BWTT_June 2011_tcm155-222616

Ballast water treatmenttechnologyCurrent status

June 2011

February 2010

Cover image: Zebra mussels. Native to the Black and Caspian Seas, they have invaded many North American waterways and arebelieved to have been introduced in the ballast water of ships

First published June 2007Second edition published September 2008Third edition published February 2010

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Ballast Water Treatment Technology

ContentsBallast Water Treatment Technology

1. Introduction 3

2. Regulation 4Ballast water quality and standards 4The approval processes 5

3. Treatment processes 7Overview 7Ballast water treatment system processes 8

4. Treatment technologies and suppliers 11Suppliers 11Facts and figures 11Technologies 12Flow capacity 12Effect on ballast tank coatings 12Footprint and installation 12Costs 12

5. Concluding remarks 13

6. Listing by supplier 14

7. Glossary of terms and abbreviations 18

1

Ballast water contains a variety of organisms includingbacteria and viruses and the adult and larval stages ofthe many marine and coastal plants and animals. Whilethe vast majority of such organisms will not survive tothe point when the ballast is discharged, some maysurvive and thrive in their new environment. These non-native species, if they become established, can have aserious ecological, economic and public health impacton the receiving environment.

In February 2004, the International MaritimeOrganization (IMO) adopted the InternationalConvention for the Control and Management of ShipsBallast Water and Sediments, to regulate dischargesof ballast water and reduce the risk of introducingnon-native species from ships ballast water. The BallastWater Management Convention will enter into force12 months after a total of 30 states, representing 35%of the worlds shipping tonnage, has ratified it. As ofMay 16, 2011, a total of 28 states had ratified theConvention, representing 25.43%.

The need for ballast water treatment has arisen fromthe requirements of regulation D-2 of the Convention.In response to this, a number of technologies have beendeveloped and commercialised by different vendors.Many have their basis in land-based applications formunicipal and industrial water and effluent treatment,and have been adapted to meet the requirements of theBallast Water Management Convention and shipboardoperation. These systems must be tested and approvedin accordance with the relevant IMO Guidelines.


3

This revision of the guide provides updated informationon suppliers and the solutions that they provide, andindicates the status of systems in relation to the approvalprocess. An outline description of water treatmentprocesses and an appraisal of commercially availableand developing technologies for ballast water treatmentare also provided, along with information relating tooperation of the systems as the technologies becomemore widely used.

Section 2 contains a summary of the governingregulation that makes ballast water treatmentmandatory, while section 3 covers treatmenttechnology as it relates to ballast water management.These sections then provide the backgroundknowledge and context for an assessment of thecommercial technologies either currently commerciallyavailable or projected to be market-ready by2011/2012 with reference to their technicalcharacteristics, testing and approval status. Full data,referenced against individual suppliers, is providedin Section 6 although it should be noted that thisinformation is based on that provided by theindividual supplier and has not been fully verified.

This is the fourth edition of the Ballast WaterTreatment Technology guide and this editions revisionshave been undertaken by the Institute for theEnvironment at Brunel University. The continuedassistance of the technology suppliers who contributedmuch of the information it contains is gratefullyacknowledged.

1. Introduction

42. Regulation

Ballast water quality and standardsRegulation D-2 of the Ballast Water Convention setsthe standard that ballast water treatment systemsmust meet (Table 1). Treatment systems must betested and approved in accordance with the relevantIMO Guidelines.

Ships will be required to treat ballast water in accordancewith the timetable in Regulation B-3, as shown inTable 2. According to this table, the first key milestonewas in 2009, when ships under construction during orafter that date having less than 5,000 m3 ballast watercapacity were required to have ballast water treatmentinstalled to meet the D-2 Standard in the Convention.However, as the Convention is not yet in forceinternationally, these dates cannot be enforced at present.

Organism category Regulation

Plankton, >50 m in minimumdimension

Plankton, 10-50 m

Toxicogenic Vibrio cholera (O1and O139)

Escherichia coli

Intestinal Enterococci

< 10 cells / m3

< 10 cells / ml

< 1 cfu* / 100 mlor less than 1cfu /g(wet weight)

< 250 cfu* / 100 ml

< 100 cfu* / 100 ml

Ballast capacity

Year of ship construction*

Before 2009 2009+ 2009-2011 2012+

< 1,500 m3 Ballast water exchangeor treatment until 2016Ballast water treatment onlyfrom 2016

Ballast watertreatment only

1,500 5,000 m3 Ballast water exchangeor treatment until 2014Ballast water treatment onlyfrom 2014


