulsory subjects Computer Studies, Mathematics, General Science, Social Studies and English French (when teachers are available)

Strategies of the Policy Framework Improvement of training quality and

relevance Demand driven and competency-based

system Skill standards to be determined by industry Recognition of Enterprise-based training Implementation of open-access system,

incorporating flexible delivery modes Sustainable funding of TVET

Establishment of Skills Development Fund

2. THE COTVET ACT, 2006The functions of COTVET include:

Formulate policies on skills developmentCoordinate, harmonise and supervise activities of

both public and private providersRationalise assessment and certification systemQuality assure delivery within TVETMaintain a national database on TVETFacilitate research and development in TVETSource funding to support TVET activitiesFacilitate cooperation between training providers and

industryAdvise Govt on matters related to TVET management

The COTVET ActCOTVET is governed by a Board which

consists of 15 persons, includingA Chairperson from industryThe Executive Director of the CouncilRepresentatives from government, employers

associations, labuor organisations, institution of Engineers, association of private TVET institutions

Two persons nominated by the State President

The COTVET ActFor its activities, the COTVET has three

standing committees, namely:The National TVET Qualifications CommitteeThe Industrial Training Advisory CommitteeThe Training Quality Assurance Committee

The reforms in Ghana at its early stages of development

Botswana TVET Reforms – Policy DocumentsThe policy documents giving birth to the

reforms are:National Policy on Vocational Education and

Training (1997)The Vocational Training Act No 22 of 1998

The Vocational Training ActLegally established the Botswana Training

Authority as a body corporate with the following objectives:Coordinate vocational training activities to

achieve better integrationMonitor and evaluate the VT system being

developedAdvise on policy related issues of VT

The Botswana Training AuthorityThe Functions of the Authority include the

following:Promote access to Vocational TrainingAccredit, register and monitor both public and

private training institutionsAccredit and register trainers of vocational

trainingDevelop and review national training standardsRegulate assessment and testing in VTInitiate, support and conduct research in VT

Botswana Training AuthorityThe Botswana Training Authority has been in

existence for the last 10 yearsHas tried and tested its systems of quality

assurance, monitoring and audits, standards development and moderation of assessment.

Governance of TVETBOTSWANA GHANABOTA is responsible for

TVET awards up to Certificate Level

TEC has oversight of all awards from Diploma and above, including all TVET awards

Efforts now being made to bring all under one body - HRDC

COTVET is responsible for all levels of TVET provision (pre-tertiary and tertiary level education and training).

NATURE AND DELIVERY OF TVETBOTSWANA

GHANAOutcomes based trainingVarious institutions –

government, private, NGOs, community based

Outcomes based trainingVarious institutions –

government, private, NGOs, community based

QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKSBOTSWANA GHANA

Three Level TVET Framework - BNVQF

Nine Level TVET QF

Level Name of Award

3 National Certificate

2 Intermediate Certificate

1 Foundation Certificate

Level Name of Award

9 Doctor of Technology

8 Master of Technology

7 Bachelor of Technology

6 Higher National Diploma

5 National Diploma

4 National Certificate 2

3 National Certificate 1

2 National Proficiency 2

1 National Proficiency 1

FRAMEWORKSIt is important to note that Botswana has

developed a Ten-Level National Credit and Qualifications Framework.

Steps are underway to operationalise this through the establishment of NCQF Unit in the Ministry of Education and Skills Development

Other TVET Delivery Modes in BotswanaBTEP

Foundation CertificateCertificateAdvanced CertificateDiploma

Trade TestsTrade Test CTrade Test BNational Craft Certificate (NCC)

Effort are being made to place these within the BNVQF and ultimately into the NCQF once operational

CertificationBOTSWANA GHANABNVQF awards - BOTABTEP awards –

Department of Technical Vocational Education and Training (DTVET

Trade test awards – MTTC

Three awarding bodies accredited by COTVET

Proficiency Levels (Levels 1 and 2) – National Vocational Training Institute (NVTI)

Certificate Levels (Levels 3 and 4) – NVTI and Dept of Technical Education, MoE

Diploma upwards – National Council for Tertiary Education

ConclusionGhana TVET reforms are just beginning

Has a lot to learn from Southern AfricaStudy tours have been undertaken to Southern

Africa including BotswanaGhana has a unique TVET QF which provides

parallel alternative route to academic education for those who go through the TVET route