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NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTOF

BV-300

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NUTRITION

The process of digesting, absorbing and converting food into tissue and energy. Also

the study of this process.

NUTRIENT

A substance that can be used as food. Some people use “food” for nutrients eaten by

people and “feed” for animals.

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A. ENERGY : Energy may be defined as the capacity to do work. There are various forms of energy such as chemical, thermal, electrical and radiant. All forms of energy are inter-convertible by suitable means.

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MEASURES OF FEED ENERGY

GROSS ENGERY(IN FEED CONSUMED)

ENERGY IN FAECESDIGESTIBLE ENERGY(DE)

ENERGY EXCRETED THROUGH URINE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY(ME)

HEAT INCREMENT LOSSES NET ENERGY(NE)

MAINTENANCE(a) FASTING METABOLISM(b) VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY(c) HEAT TO KEEP BODY WARM(d) ENERGY TO KEEP BODY COOL

PRODUCTION(a) GROWTH(b) FAT(c) EGGS(d) FEATHER

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B. PROTEINS : Proteins are complex organic compounds of high molecular

weight.

They contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Proteins are found in all living cells.

Each species has its own specific protein.

Proteins are essential for living bodies in a more important way then either carbohydrates or lipids. They are major constituents of the soft tissue in the animal body.

For growth, egg production and repair of tissue wear and tear, a continuous and adequate supply of protein in the diet of Chicken is essential.

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CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS

(i) Globular Proteins : All the enzymes, antigens and hormones that are proteins, fall in this category. Eg. Albumins, Globulins, Glutelins, Prolamins, Histones and Protamines.

(ii)Fibrous Proteins : Collagens, elastin and keratins constitute this group of proteins.

(iii)Conjugated Proteins : This class comprise of those proteins which upon hydrolysis yield some ‘non-protein group’ as well as amino acids. This non-protein group is known as 'Prosthetic Group'.

Eg. Phosphoric Acid (Phosphoprotein)Carbohydrate (Glycoprotein)Lipid (Lipoprotein)Pigment (Chromoprotein)Nucleic acid (Nucleoprotein)

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C. VITAMINS : Vitamins are the organic compounds that are

required in very small amounts.They play a very crucial role in the life

processes.They are essential in activation of enzyme

system in different metabolic path ways.The vitamins are broadly classified as Fat

soluble and Water Soluble.

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Sr.No. Vitamin Function Deficiency symptoms

1. A Maintaining structure and function of epithelial tissue

emaciation, ruffled feathers, staggering gait and poor growth rate and drop in egg production.

2. D Utilization of Calcium and Phosphorous

rickets and osteomalacia in young and adult birds respectively

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3. E acts as antioxidant and helps in normal tissue respiration, phosphorylation and metabolism of neuclic acids and synthesis of ascorbic acid.

encephalomalicia, Exudative diathesis, Muscular dystrophy

4. K Blood clotting embryonic mortality, haemorrhages on breast and leg muscles

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5. B1 Carbohydrate metabolism and in decarboxylation of pyruvic acid

reduced appetite, ruffled feathers and unsteady gait "Star Gazing Posture"

6. B2 biosynsthesis of flavin nucleotides

Curled Toe Paralysis

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7. B6 transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids

decreased apetite, poor growth, parosis, and jerky movements of legs

8. B12 biosynthesis of nucleic acids and carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

poor growth and reduced egg size

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9. Pantothenic acid

component of co-enzyme A required in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

Poor growth, emaciation, dermatitis, broken feathers and perosis

10. Nicotinic Acid

is an important component of NAD and NADP involved in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

inflamation of the mouth cavity and the upper part of esophagus, a condition known as 'black tongue"

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11. Folic acid

Transfer of single carbon unit, synthesis of choline, methionine and thiamine

poor growth, poor feathering, anemia and perosis.

12. Choline present in the form of acetylcholine in the body and acts as a source of methyl group also associated with lipid metabolism

perosis, haemorrhages and a slight puffiness of the hock joint and fatty lever.

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13. Biotin involved in carbondioxide fixation and decarboxylation

dermatitis, perosis, fatty liver and kidney syndrome

14. C hatchability and egg production

heat stress, respiratory disorder, drop in egg production, poor shell quality

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D. Minerals:Minerals give rigidity and strength to the animal

skeleton and are their manor constituents.They also occur in various organic compounds

like lipids and proteins.Minerals also have an important function in

maintaining the irritability of muscles and nerves.

They play an important role in maintaining the osmotic relations as well as the acid base equilibrium.

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Sr. No.