> 5,000 m3 Ballast water exchangeor treatment until 2016Ballast water treatment onlyfrom 2016

Ballast water exchangeor treatment until 2016Ballast water treatment onlyfrom 2016


Table 2: Timetable for installation of ballast water treatment systems

* Ship construction refers to a stage of construction where: the keel is laid or construction identifiable with the specific ship begins; or assembly of the ship has commenced comprising at least 50 tonnes or 1% of the estimated mass of all structural material,

whichever is less; or the ship undergoes a major conversion.Major conversion means a conversion of a ship: which changes its ballast water carrying capacity by 15 percent or greater or which changes the ship type; or which, in the opinion of the Administration, is projected to prolong its life by ten years or more; or which results in modifications to its ballast water system other than component replacement-in-kind.Conversion of a ship to meet the provisions in the Convention relating to ballast water exchange (Regulation D-1) does notconstitute a major conversion in relation to the above requirements.


Table 1: IMO D2 standards for discharged ballastwater

* colony forming unit


The approval processesTechnologies developed for ballast water treatment aresubject to approval through specific IMO processesand testing guidelines. These are designed to ensurethat such technologies meet the relevant IMOstandards (Table 1), are sufficiently robust, haveminimal adverse environmental impact and are suitablefor use in the specific shipboard environment.

A company offering a treatment process must havethe process approved by a Flag Administration and,while not a specific requirement, this is often thecountry in which it is based. The Flag State willprobably choose to use a recognised organisation,such as a classification society, to verify and qualityassure the tests and resulting data.

5

Approval ofenvironmental

impact of dischargedballast water

(MEPC)

Approval ofsystem

(Flag State)

Approval ofenvironmental

impact of dischargedballast water

(MEPC)

Issue of type approvalcertificate(Flag State)

Figure 1: Summary of approval pathway for ballast water treatment systems

* Includes chemical disinfectants, e.g. chlorine, ClO2, ozone Includes techniques not employing chemicals, e.g. deoxygenation, ultrasound

The testing procedures follow the procedure outlinedin Figure 1 and the following IMO guidelines:

All systems: Guidelines for Approval of Ballast Water

Management Systems (referred to as the G8guidelines). IMO resolution MEPC.174(58) whichrevokes MEPC.125(53).

In addition, for systems employing active substances(AS)1: Procedure for Approval of Ballast Water

Management Systems that make use of ActiveSubstances (referred to as the G9 Guidelines).IMO resolution MEPC.169(57) which revokesMEPC.126(53).

Systems usingactivesubstances*

Initialapproval

Land-basedtesting

Ship-boardtrials

Finalapproval

TypeApprovalcertificate

Systems notusing activesubstances

Land-basedtesting

Ship-boardtrials

TypeApprovalcertificate

1 An active substance is defined by the IMO as a substance or organism, including a virus or a fungus that has a general or specific actionon or against harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens


6

Approval consists of both shore-based testing ofa production model, to confirm that the D-2discharge standards are met; and shipboard testing, toconfirm that the system works in service. Timescalesare likely to be between six weeks and six monthsfor the shore-based testing and six months for theship-based testing. For AS systems, further BasicApproval is required from the GESAMP2 Ballast WaterWorking Group (BWWG), a working committeeoperating under the auspices of IMO, beforeshipboard testing proceeds.

Final Approval by the IMOs Marine EnvironmentalProtection Committee (MEPC), under the advice of theGESAMP BWWG, will take place when all testing iscompleted.

Flag Administrations will issue a Type Approvalcertificate in accordance with the aforementioned G8guidelines once G9 approval has been granted byMEPC. If the process uses no active substances, theFlag Administration will issue a Type Approvalcertificate without the need for G9 approval.

It can take up to two years from first submitting anapplication for Basic Approval for an active substance tocompletion of testing and achieving approval under theG8 guidelines.

2 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. An advisory body established in 1969 which advisesthe UN system on the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection.


7

OverviewThe technologies used for treating ballast water aregenerally derived from municipal and other industrialapplications. However, their use is constrained by keyfactors such as space, cost and efficacy (with respectto the IMO discharged ballast water standards).

There are two generic types of process technologyused in ballast water treatment: Solid-liquid separation and Disinfection.

