By

Dr. Noorul Hudai bt Abdullah

Department of Civil Engineering

Centre of Diploma Studies (CeDS)

CHAPTER 1CEMENT

1. Types of cement

2. Chemical composition of Portland cement

3. Standard test for cement

4. Cement manufacturing process

5. Methods of storing cements

2

Learning Outcome

a. Describe the types of cement and chemical composition of Portland cement

b. Explain the process of cement manufacturing & method restoring

INTRODUCTION OF CEMENT

• Cement is a manufactured construction material.

• Widely used for structural constructions such as buildings, bridges, tunnels, dams, factories, pavement and etc.

• It is an instant glue and capable to bond mineral fragments into compact whole.

•Mortar:

A mixture of cement, fine aggregates or sand and water to form a paste

INTRODUCTION OF CEMENT

Mortar

Cement

Fine aggregates/

Sand

Water

•Concrete:

A mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregates and water under certain ratio

INTRODUCTION OF CEMENT

Concrete

Sand

Water (with ratio)

Cement is a hydraulic binder and is defined as a finely

ground inorganic material which, when mixed with water, forms a paste

which sets and hardens by means of hydration reactions and processes which,

after hardening retains it's strength and

stability even under water.

DEFINITION

• Cement is the mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials.

RAW INGREDIENT

The calcareous

material is a calcium

oxide, such as

limestone, chalk, or

oyster shells.

Argillaceous is a

combination of silica and alumina that

can be found from

clay, shale, and blast furnace slag.

Silica

Alumina

Argillaceous

• can be found from clay, shale, and

blast furnace slag.

Calcium oxide

Calcareous

• such as limestone,

chalk, or oyster shells.

Co

mb

inat

ion

SETTING & HARDENING• The term ‘Setting‘ is used to describe the

stiffening of the cement paste. Setting of cement refers to changes of cement paste from a fluid to rigid state. Setting differs from Hardening of cement.

• The term ‘Hardening’ refers to the gain of strength of a set cement paste, although during setting the cement paste acquires some strength.

SETTING & HARDENING

Tricalcium silicate + Water → Calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) + Calcium hydroxide

CEMENT HYDRATION

CEMENT HYDRATION

https://youtu.be/V-HIriZvTvQ

CEMENT

Hydraulic

Natural Portland

OPC

Rapid-hardening

Extra rapid-hardening

White and coloured

Low heat

Aluminous

High alumina

Mixed

TYPES OF CEMENT

Portland coming from Isle of Portland

CLASSIFICATION OF PORTLAND CEMENTS

TYPICAL COMPOUND COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

Name of Raw

Material

Chemical

Composition

Percentage

Limit

Lime

Silica

Alumina

Iron Oxide

Magnesium

Alkalis (Soda and or/

potash)

Trioxide

CaO

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

MgO

Na2O,K2O

SO3

60 – 67

17 – 25

3 – 8

0.5 – 6

0.1 – 4

0.2 – 1.3

1 - 3

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

REFLECTION• What is the difference

between mortar and concrete?

• Terms of setting and hardening are referring to…?

• How many types of Portland Cement according to ASTM?

Prepared by: MES

Prepared by: MES

TESTING OF CEMENT

Objectives of cement testing are to determine:

1) Setting time of cement

2) Soundness (Soundness of the cement paste refers to its ability to retain its volume after setting)

3) Compressive strength of cement

TESTING OF CEMENT

Several type of testing:

1. Vicat Set Time Testing

2. Gilmore Set Time Testing

3. Soundness using Autoclave

4. Compressive strength Testing (ASTM C109)

Vicat Set Time Testing

https://youtu.be/fL6E0E1LOBg

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT❖Modern dry process cement plants use a heat recovery

cycle to preheat the ground material

❖Some plants use a flash furnace to further heat and feed stock.

❖In the kiln, the raw materials are melted at temperatures 1400oC to 1650oC, changing the materials into cement clinker.

❖The clinker is cooled and stored. The small amount of gypsum is added to regulate the setting time of the cement in the concrete.

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT• Production of Portland cement deals with two basic

raw ingredients namely calcareous and argillaceous.

• These materials are crushed and stored in the silos.

• The raw materials, in the desired proportions, are passed through grinding mill, using either wet or dry process.

• The ground material is stored until it can be sent to the kiln

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT

1

2

8 76

4

3

5

Gypsum is added to

control the “setting

of cement”.

REFLECTION

•Testing of cement are carried out to determine….?

Prepared by: MES

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