By: Amanda, Amy and Sarah. Pre-Test Cases Normal Behavior or ODD? History Diagnostic Criteria...
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Transcript of By: Amanda, Amy and Sarah. Pre-Test Cases Normal Behavior or ODD? History Diagnostic Criteria...
![Page 1: By: Amanda, Amy and Sarah. Pre-Test Cases Normal Behavior or ODD? History Diagnostic Criteria Cause/Risk Factors Prevalence Prognosis Co-morbidity Treatment.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110400/56649dc05503460f94ab4c55/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
By: Amanda, Amy and Sarah
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER
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Pre-TestCases
Normal Behavior or ODD?History
Diagnostic Criteria Cause/Risk Factors
PrevalencePrognosis
Co-morbidityTreatment and Intervention
Strengths
OVERVIEW
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1. In order to diagnose ODD, symptoms must occur in multiple settings.
2. Diagnostic criteria for ODD includes problems with emotional regulation.
3. Diagnostic criteria for ODD includes aggression toward people and animals.
4. There is no clear cause of ODD.
5. Parenting style can be a risk factor for ODD.
6. Anxiety can be a protective factor when co-morbid with ODD.
7. All children with ODD eventually receive a diagnosis of CD.
8. ODD is easily treated with medication.
9. Staying firm and saying NO is an effective way to curb defiance.
10. Steve Jobs was diagnosed with ODD.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
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CASE
Jeremy is a 5 year old boy. His mother claims he has been a ‘handful’ since he was 2. She says when in daycare the workers would be pulling their hair out. Her home life is stressful, and
Jeremy enjoys going against the grain. He is constantly talking and is frequently annoyed by little things. Now in Kindergarten, he
does not make friends easily. His mother has received phone calls on a weekly basis saying that he has disrupted the class or
attacked another child. Recently he has started to ‘purposely annoy’ his younger sister, resulting in yelling and hitting. He
always says this is her fault and will not apologize. If asked to stop playing videogames before he is ready, this will often result in a
full blown tantrum with yelling, swearing, and throwing his toys.
Does Jeremy have ODD?
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What is the difference between a strong willed child and one with oppositional
defiant disorder?
Children experience pockets of independence or defiant behaviours
throughout development.
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR OR ODD?
(Oppositional Defiant Disorder Resource Centre, 2013)
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•In 1980’s, DSM-III included under Conduct Disorder the term “oppositional disorder”
•Included: irritable, stubborn, defiant behaviour features, displayed at developmentally deviant rates.
•DSM-III-R changed to ODD and included 9 behavioural symptoms with 5 required for diagnosis.
•DSM-IV ODD with 4/8 symptoms
HISTORY OF ODD
(Barkley & Mash, 2003).
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A) A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior or vindictiveness at least 6 monthsat least 4 of the 8 symptoms from any categories
Seen during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling.
DSM-V CRITERIA FOR ODD
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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Angry/Irritable Mood• often looses temper
• often touchy or easily annoyed
• often angry and resentful
Argumentative/Defiant Behaviour• often argues with authority figures, or adults
• often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests or rules
• often deliberately annoys others
• often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehaviours.
Vindictiveness• has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past
6 months.
DSM CRITERIA FOR ODD
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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B) The disturbance in behavior is associated with distress in the individual or others in his or her immediate social context, or it impacts negatively on social, education, occupation, or other important areas of functioning.
C) The behaviours do not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance use, depressive or bipolar disorder. Also the criteria are not met for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
DSM CRITERIA FOR ODD
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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•Pay attention to the duration, severity and frequency of these behaviours.•Consider if behaviours are outside a range that is typical for the individuals developmental level, gender and culture. •Children under 5 the behavior should occur at least once per week for at least 6 months.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
(Barkley & Mash, 2003).
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•DSM-IV: CD and ODD are separate disorders:
•four of eight symptoms for a diagnosis of ODD •three of fifteen symptoms for a diagnosis of CD.