Solid-liquid separation is simply the separation ofsuspended solid material, including the largersuspended micro-organisms, from the ballast water,either by sedimentation (allowing the solids to settleout by virtue of their own weight) or by surfacefiltration (removal by straining; i.e. by virtue of thepores in the filtering material being smaller than thesize of the particle or organism). All solid-liquidseparation processes produce a waste streamcontaining the suspended solids. This waste streamcomprises the backwash water from filtering

Physicalsolid-liquidseparation

Treatment: Hydrocyclone Surface

filtration

Chemicalenhancement: Coagulation/

Flocculation

Disinfection

Physicalenhancement: Ultrasonic

treatment Cavitation

Chemical treatment: Chlorination Electrochlorination

or electrolysis Ozonation Peracetic acid SeaKleen Chlorine dioxide

Physical UV irradiation UV + TiO2 Deoxygenation Gas injection Ultrasonic treatment Cavitation

Residual control: Chemical reduction

(sulphite/bisulphite)]

OR

3. Treatment processes

operations or the underflow from hydrocycloneseparation. These waste streams require appropriatemanagement and during ballasting they can be safelydischarged at the point where they were taken up.On deballasting, the solid-liquid separation operationis generally bypassed.

Disinfection removes and/or inactivates micro-organisms using one or more of the followingmethods: Chemical inactivation of the micro-organisms

through either: oxidising biocides general disinfectants which

act by destroying organic structures, such as cellmembranes, or nucleic acids; or

non-oxidising biocides these interfere withreproductive, neural, or metabolic functions ofthe organisms.

Physicochemical inactivation of the micro-organismsthrough processes such as UV light, heat orcavitation.

Asphyxiation of the micro-organisms throughdeoxygenation.

Figure 2: Generic ballast water treatment technology process options


8

All of these disinfection methods have been appliedto ballast water treatment, with different productsemploying different unit processes (see Table 3).Most commercial systems comprise two or morestages of treatment with a solid-liquid separationstage being followed by disinfection (Figure 2),though some disinfection technologies are used inisolation. One ballast water treatment technologyalso employs chemical enhancement (i.e., coagulation/flocculation) upstream of solid-liquid separation;another uses titanium dioxide (TiO2) to intensifyultraviolet irradiation.

While disinfection by-products are an issue, and centralto the approval of ballast water management systemsthat make use of active substances, suppliers areconfident that the levels generated are unlikely to be

Underflowcontaining solids

Clean water out

Dirty water in

Pressurehousing

Inlet

Cleanwateroverflow

Vortex finder

Typical path ofa larger heavierparticle

Typicaltrajectoryof lightparticleStacked

discsspaced at50-200m

(a) (b)

problematic. There is a large amount of scientific andtechnical information on the formation of disinfectionby-products that is likely to support this. Wherechemicals are used as part of the treatment process,they are typically provided as concentrated solids orliquids, so that they may be easily stored on board a ship.

Ballast water treatment system processesThe range of system processes employed for ballastwater treatment is shown in Table 3 with examples offiltration and UV systems shown in Figures 3 and 4respectively. As tends to be the case, systems whichemploy active substances will treat on uptake only (withthe exception of neutralisation prior to discharge)whereas other mechanical methods tend to treat onboth uptake and discharge. A typical treatment processis shown in Figure 5.

Figure 3: Filtration (a) and hydrocyclone (b) processes


9

Commercial systems differ mainly in the choice ofdisinfection technology and the overall systemconfiguration (i.e., the coupling of the disinfection partwith solid-liquid separation, where the latter is used).Almost all have their basis in land-based systemsemployed for municipal and industrial water andwastewater and thus can be expected to be effectivefor the treatment of ballast water, albeit subject toconstraints in the precise design arising from spaceand cost limitations.

Outlet

Inlet

Lamp Quartz sleeve

Wiper

Figure 4: UV tube and system

Figure 5: Typical treatment process

Backwash overboard

Filtrationsystem

Ballastpump

To ballasttanks

From ballast tanks

Bypass

Bypass

Sea chest

Treatmentsystem

Ballasting

Overboard

Filtrationsystem

Ballastpump

To ballasttanks

From ballast tanks

* Arrows indicate direction of flow

Sea chest

Treatmentsystem

De-ballasting

10

Process Method Benefit Considerations Comments

Solid-liquid separation

Filtration Generally using discs Effective for larger particles Maintaining flow with minimum Mesh sizes are proportional toor fixed screens with and organisms pressure drop requires backwashing. size of organism filteredautomatic backwashing Low membrane permeability (e.g. larger organisms such as

means surface filtration of smaller plankton require mesh betweenmicro-organisms is not practical 10 and 50m)

Hydrocyclone High velocity centrifugal Alternative to filtration Effective only for larger Effectiveness depends on density ofrotation of water to and can be more effective particles particle and surrounding water,separate particles particle size, speed of rotation and time