Mineral Function Deficiency symptoms

1. Calcium Structural component, formation of egg shell, blood clot, acid - base equilibrium

reduced growth, osteoporosis, leg weakness, longer blood clotting time, decreased egg production

2. Phosphorous

constituent of bones, energy metabolism, important part of RNA and DNA, energy transfer

loss of appetite, rickets, decrease in egg production

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3. Sodium regulation of the fluid volume in body, osmotic relationship, pH of the body fluids, nerve impulse transmission

slow growth, soft bones, poor feed efficiency, hypertrophy of adrenal gland

4. Potassium Potassium performs the same functions inside the cell that sodium performs in the plasma and interstitial fluid, cofactor of many intracellular enzymes

muscle weakness, retarded growth,

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5. Chlorine

maintaining the ionic strength of the extra-cellular fluids, maintain low pH of gastric secretion

poor growth, dehydration, nervous symptoms, they fall forward and their legs get stretched to the rear

6. Magnesium

Constituent of the bones, activator of many enzyme systems

slow growth, lethargic, convulsions

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7. Manganese

synthesis of organic matrix of bones, cofactor of enzyme system

retarded growth, crippling leg deformity (Perosis)

8. Zinc cofactor of enzyme system, acid-base balance of the body fluids

retarded growth, leg weakness, decreased egg production

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9. Iron constituent of haemoglobin, essential for normal functioning of every tissue of the body.

stunted growth, hypochromic, mycrocytic anaemia

10. Copper Activator of many enzymes, affects Iron metabolism and its absorption, role in formation of haemoglobin, maturation of RBC

Poor growth, leg weakness, loss of pigment, haemorrhage

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11. Selenium

antioxidant, hydrogen carrier in the respiratory chain

Stunted growth, poor feather development, degeneration of pancreas

12. Iodine has an important role in production of hormone thyroxine

lower thyroxine synthesis, high TSH, goiter

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NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

NUTRIENTS

CHICK MASH

(0-6 wk)

GROWER MASH

(7-10 wk)

DEV. MASH

(11-15wk)

PRELAY (16 wk-1st

EGG)

PHASE I (1ST egg-30

wk)

PHASE II(31-45 wk)

PHASE III

(46-60 wk)

PHASE IV

(61-72 wk)

Crude Protein %

20 18 16 17 18 17 16 15

ME kcal/kg

2950 2850 2700 2650 2700 2550 2450 2400

Calcium %

1 0.95 0.92 2.50 3.60 4.00 4.00 4

Avai. P %

0.45 0.42 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.44 0.42 0.38

Lys % 1.11 0.90 0.80 0.84 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.71

Met % 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.46 0.38 0.34 0.33

Lino % 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2

Na% 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20

Cl % 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20

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VITAMINS(added)

CHICK GROWER

DEV. MASH

PRELAY PHASE I

PHASE II PHASE III

PHASE IV

A I.U./kg 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500

D3 I.U./kg 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

K3 mg/kg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

E I.U./kg 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

B-12 mg/kg 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015

B2 - mg/kg 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Niacin mg/kg 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Pantothenic Acid mg/kg

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Folic acid mg/kg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B1 mg/kg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Pyridoxine mg/kg 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Biotin mg/kg 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Vitamin C mg/kg 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Choline mg/kg 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

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MINERALS mg/kg added

CHICK MASH

GROWER MASH

DEV. MASH

PRELAY PHASE I PHASE II PHASE II PHASE IV

Manganese 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Zinc 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Iron 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Copper 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Iodine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Selenium 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

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SOME RECOMMENDED FORMULAE FOR COMM. LAYER

COST/KG(Rs.)

INGREDIENT CHICK GROWER DEVELOPER

PRE-LAY

PHASE-1

PHASE-2 PHASE-3 PHASE-4

11.44 MAIZE 58.81 33.74 26.98 24.37 28.69 17.58 14.32 13.83

21.12 SOY 46.4% 27.63 14.94 8.43 12.53 16.95 12.25 9.82 8.66

9.55 BAJRA 4.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 24.27 30.00 30.00 30.00

2.36 SOD. BENTONITE 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

23.68 DCP 1.92 1.10 1.02 1.25 1.50 1.16 1.29 1.32

8.50 SALT PREMIX 0.95 0.78 0.84 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.92 1.00

35.00 BRAN OIL 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.36 LSP + CHIPS 1.15 1.25 1.34 5.24 6.38 6.61 6.68 7.31