•ICD-10: ODD is a subtype:
•fifteen ‘more severe items’ equivalent to the DSM-IV CD symptoms.•eight ‘less severe items’, equivalent to the DSM symptoms of ODD.
•All children who receive a diagnosis by DSM-IV criteria also receive an ICD-10 diagnosis, but a number of children who meet ICD-10 criteria for CD (ODD sub-type) would not receive a diagnosis in DSM-IV
CONTROVERSY
DSM-IV/V VS. ICD-10
(Rowe, Maughan, Costello, & Angold, 2005)
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Does Jeremy meet the criteria for ODD?
- if you think Jeremy does meet criteria
- if you think Jeremy does NOT meet criteria
- if you are unsure or need more information to tell
CASE STUDY
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No clear cause, contributing causes may be a combination of inherited and environmental and may result in the development of ODD and effect on prognosis of ODD.
Contextual factors
• Low Socioeconomic status
• Stress and conflict in home(Lavigne, Gouze, Hopkins, Bryant, & LeBailly, 2011).
CAUSE AND RISK FACTORS
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Parental characteristics • Parent psychopathy
• Insecure attachments associated with ODD related symptoms
Parenting
• Lack of supervision
• Abuse or neglect
• Harsh or inconsistent punishment(Barkley & Mash, 2003; Lavigne, Gouze, Hopkins, Bryant, & LeBailly, 2011).
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
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Child characteristics • natural disposition • Insecure attachments are associated with ODD
related symptoms• Limitations or developmental delays in a child's
ability to process thoughts and feelings• Imbalance of Brain chemicals (serotonin) or
subtle differences in brain chemistry
(Barkley & Mash, 2003; Lavigne, Gouze, Hopkins, Bryant, & LeBailly, 2011).
CAUSE AND RISK FACTORS
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•Ranges from 1% to 11% with an average prevalence estimate of around 3.3% (APA, 2013; Dunsmore, Booker & Ollendick, 2013)
•More common in males than females- ratio 1.4:1 prior to adolescence (APA, 2013)
• More prevalent among youth from low socio-economic status (Loeber et al., 2000)
•Prevalence is consistent across race & ethnicity (APA, 2013)
•Lifetime prevalence estimated at 10.2% (males 11.2%. Females 9.2%) (Nock et al., 2007)
PREVALENCE
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•Less attention to outcomes of ODD as much of the focus of research has been on developmental relationship between CD & ODD (Burke & Loeber, 2010)
•Children diagnosed with ODD have a greater risk of adjustment problems as adults (APA, 2013)
•Anti-social behavior
•Impulse-control problems (68.2%)
•Substance abuse (47.2 %)
•Anxiety (62.3%)
•Depression (Mood Disorders 45.8%)
Nock et al., 2007
PROGNOSIS
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ODD is associated with high rates of co-morbidity with other disorders (Burke &
Loeber, 2010)
ODD
ADHD
Anxiety/Mood Disorders
CDLearning Disabilities
Substance Abuse
COMORBIDITY
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•40% of children with ADHD meet criteria for ODD; these children tend to be:
• more aggressive
• more persistent behavior issues
• more rejection from peers
• severely underachieve
(Hamilton & Armando, 2008)
COMORBIDITYADHD
•Rates of ODD higher in samples of children and adults with ADHD possibly the result of shared tempermental risk factors (APA, 2013)
•Poor impulse control, attention deficits and aggression predict negative outcomes (Hinshaw & Lee, 2003)
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•Children with ODD are at a higher risk for anxiety disorders & major depressive disorder (APA, 2013)
*twice as likely to have severe major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder compared to control group (Burke & Loeber, 2010; Hamilton & Armando, 2008)
•When anxiety disorder & ODD co-occur, the clinical presentation is more severe & includes additional academic, social & familial complications (Drabick, Ollendick & Bubier, 2010)
COMORBIDITYANXIETY/MOOD DISORDERS
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Can anxiety provide protective factors for children with ODD?