Coagulation Optional pre-treatment Increasing size of particles May require additional tank space Ballasted flocculation uses ancillaryprior to separation to increases efficiency of to store water which has been powder (e.g., magnetite or sand),aggregate particles to filtration or hydrocyclone treated due to long residence to help generate flocs which settleincrease their size separation time for process to be effective more quickly

Chemical disinfection (oxidising biocides)

Chlorination Classed as an oxidising Well established and used Virtually ineffective against cysts Efficiency of these processesbiocide that, when diluted in municipal and industrial unless concentration of at varies according to conditionsin water, destroys cell water disinfection least 2mg/l used. May lead to of the water such as PH, temperaturewalls of micro-organisms applications by-products (e.g. chlorinated and type of organism

hydrocarbons/ trihalomethanes)

Electrochlorination Creates oxidising solution As chlorination As chlorination Upstream pre-treatment of the waterby employing direct current is desirable to reduce the demandinto water which creates on the chlorination processelectrolytic reaction

Ozonation Ozone gas (1-2mg/l) is Especially effective at Not as effective at killing larger Systems in which chemicals arebubbled into the water killing micro-organisms organisms. Produces bromate added normally need to bewhich decomposes and as a by-product. Ozonate generators neutralised prior to discharge toreacts with other chemicals are required in order to treat avoid environmental damage in theto kill micro-organisms large volumes of ballast water. ballast water area of discharge.

These may be expensive and Most ozone and chlorine systems arerequire sufficient installation space neutralised but some are not.

Chlorine dioxide has a half life in theChlorine As chlorination Effective on all micro-organisms Reagents used can be region of 6-12 hours, according todioxide as well as bacteria and other chemically hazardous suppliers, but at the concentrations at

pathogens. It is also effective in which it is typically employed it canhigh turbidity waters as it does be safely discharged after a maximumnot combine with organics of 24 hours

Peracetic acid As chlorination Infinitely soluble in water. Reagent is typically dosedand hyrdrogen Produces few harmful at high levels, requiresperoxide by-products and relatively suitable storage facilities

stable and can be relatively expensive

Chemical disinfection (non-oxidising biocides)

Menadione/ Menadione is toxic to Natural product often used Treated water will typicallyVitamin K invertebrates in catfish farming but produced require neutralising before

synthetically for commercial dischargeuse. Safe to handle

Physical disinfection

Ultraviolet (UV) Amalgam lamps surrounded Well established, used Relies on good UV Can be enhanced by combining withirradiation by quartz sleeves produce extensively in municipal and transmission through the other reagents such as ozone,

UV light, which denatures industrial water treatment water and hence needs clear hydrogen peroxide or titaniumthe DNA of the micro- applications. Effective water and unfouled quartz dioxideorganism and therefore against wide range of sleeves to be effectiveprevents it from reproducing micro-organisms

Deoxygenation Reduces pressure of oxygen Removal of oxygen may result in Typically, the time required for Process has been developed specificallyin space above the water a decrease in corrosion propensity organisms to be asphyxiated is for ballast water treatment wherebywith inert gas injection or If an inert gas generator is between 1 and 4 days the de-aerated water is stored inby means of a vacuum to already installed on the ship sealed ballast tanksasphyxiate the micro- then deoxygenation plant wouldorganisms take up little additional space

Cavitation Induced by ultrasonic energy Useful as pre-treatment to aid Must be used in conjunctionor gas injection. Disrupts the in overall treatment process with additional treatmentcell wall of organisms process downstream in order to

kill all micro-organisms

Heat Heat treatment of ballast Ballast water can be used to Requires a length of time forwater provide engine cooling while process of heating to be

being disinfected through effectiveheat treatment

Table 3. Ballast water treatment processes

Note: Descriptions provided in this table are general and may vary depending on the actual system. It is always recommended that full details of individual systems

are investigated and this table alone should not be used as a basis for decision making.


11

SuppliersThis publication considers only suppliers of completesystems for ship-based ballast water treatmentrather than suppliers of unit operations, althoughindividual proprietary unit operations (e.g. filters,electrochlorination devices, disinfectant chemicalsand UV sterilisers) may be included as part of thesystems reviewed.

Facts and figures Basic technical information is available from 55

companies. 31 companies took part in the survey to produce

this June 2011 edition, compared to 40respondents in February 2010.

In total, there are 59 systems on the market (somecompanies producing more than one system).

14 different countries are represented by these55 companies, with the predominant nation beingthe US (Figure 6).