290 DL-MET 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.00

8.58 RICE POLISH 0.00 10.73 13.72 15.00 12.26 12.66 13.54 15.00

6.19 DORB 0.00 2.82 15.00 6.26 0.00 9.39 15.00 16.00

11.46 SUN FLOWER 0.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 2.50 3.00 2.68 2.89

18.33 RICE GLUTEN 40% 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.20 0.44

110 LYSINE 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

160 OPTIPHOS 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

138 LIPIDAY 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

90 LAYER VIT. MIXINE 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

11.80 MUSTARD 0.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

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Ingredient Protein%

ME Kcal/ Kg

Fat% Fibre%

Cal % Av. Ph %

Lysine %

Meth % Linoleic Acid %

Maize 9.5 33.4 3.5 3 0.01 0.06 0.24 0.22 1.9

Rice Polish 12 29 15 12 0.04 0.2 0.5 0.25 5.5

Broken Rice 9 30 3 1.5 0.04 0.05 0.25 0.2 0.65

DORB 14 20 0.75 14 0.1 0.2 0.45 0.22 1.6

Bajra 10.5 30 2.5 2 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.25 1.1

Jowar 10 31 3 3 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.25 1.1

Wheat 12 31.5 2.5 3 0.05 0.13 0.5 0.2 0.5

Soya 46 25 1 5 0.25 0.25 3 0.65 0.4

GNE 42 25 1 7 0.2 0.15 1.6 0.45 0.38

Sun Flower 29 13.5 1 23 0.4 0.3 1.12 0.5 1.6

Mustard 38 20 1 12 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.6 0.5

Fish Meal 40 25 2 1 6.5 2 4 1.4 0.3

Rice Gluten 42 30 8.5 2.6 0.04 0.05 1.48 1.22 2

Maize Gluten 52 33 7 3.5 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.6 4

MBM 46 25 11 2.3 8 4 2.5 0.78 4

L.S.P. 38

D.C.P. 24 17

COMPOSITION OF FEED STUFF USED IN POULTRY FEED

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MAXIMUM LEVEL OF INCLUSION OF FEED INGREDIENTS IN POULTRY DIETS

Ingredient Level of inclusion (%)(max)

ENERGY SOURCES

Maize 60

Wheat 50

Rice Cutting 40

Bajra 50

Rice Bran 20

Rice Polish 20

Wheat Bran 15

Molasses 5

Animal and vegetable fat 5

PROTEIN SOURCE

Soyabean Meal 40

Groundnut Meal 40

Sunflower Meal 10

Mustard 5

Fish Meal 5

M.B.M. 5

Blood Meal 3

Poultry by Product Meal 5

Feather meal 2

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USE OF ENZYMES

• THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF ENZYMES IS COMPARED TO THAT OF A LOCK AND KEY.

• COMMONLY USED ENZYMES ARE : PHYTASE , XYLANASE , CELLULASE , GLUCANASE , MANNASE , GALACTOSIDASE , AMYLASE AND PROTEASE.

• EXOGENOUS ENZYMES FUNCTION THROUGH ENHANCING THE AVAILABILITY AND RETENTION OF NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN FEED.

• FOR A ENZYME ,TO SHOW OPTIMAL RESPONSE , IT IS REQUIRED THAT THE NUTRIENTS SPARED SUCH AS PHOSPHORUS AND ENERGY SHOULD BE THE NUTRIENTS , LIMITING CHICKEN PERFORMANCE.

• SINCE PHYTATE IS IN THE FORM OF CA & MG SALTS AND IS ABLE TO CHELATE MANY CATIONS ( ZN, MG ) , ITS HYDROLYSIS IMPROVES MINERAL UTILISATION OVERALL.

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ANTI-NUT FOUND IN PROBLEM CONTENT ENZYME

PHYTATE PLANT BASED BINDS P & OTHER MOL

HIGH IN VEG MEALS & CEREALS

PHYTASE

ARABINOXYLANS CELL WALL PLANT BASED

RES. TO DIGESTION

MODERATE TO LOW

XYLANASE

BETA GLUCANS BARLEY, OAT HIGH VISCOSITY

MODERATE TO LOW

BETA-GLUCANASE

MANNANS SOYBEAN MEAL

RES. TO DIGESTION

VARIABLE BETA-MANNANASE

OLIGOSACCHARIDES VEG MEALS RES. DIGESTION

VARIABLE ALFA-GALACTOSIDASE

CELLULOSE PLANT INGREDIENTS

INSOLUBLE HIGH CELLULASE

STARCH CEREALS AND BYPRODUCTS

STRUCTURAL RESISTANT

HIGH AMYLASE

PROTEIN CORN, VEG MEALS

PROTEIN ANFS

VARIABLE TARGETTED PROTEASES

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SHELL QUALITY• CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS• VITAMIN-C IS A FACTOR IN ABSORPTION OF VIT-D TO THE ACTIVE

HORMONAL METABOLITE ‘ CALCITRIOL’ WHICH STIMULATES INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM.