The “Buffer Hypothesis”
vs
“Multiple Problem Hypothesis” (Drabick et al., 2010)
COMORBIDITYANXIETY/MOOD DISORDERS
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•The majority of children diagnosed with ODD will not progress to CD
•ODD is presumed present when CD is diagnosed and can be a precursor to CD, 1/3 of kids with ODD develop CD
COMORBIDITYCONDUCT DISORDER
(APA, 2013; Hinshaw & Lee, 2003)
(Burke & Loeber, 2010)
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder Dimensions (Burke & Loeber, 2010)
COMORBIDITY
ODD Behavior
_____________
ODD Negative
Affect
CD
Depression
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COMORBIDITYLEARNING DIFFICULTIES
•When controlling for ADHD in the research, children with ODD without ADHD do not have problems with attention, executive functioning or learning. (Mayes & Calhoun, 2007).
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“GIVE ME THE SMILEY FACE STICKER NOW!”
WHAT TO DO?
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•Early Intervention may be helpful for preschool children in high risk populations.
• Social skills training for school aged children.
• For adolescents educational programs help reduce disruptive behaviour.
CAN ODD BE PREVENTED?
(American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
![Page 27: By: Amanda, Amy and Sarah. Pre-Test Cases Normal Behavior or ODD? History Diagnostic Criteria Cause/Risk Factors Prevalence Prognosis Co-morbidity Treatment.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110400/56649dc05503460f94ab4c55/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
One size doesn’t fit
all…
HOW IS ODD TREATED?
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• Individual Therapy: Problem-Solving Therapy Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy Social Skills Therapy
•Family Therapy
•Medication
•Classroom intervention
INTERVENTION OPTIONS
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•Problem-Solving Therapy
•Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
•Social Skills Therapy
(Johnson, 2012)
INDIVIDUAL THERAPY
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•Empowers families to effectively solve problems and conflict
•Individualized programs
•Help deal with the family’s immediate needs as well as their long term goals
•Be aware of how change affects every member of the family
(Markward, 2001)
FAMILY THERAPY
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Medications is not typically prescribed
CONSIDERATIONS:
•Other treatment options are exhausted?
•Extreme aggression?
•Co-morbid disorders?
=Antipsychotic -Risperidone
MEDICATION
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The research emphasize the importance of a MULTIDISIPLINARY
approach in the care of these children and their
families.
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THINK ABOUT YOUR REACTION…
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•Raise Voice
•React
•Frustration
•Threat
•Demand
•Punishment
POSSIBLE INITIAL REACTIONS
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•Raise Voice Make sure we are calm
•React Be Proactive not reactive
•FrustrationUnderstand purpose of challenging behaviors and the developmental level of students. Change your perspective.
•Threat Avoid power struggles
•Demand Instead of telling the child what “NOT” to do- tell them what to do by labeling it when you see it.
•Punishment Increase positive interactions between students and adults and have students meet realistic expectations.
TRAIN YOURSELF TO RESPOND DIFFERENTLY
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TO GET:
Attention from adults or peers
Access to materials/ resources / sensory
TO AVOID:
Work
Peers
Adults
Demands
Sensory overload
Emotion or physical pain
FUNCTIONS OF BEHAVIOUR
(Riffel, 2009)
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WHAT SETTING
PRECEEDS THIS
BEHAVIOUR
WHAT IS THE PAY OFF FOR
THE CHILD?WHAT
BEHAVIOUR CAN YOU USE TO REPLACE
THIS BEHAVIOUR?
HOW COULD YOU
BE PROACTIVE
TO CHANGE
THIS?
WHAT CAN WE DO SO THE CHILD
AVOIDS THE PAY
OFF?
WHAT TARGET BEHAVIOUR DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE
(Riffel, 2009)
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DURING A WORK JOB
WORK AVOIDANCE
CHOOSE A DISTRACTION:
FIGET TOY, SPECIAL
SUPPLIES,HELP
ANOTHER CHILD
PRE-TEACH AND CHOOSE APPORPRIATE
WORK FOR THE CHILD’S
LEVEL
REWARD WORK JOBS
ANNOYING OTHER CHILDREN ON PURPOSE
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•Oppositional Defiant Disorder may improve over time!