For systems employing active substances, 28systems have now received Basic Approval and 16systems have received Final Approval.

In total, 14 systems on the market have now gotType Approval under G8.

Where available on websites or from other sources,information on the other companies has also beenincorporated into the guide. This information ispresented in Section 6.

It is apparent from Figure 6 that since February 2010 thenumber of suppliers of ballast water treatment systemshas increased significantly.

4. Treatment technologies and suppliers

Figure 6: Technology suppliers have increased from 41 in 2010 to 55 in 2011.

US Japan Germany Norway Korea UK Other

Sep 08Feb 10Apr 11

20

15

10

5

0

Filtration 37

None 10

Hydrocyclone2

Figure 7: Summary of treatment technologies used for (a) physical pre-treatment, and (b) disinfection. Note: one ormore disinfection options may be used. `Other' treatments include the use of coagulant before filtration, heattreatment and non-chlorine chemical disinfection.

Deoxygenation5

Cavitation 10

Other 8

Chlorine-based4

Electrolysis/electrochlorination

19

UV irradiation 14

(a) (b)

Ozonation 6


12

TechnologiesThe key technical features of the systems with respectto available ballast water treatment technologies aresummarised in Section 6. The table lists the generalprocesses each system employs, but does notcompare their specific details. It is worth noting thatall of the products for which information is available,other than those based on gas injection, are eithermodular or can be made modular. Also, where systemsare quoted as operating in fresh water, care shouldbe taken to ascertain whether additional services arerequired (as highlighted in the table) such as additionof salt into the system through a brine. The figuresprovided in Section 6 are the maximum quoted bythe manufacturers.

In general, consideration should be given to thefollowing aspects when selecting a system:

Flow capacity. Footprint and installation. Effect on ballast tank coatings. Costs (capex and opex).

Flow capacityMost systems are largely modular in design (otherthan the gas injection type) so there is no technicallimit to the upper flow rate other than that imposedby size and/or cost. In some cases there are examplesof systems already installed for flows above 5,000 m3/hr.The list of available systems shown in Section 6 alsorefers to the pressure drop for each system.

Effect on ballast tank coatingsThe effect on ballast tank coatings is still beingresearched. However, out of the 21 responses receivedin regard to this issue from system manufacturers,along with some from coatings manufacturers, it isgenerally agreed that for treatment systems thatare purely mechanical and do not employ activesubstances, there is no detrimental affect on approved

epoxy ballast tank coatings. Research is continuingon the effect of 'active substances' since in somecases the degrading effect on epoxy coatings isnot conclusive.

In a number of cases, system manufacturers can providereports on the effect of their systems on coatings.

Footprint and installationThe footprint of the systems, as reported bymanufacturers, varies between 0.25 and 30 m2

for a 200 m3/h unit, and while the units may bepredominantly modular, this does not imply that thefootprint increases proportionately with flow capacity.

For most systems it is recommended that installationtakes place in the engine/machine room near the existingballast water pumps, although installation on deck mayalso be possible if appropriate precautions are taken.If the location is in an explosion zone, then theinstallation will need explosion proofing. Two suppliers,Techcross and Alfa Laval, have Type Approval forexplosion proof systems.

CostsThe biggest operating cost for most systems is power,and for large power consumers (electrolytic andadvanced oxidation processes) availability of shipboardpower will be a factor. For chemical dosing systems,required power is very low and chemical costs are themajor factor.

Cost data is not provided within this guide. However,when selecting a system, care should be taken ininterpreting the cost information since there may bevariation in the way underlying costs are calculatedbetween suppliers. In general (except for the fewtechnologies that use stored chemicals and the gasinjection units that use fossil fuel) opex should be basedon the power required to operate the process (e.g. UVirradiation, electrolysis or ozonation).


13

By May 16, 2011, 14 systems had received G8 TypeApproval certificates, two of which (Techcross andAlfa Laval) also have Type Approval for an explosionproof system. A number of other suppliers expect TypeApproval in late 2011 or 2012.

The systems that have obtained G8 Type Approvaldemonstrate that a wide range of technologies, with orwithout the use of active substances, are suitable for thetreatment of ballast water to meet the D-2 standard.The use of active substances and the need to undergothe approval process specified in the G9 guidelines donot present a significant barrier to obtaining G8 TypeApproval.

It is now apparent that technologies to treat ballastwater to meet the D-2 standard within the InternationalConvention for the Control and Management ofShips Ballast Water and Sediments are available andestablished, with over 200 such systems reported asbeing installed worldwide.

