CLONNING

CLONINGBy : Alberto Pinzn 11RIsabella Rivera , 11CLaura Lpez , 11RLaura Tisnes , 11CIsabel Obregn 11 CManuela Tafur 11BCLONES & CLONINGCloning is simply define as: Producing identical copies of genes , cells , or organisms.

Clone: A group of genetically identical organisms or group cells which are derived from a single parent cell.

TYPES OF CLONINGREPRODUCTIVE CLONING: Wanting more organisms with the combination of desirable characteristics of a parent individual is considered Reproductive cloning.

THERAPEUTIC CLONING: Known and the cloning process which basic purpose is to produce skin or tissues to treat a patient.

PLANTCLONING: Plants can be easily cloned by taking sample of cells from tissues from the roots , stem or leafs.

ANIMAL CLONINGAnimal clones cant be develop from simple body parts. If an animal embryo is divided in the correct stage , each piece can develop into an individual animal.The same things happen when identical twins are formed.

DOLLY THE SHEEP: 276 attemptsUdder cells and unfertilized eggs were taken from donor sheep's.

The udder cells were cultivated in a low nutrient to switch off their genes.

The nucleus was removed from the egg.

The lacking nucleus egg and the udder cells were joined with a pulse of electricity .

The fused cells develop zygotes and became an embryo which was implanted in sheep. A normal lamb was born.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbZiOiPVG6c

Difference between SCNT and normal reproductionIn fertilization, both the sperm and the egg contain one set of chromosomes. When they join the zygote gets two sets of chromosomes In SCNT, the the chromosomes from the egg cell are removed and replaced by a nucleus of a somatic cell, already with two full sets of chromosomes. So both set come from the somatic cell

THERAPEUTIC CLONING IN HUMANSScientists are trying to create human embryos from which embryonic stem cells can be obtained for medical use. As know , stem cells are unspecialized cells with the capacity of transforming into any type of human cells. They could be use to replace tissues or even organs that have become damaged or lost in a patient. There is a debate.

Ethical IssuesPROSEmbryonic stem cells can be used for therapies that save lives and reduce suffering

Cell can be removed from embryos that have stopped developing.

Cells are removed at a stage when embryos cant feel anythingCONSEvery human embryo is a potential human being, they deserve a chance of developing

More embryos may be produced than are needed, so may have to be killed

Danger of embryonic stem cell developing into tumor cellsThe FDA (Food and Drug Administration) scientists team concluded in 2008 that meat and milk from cows , pigs or goats clones and the off spring of any animal food are healthy and doesnt have any contradiction to humans health.

SOME MYTHS

ABOUT CLONING

Clones are always identical in looks.

Thats because of the way those genes are expressedthat is, how the information in that gene is seen in the actual animal. For example, if theyre Holstein cows, the pattern of their spots, or the shape of their ears may be different. Human identical twins also have the same genes, but because those genes are expressed differently in each person, they have different freckle and fingerprint patterns.

14Offspring of clones are clones, and each generation gets weaker and weaker and has more and more problems.

Interview with doctor This part of the presentation is pending BibliographyMost of the information presented was taken from: Allott, Andrew. "Cloning." Biology for the IB Diploma: Standard and Higher Level. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 32. Print.

"WHAT IS CLONING?" What Is Cloning? Web. 17 May 2012. .

http://www.fda.gov/animalveterinary/safetyhealth/animalcloning/ucm055512.htm