• SODIUM BI CARBONATE - THE ADDITION OF NAHCO3 HAS SHOWN TO IMPROVE ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID-BASE BALANCE AND HAVE POSITIVE EFFECT ON SHELL QUALITY.

• MINERALS – ZINC, MANGANESE AND COPPER ARE INVOLVED IN METABOLIC PROCESS OF SHELL FORMATION

• CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IS ZINC DEPENDENT ENZYME AND INVOLVED IN CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITION FOR SHELL FORMATION.

• POLYMERASE IS AN ENZYME THAT REQUIRES MANGANESE AS A CO-FACTOR. IT FORMS SHELL GLYCO-PROTEIN MATRIX.

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TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN FEEDTrypsin inhibitors These are high as well as low molecular weight

proteins found widely in almost all feedstuffs including soyabean and cereals like paddy and wheat.

These compounds inhibit the proteolytic activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin.

Tannins, Plant phelons having a molecular weight greater than

500 are termed tannins. They decrease the palatability of feed, decrease the protein and energy utilization.

Tannins are present in feedstuffs, like sorghum, salseed, and mustard etc.

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Haemagglutinins These compounds occur in many seeds and

plants. They are protein in nature and have remarkable property of agglutinating red blood cells. Examples of haemagglutinins include ricin found in caster seed.

Ingestion of such toxicants cause inflammation of epithelial linning, destruction of epithelial cells as well as edema, hypermea and hamorrhags in the lymphatic tissues. The liver undergoes fatty degeneration and necrosis.

Goitrogens Many natural feeds contain compounds which cause

an enlargement of the thyroid and hypothroidism. e.g. rape seed meal.

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Cyanogens These compounds are widely distributed in the plant

kingdom and are found generally in the form of cyanogenetic glucosides.

Upon hydrolysis, these compounds give rise to glucose, benzaldehyde and hydrogen-cyanide. e.g. linseed meal.

Saponins These are glycosides in nature and occur in a wide

variety of plants. These are toxic compounds causing haemolysis of erythrocytes.

The economically more important saponins occur in soyabean, sugerbeat and lucern.

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Gossypol

The polyphenolic gossypol pigments are indigenous to the genus Gossypium, to which the common cotton crop belongs.

Growing chickens fed cotton seed mean containing gossypol exhibit loss of weight, reduced feed intake, leg weakness, anaemia, lower erythorocyte count and a decrease in the serum protein level.

In laying chickens the symptoms include, in addition to the above, smaller size of eggs, yolk discoloration and decreased hatchability of eggs.

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Mycotoxins Fungal contaminiation of poultry feed may occur at

various stages of its production and handling. Fungal infestation causes deterioration in poultry

feeds by producing toxic metabolites as well as decreasing the value of the nutrients presents in the feed.

The most dreadful fungi affecting feeds like groundnut meal, maize, sunflower, cake and sesame meal is aspergillus flavus.

The toxins produced by this species are know as aflatoxins. Aflatioxins B1 is acutely toxic.

It is reported that diets containing as low as 0.03 ppm of aflatoxin B1 from groundnut cake may develop liver tumors if fed over a long timer.

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Bacterial ToxinsFeeds which are contaminated by

bacteria like clostridia, salmonellae, when fed to chicken down the immunity of chicken and causes severe damage to the bird.

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CALCULATION OF M.E. FROM PROXIMATE VALUE OF FEEDLAYERCALCULATED M.E. = (37 X C.P.%) + (76 x E.E.%) + (34.6 x NFE%) (KCal/ KG)NFE % = 100 – (Moisture % + C.P.% + C.F.% + E.Ext.% + Total Ash%)

EXAMPLE A Layer feed having proximate analysis as below :Layer Feed : C.P. 17.5%

C.Fibre 6.0%Moisture 10.0%Total Ash 11.0%Ether Ext 2.5%

NFE = 100 – (17.5 + 2.5 + 6 + 10 + 11)= 100 – 47= 53

Calculate M.E. = (37 X 17.5) + (76 x 2.5) + 34.6 x 53) = 2671 Kcal/ Kg.

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PERFORMANCE GOALSThe following performance goals are expected

to be achieved during the 52 weeks of laying cycle

Livability 96%

Egg Yield 320 eggs cumulative hen housed

Feed consumption 41.25 kg/bird during laying

Peak production (above 90%) 25 weeks to 52 weeks of age

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CONCLUSION On the one hand performance of BV300 depends on

genetic potential, resistance to diseases and the best farm management conditions, on the other, nutrition has to play its key role in fulfilling birds requirements for:

maintenance and growth peak production maintaining proper immunity against various

diseases induced by bacteria, virus and mycotoxins. A balanced nutrition can definitely maintain our bird’s

vitality and performance alongwith other measures like proper vaccination, better farm management and best biosecurity measures.