5. Concluding remarks

Manufacturer Website Active substance System testing Test siteapproval

Basic Final Shipboard Landbased

21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.Blue Ocean Guardian www.21csb.com Mar-10 Oct-10

Alfa Laval Tumba AB Pureballast (2.0) www.alfalaval.com Jul-07 Jul-07 Apr-08 Apr-08 NIVA

atg UV Technology www.atguv.com NR NR Jul-11 Apr-10* NIVA

Atlas-Denmark Anolyte www.atlas-danmark.com

Aqua Eng. Co., Ltd. AquaStar www.aquaeng.kr Oct-10 Applied

Aquaworx ATC GmbH AquaTriComb www.aquaworx.de Jul-09 - Oct-10 May-10 NIOZ

Auramarine Ltd. Crystal Ballast www.auramarine.com - - Jun-10 Jan-10 NIVA

Brillyant Marine www.brillyantwater.com Maryland

China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO) www.cosco.com Jul-09 NA

Coldharbour www.coldharbourmarine.com - - Jul-11* Apr-11* NIOZ

DESMI Ocean Guard A/S www.desmioceanguard.com Mar-10 Jul-11 Feb-11 DHI

Ecochlor Inc www.ecochlor.com Oct-08 Oct-10 Feb-11 Jun-08 NIOZ

EcologiQ BallaClean www.ecologiq.us

Eltron Water Systems PeroxEgen www.eltronwater.com

Environmental Technologies Inc www.tlmcos.com - - >

Envirotech and Consultancy Pte. Ltd. BlueSeas Jul-11+

Envirotech and Consultancy Pte. Ltd BlueWorld Jul-11+

Erma First SA www.ermafirst.com Jul-11+ Mar-12* Dec-10 Jun-11 NIOZ

Ferrate Treatment Technologies Ferrator www.ferratetreatment.com

GEA Westfalia BallastMaster www.westfalia-separator.com Jul-11+

Hamworthy Greenship www.hamworthy.com Oct-08 Jul-09 Jun-08 Oct-07 Harlingen

Headway Technology Co. Ltd. OceanGuard www.headwaytech.com Mar-10 Oct-10 Dec-10 Oct-09 NIVA

Hitachi ClearBallast www.hitachi.com Apr-08 Jul-09

Hi Tech Marine Pty Ltd www.htmarine.com.au - - 1997 Feb-03 Sydney AUS

Hyde Marine Inc Hyde GUARDIAN www.hydemarine.com - - Apr-08 Apr-08 NIOZ

Hyundai Heavy Industries EcoBallast hhi.co.kr Jul-09 Mar-10 2009 2008 HHI yard

Hyundai Heavy Industries HiBallast hhi.co.kr Mar-10 Applied 2011* 2010 HHI yard

JFE Engineering Corporation BallastAce www.jfe-eng.co.jp Jul-11+ Sep-09 Mar-09 NIVA

Kashiwa / Kuraray Co. Ltd. MICROFADE www.kuraray.co.jp Oct-10 Ongoing Apr-10 JAMS

Kwang San Co., Ltd EN-BALLASTTM kwangsan.com Mar-10

Mahle NFV Ocean Protection www.mahle-industrialfiltration.com - - 2010* 2009 NIOZ

Marenco Technology Group Inc www.marencogroup.com - - 2007 2007 MLML

Maritime Solutions Inc www.maritimesolutionsinc.com

Mexel Industries www.mexel.fr

MH Systems Inc www.mhsystemscorp.com - - Nov-11* Sep-11* SIO

Mitsui Engineering & ShipbuildingSP-Hybrid BWMS www.mes.co.jp Oct-06 Oct-10 Mar-09 Feb-08 JAMS

NEI Treatment Systems LLC www.nei-marine.com - - 2005/6 2004/5 NOAA

NK Co., Ltd BlueBallast System www.nkcf.com Jul-07 Jul-09 Nov-07 Sep-07 KOMERI

Oceansaver AS www.oceansaver.com Apr-08 Oct-08 Sep-08 Nov-07 NIVA

Optimarin AS www.optimarin.com - - Jan-09 May-08 NIVA

Panasia Co Ltd. GloEn Patrol www.worldpanasia.com Apr-08 Mar-10 Oct-09 Dec-08 KORDI

Pinnacle Ozone Solutions pinnacleozonesolutions.com - - Oct-11 Great Ships

Qwater www.qwatercorp.com - - 0

RWO Marine CleanBallast www.rwo.de Oct-06 Jul-09 Jan-10 Sep-07 BremenNov-08 NIVA

Samsung Heavy Industries Purimar www.shi.samsung.com Oct-10 Applied Mar-11 Mar-11 MBDC