• Studies have shown that symptoms of ODD may resolve within 3 years in approximately
67% of children diagnosed with the disorder.
(American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
THE GOOD NEWS!
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They possess strengths like: •determination•strong will • courage to be different•strong need for control and will do just about anything to gain power
STRENGTHS
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“Discipline without a relationship leads to rebellion.” -Dr. Josh McDowell
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1. In order to diagnose ODD, symptoms must occur in multiple settings.
F
2. Diagnostic criteria for ODD includes problems with emotional regulation.
T
3. Diagnostic criteria for ODD includes aggression toward people and animals.
F
4. There is no clear cause of ODD.
T
5. Parenting style can be a risk factor for ODD.
T
6. Anxiety can be a protective factor when comorbid with ODD.
T
7. All children with ODD eventually receive a diagnosis of CD
F
HOW DID YOU DO?
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8. ODD is easily treated with medication.
F
9. Staying firm and saying NO is an effective way to curb defiance.
F
10. Steve Jobs was diagnosed with ODD.
T
HOW DID YOU DO?
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American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(5thed.). Washington, DC: APA.
Axelrad, M. E., Garland, B. H., & Love, K. (2009). Brief Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Disruptive Behaviors. Journal Of Clinical Psychology In Medical
Settings, 16(3), 263-269.
Barkley, R. A. & Mash, E. J. (2003). Child psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Behaviour Doctor (2009). Retrieved from: http://www.behaviordoctor.org/
Burke, J. & Loeber, R. (2010). Oppositional Defiant Disorder & the Explanation of theComorbidity Between Behavior Disorder & Depression. Clinical
Psychology: Science & Practice, 17(4), 319-326.
Cunningham, N.R., & Ollendick, T.H. (2010). Comorbidity of Anxiety and Conduct Problems in Children: Implications for Clinical Research & Practice. Clinical Child & Family
Psychology Review, 13: 333-347. doi: 10.1007/s10567-010-0077-9
REFERENCES
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Drabick, D.A., Ollendick, T.H., & Bubier, J.L. (2010). Co-occurrence of Oppositional Defiant & Anxiety Disorder: Shared Risk Processes &
Evidence for a Dual Pathway Model. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 17(4), 307-318.
Dunsmore, J.C., Booker, J.A., & Ollendick, T.H. (2013). Emotion Regulation as Protective Factors for Children with Oppostional Defiant Disorder. Social Development, 22(3), 444-466.
Fulkerson, R. C., & Webb, A. R. (2005). What are effective treatments for oppositional and defiant behaviors in preadolescents?. Journal Of Family Practice, 54(2), 162-165.
Hamilton, S.S., & Armando, J. (2008). Oppositional Defiant Disorder. American Family Physician, Oct 1, 78(7), 861-866.
Hinshaw, S.P. & Lee, S.S. (2003). Conduct & Oppositional Defiant Disorders. In Eric J. Mash & Russell A. Barkley. Child Psychopathology. New York: The Guilford Press.
REFERENCES
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Johnson, M., S., Fransson, G., Landgren, M., Nasic, S., Kadesj, B., & ... Fernell, E. (2012). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with oppositional defiant disorder in Swedish children - an open study of collaborative problem solving. Acta Paediatrica, 101(6), 624-630.
Lavigne, J.V., Gouze, K.R., Hopkins, J., Bryant, F.B, & LeBailly, S.A. (2011). A multi-domain model of risk factors for ODD symptoms in a community sample of 4-year-olds. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, pp. 741-757.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder Resource Centre (2013). American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Retrieved from: http://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Resource_Centers/Oppositional_Defiant_Disorder_Resource_Center/Home.aspx
Rey, J. M., Walter, G., Plapp, J. M., & Denshire, E. (2000). Family environment in attention deficit hyperactivity, oppositional
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