By Derek, Eric, and Zack. Evolution of the Circulatory System and gas exchange: early organisms No...
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![Page 1: By Derek, Eric, and Zack. Evolution of the Circulatory System and gas exchange: early organisms No circulatory system Gas exchange through direct diffusion.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110404/56649eb15503460f94bb70f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
By Derek, Eric, and Zack
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Evolution of the Circulatory System and gas exchange: early organismsNo circulatory systemGas exchange through direct diffusion of gases
with the environmentGastro Vascular Cavity
increase surface areaPhylum:ProtistsPoriferaCnidariansCtenophoresPlatyhelminthes
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Open circulatory systemPhylum:ArthropodsMollusks (except Cephalopods)
Organs bathed in intercellular fluid rather than surrounded by vessels.
Heart used to create a currentGas exchange through gills or air sacs
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EchinodermsSpecialized circulatory systemWater vascular system (opened or closed)
Aids in the transport of food, gases, and wastePapulli : gills aiding in gas exchange
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Closed circulatory SystemBlood inside vesselsA chambered heart pumps blood throughout
the bodyUsually well developed organs for circulation
and gas exchange
Phylum:AnnelidsMollusks (Cephalopods)Chordates
Fish (2 chambered)Reptiles(3 chambered)Mammals and birds(4 chambers)
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Humans Circulatory system and gas Exchange Overview
Four chambered heartDouble circulationBlood vesselsBlood pressureBloodLymphatic systemLungs (alveoli, diaphragm, trachea)Interdependence of circulatory system and
gas exchangeHomeostasis Diseases
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Human Heart4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)Cardiac muscle tissueFunction:
To pump blood around the body in vessels
Important parts:Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)Atrioventricular node Atruim (blood entering)Ventricle (blood exiting)ApexSeptum
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Double CirculationDefinition:Blood passes through the
heart twice before completing a cycle around the body
Advantages:Maintain velocity of bloodIncreased blood pressure
to organsOne heart makes
coordination easy
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Blood vesselsTransport blood around the body and contain it in
a permeable wall (endothelium)Types:VeinsArteriesCapillaries
Veins and arteries also havesmooth muscles and connectivetissues surrounding the vessel(main purpose is to maintainblood pressure)
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Blood PressureFluids flow from high to low pressures and by
contracting, the heart becomes the high forcing the blood away from the heart
Aids in the support of the human bodyAids in the delivery and return of blood back
to the heartBlood pressure also caused by
the contraction of smoothmuscles and other nearby muscles
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BloodPlasma (55%): water mixed with ions, proteins,
hormones, waste products, and cellsCell types (45%):Erythrocytes (RBC)Leukocyte (WBC)Platelets
Hemoglobin bind O2 and transports it to cells. Italso transfers CO2
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Lymphatic systemDue to high pressures in the vessels, blood
leaks constantly from capillaries. Most of the blood is reabsorbed through osmotic pressure. The rest is collected by the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system then directs the absorbed fluid, now lymph, to the heart where it reenters the circulatory system
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Lungs and the respiratory systemFunction: bring gas from the outside and aid in the
exchange of gases from the environment with the ones produced by the body
Parts: Alveoli – increases surface area for gas exchangeDiaphragm – muscle used for pulling in airTrachea – tube that leads air to and from the lungs
Other functions:Alter pH of blood through altering levels of CO2 in
bloodFilter out small clots and air bubbles in blood
vessels
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Interdependence of circulatory system and respiratory systemWith out the circulation system, none of the
cells inside the organism will get any oxygen and will die. By supplying them with and taking away gases, other cells can go about their functions that will overall help the body, either it be muscle cells for capturing and eating food, neurons used in thinking about science, or any of the other many tissue types in the human body, each with a specialized task.
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HomeostasisThe main purpose of the circulatory and
respiratory system in to bring high levels of oxygen and other nutrients to cells that can not get it on their own while taking away waste products and gases that would be harmful if the concentrations increased
By constantly moving blood through the body, cells can live happily and specialized with their needs being met and their garbage taken away.
Analogy: the circulatory system is like servants who bring food and take away the leftovers for their lazy overlords
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DiseasesRheumatic Fever
Caused by a fever, a damaged heart valve at birth can become damaged further
Heart attack/Stroke the blockage of a vein or artery from
something, usually plaque or platelets, in the heart or the brain respectively
AnemiaDeficiency of hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells
(RBC) or the deficiency of RBCTuberculosis
Infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that leads to increase mucus creation in trachea