Samsung Heavy Industries Neo-Purimar www.shi.samsung.com Applied MBDC

Sea Knight Corporation www.seaknight.net - - Virginia

Severn Trent De Nora BALPURE www.balpure.com Mar-10 Oct-10 Dec-10 Jul-09 NIOZ

Shinko Ind. Ltd. 1 Katayama Chemical, Inc. www.shinkohir.co.jp/indexe.htm Mar-06 Jul-11++ 2012* May-09 JAMS and NIOZSPO-SYSTEM

Shinko Ind. Ltd. 1 Nippon Yuka Kogyo Co., Ltd.Katayama Chemical, Inc. SKY-SYSTEM www.shinkohir.co.jp/indexe.htm Applied 2012* 2012* Mar-10 JAMS and NIOZ

Siemens SiCURE www.siemens.com/sicure Mar-10 Applied 2011* May-10 GSI+MERC

STX Metals Co. Ltd. Smart Ballast www.stxmetal.co.kr Applied

Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd SEI-Ballast

SunRui Marine Environment EngineeringCompany BalClorTM www.sunrui.net Mar-10 Oct-10 Dec-10 Dec-09 Qingdao

Techcross Electro-Cleen System www.techcross.net Mar-06 Oct-08 Aug-07 Aug-07 KORDI

Techwin Eco Co., Ltd. Purimar Oct-10 Applied

TG Corporation www.toagosei.co.jp Oct-08 Sep-09 Mar-09 NIVA

Vitamar, LLC SeakleenTM www.seakleen.com 2011* 2011*

Wilhelmsen Technical Solutions Unitor BWTS www.wilhelmsen.com/technicalsolutions Apr-08 Mar-10 2010 2010 Cape Town

14

Section 6. Listing by supplier

G8 Type Units Capacity3 Footprint (m2) Max Power Other Pressure Suitable forApproval installed (x1,000m3/h) height requirement services drop or freshwater?certificate m (kW/1,000 m3/h) required inlet pressure

200m3/h 2,000m3/h (Bar)

Mar-11 (Ex) 5 5 3 12 3

Aug-11* 1 >10 25 2.2 125 None Yes

0 >10 1.6 + 0.7 1.6 + 10.5 1.6 + 1.8 200 Salt 0 Yes

May-11* 2 5 5 18 2,8 120 None < 0.5 Yes

Jun-11* 1 5 3 15 3 110 Air 0.8 Yes

0 >10 1.2 12 1.8 20 None

Feb-11

>10 >10 Air/water 0 Yes

10 4 15 100 < 0.5 Yes

Jun-11* 2 10 8.1 11 2.5 7 Water 0.5 Yes

>10* NA 15 2.4 Water

Apr-12* 1 >10 2 20 2 50 Air (6 bars) 2

1 20 Salt/water 0.5 Yes

4 1 2.1 NA 2 30 None

Mar-11* 7 10 0.5 2.3 2.2 17 None 0.7 Yes

Mar-10 0 >10 20 100

Pending* 6 3 7.3 14.5 3

Apr-09 20 6 3.5 25 2 125 Air (80psi) 3.5 Yes

Mar-11 1 4 3.5 9.7 2.7 125 None 0.5 Yes

1 8 7 11.7 3 53 None 0.5 No

Mar-11 8 4.5 3.4+1 8+5 2.4 3 Water 0.5 Yes

2012* 2 3.75 3 15 2.5 20 Air/water 0.4 Yes

Apr-11 6 2 4 18 2.5 60 Air/water < 0.9 Yes

3 1.165 NA 1.38 60 None

2 0 2 0.5 0.5

1 4 6 13 3 0 Yes

1 0.3 30 NA 2.8 70 Air/water

Oct-07 6 >10 3 6 2.6 30 Air/water 2.5 Yes

Nov-09 4 > 10 5.8 14.5 2.5 >70 Water 0 Yes

Apr-09 6 5 Water

Nov-09 25 >10 2.91 8.54 1.94 + 4.62 220 Air 0.5 Yes

Dec-09 19 6 2.96 11.11 1.8 105 Air 0.74 Yes

10 6 11

0 15 30 2.4

Sep-10 32 3.75 2.2 95 None 0.7

0 >10 4 12 3 50 0.5 Yes

0 >10 5 17 3 80 0.5 Yes

Jun-11* 0 1 3 0 Yes

May-11* 2 >10 8.7 12.4 3 66 Salt/air 0.5 Yes

2012* 1 4 25 30 3.1 140 Air/3.2 Yes Yes X fresh water

2012* 1 >10 25 30 3.1 < 2 Fresh water 0 Yes

2011* >10 9 14 3.3 80 Salt/air < 0.5 Yes

2011* 3 7 5.4 7.9 2.6 50 Water 0.5 Yes

Dec-08 (Ex) 35 1 3 7 2 73 0.2 Yes

1 3.5 5 8 2.6 3 Water

2012* 0 >10 0.25 1 2 X

Aug-10 8 4 1.6 4.1 2 12 None 1 Yes

15

Tested for Solid-liquid separation Chemical disinfection and Physical disinfection Cavitation AOeffect on dechlorinationballast tankcoatings? HC Filt None Coag O3 Cl EL/EC Chem /biol Res UV Deox Heat Other US

X X Plasma

X X TiO2

N/A X X

Ongoing X X

No chemicals X X

No X X

Yes X X X

Ongoing X X X

Yes X X (ClO2)

X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

Yes X X

X

Ongoing X X Xb

X X

Yes X Xa X OH

X X

X X

No X X

Yes X X

Yes X X X

Yes X X (NaClO) X

Yes X X (as Cl2)

Yes X X

X X

X

No X X6 X

X X X

Yes2 X X X

Yes X X

X X X X OH

No X X

Yes X X

X X X X

X X

Yes2 X X OH

Yes X X X

X X X

No X X X

Yes2 X X X

SX4 X X5

Yes X4 X

Yes X X

X X

Yes2 X X

Yes2 X X

X X (Cl2) X

X X

Yes X X X X

16


17

Key to symbols+ Expected to be granted at MEPC 62++ Expected not to be granted at MEPC 62* Dates projected by manufacturerEx Explosion proof Type Approval certificatea Electrocatalysisb OptionalHC HydrocycloneFilt FiltrationCoag Coagulant (with magnetic particles)UV Ultraviolet irradiationDeox DeoxygenationO3 OzonationCav CavitationCl ChlorinationEL/EC Electrolysis/electrochlorinationClO2 Chlorine dioxideRes ResidualCl NeutralisationUS UltrasoundAO Advanced oxidationOH Hydroxyl radical

Footnotes1 Evonik (www.evonik.de ) manufactures

and markets PERACLEAN Ocean for ballastwater treatment worldwide

2 Report available, no effect observed3 >10 indicates unlimited capacity4 PERACLEAN Ocean (peracetic acid +

hydrogen peroxide)5 Cavitation also demonstrates a physical

disinfection effect6 Year commercialised or anticipated for

commercialisation for ballast water treatment

18

Ballast water treatment technology

TechnologiesAOP Advanced oxidationCav CavitationCl ChlorinationClarif ClarificationClO2 Chlorine dioxideCoag Coagulant (with magnetic particles)Deox DeoxygenationEL/EC Electrolysis/electrochlorinationFilt FiltrationHC HydrocycloneO3 OzonationPAA Peracetic acid (as Peraclean)Red (Chemical) ReductionSK SeakleenUS Ultrasonic treatmentUV Ultraviolet irradiation

Termscapex Capital expenditureopex Operating expenditure

Organisations and test sitesAWI Alfred Wegener InstitutFDA U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationGSI Great Ships InitiativeJAMS Japan Association of Marine SafetyKOMERI Korea Marine Equipment Research

InstituteKORDI Korean Ocean Research and

Development InstituteMERC Maritime Environmental Resource CenterMLML Moss Landing Marine LaboratoriesMWB Motorenwerke Bremerhaven AGNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea

ResearchNIVA Norwegian Institute for Water ResearchSAMSA South African Maritime Safety AuthoritySIO Scripps Institution of OceanographyUSEPA U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyUSCG U.S. Coast GuardUSNOAA U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric

AdministrationUSNRL U.S. Naval Research Laboratory


Section 7. Glossary of terms and abbreviations

Lloyds Register EMEAT + 44 (0)20 7709 9166F + 44 (0)20 7423 2057E [email protected]

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Lloyds Register AsiaT +852 2287 9333F +852 2526 2921E [email protected]

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Lloyds Register Americas, Inc.T +1 (1)281 675 3100F +1 (1)281 675 3139E [email protected]

1401 Enclave ParkwaySuite 200HoustonTexas 77077USA

www.lr.org

June 2011

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BWTT_June 2011_tcm155-222616

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