((B.V. Sc., M. V. Sc. Ph. DB.V. Sc., M. V. Sc. Ph. D))

Email :gabermegahed@ yahoo. COMEmail :gabermegahed@ yahoo. COM

December 2005December 2005 66

What is the goal of What is the goal of pregnancy ?pregnancy ?

unfortunately

Failure in reproduction will be

occurred :

Pregnancy wastage is Pregnancy wastage is

responsible for most gestation responsible for most gestation

failures in farm animals . failures in farm animals .

Pregnancy wastage can be Pregnancy wastage can be

divided into:divided into:

deathdeath

* Failure of fertilization and Early embryonic loss.

* Late embryonic and early fetal death .

* Fetal death.

* Abortion.

This mean, the cow returns

to estrus regularly at normal

interval each insemination.

Failure of fertilization

Causes:

Infertile bull (natural mating)

Handling of Semen

Storage of Semen

Time of insemination.

Site of insemination.

Delayed Ovulation.

Abnormal uterine environment.

A.I

When the embryo dies before

day 14 of the estrous cycle then

the life span C.L is not prolonged

and the cow returns to at a normal

interval.

Early embryonic death

Genetic defects → defect in the embryo itself there is clearly a lack of cytogenetic evidence Deficient maternal environment → which mediated by inadequate luteal function within the first few days of conception.Sudden changes in diet during the critical early embryonic phase which influence upon the uterine environment (protein trace elements).

Cause :

Infection and endocrine imbalance create an adverse environment with in the uterus that prevents the normal development of the embryo. Luteal deficiencymay result in embryonic death Stress ( especially heat stress)which create imbalance between oxidant and antioxidants.

Two possible approaches in the prevention of these early losses are:1- GnRH injection2-Progesterone supplementation Before day 6-7 These two approaches leads to 10.3 % improvement in pregnancy rate.

How can you prevent these early losses?How can you prevent these early losses?

- About 10% of late embryos die between 14-42 days. A smaller % of early fetal death occurs after this stage.- The lifespan of the CL in all cases is extended (this means prolonged interval between successive heats)

Late embryonic or early fetal death: Late embryonic or early fetal death:

The same as those for early embryonic death.

Genetic abnormality (4.8-26%) Stress Infections causesAgeing of ova- Ageing of cow.Pregnancy diagnosis.

Cause :

If large numbers of animals in a

herd are involved and if natural

service is used and cows have a

history of a mucopurulent Vulvae

discharge → then campylobacter

fetus infection should be expected.

N.B:-

Intrauterine death of the fetus is not

followed by abortion but the fetus is

retained instead. It occur between day 43 of gestation and

term .

Fetal death

* Early fetal death → can be followed by

resorption of fetal fluids, autolysis of fetal

tissue and membranes which are sometimes

not detected.

The consequences are -:

1- Stillbirth.

2- Fetal maceration

3- Mummification

4- Emphysema

5- Abortion.

Stillbirth is defined as the birth of a dead

calf after 272 days of gestation. Most

stillbirth, occur during the act of

parturition.

Stillbirth

Fetal maceration

This occurs as a consequence of fetal death,

usually in mid- to late gestation, followed by:-

-Regression of C.L and opening of the cervix

- But the fetus is not aborted and remains in the

genital tract

-Bacteria enter the genital tract.

- Its incidence is 0.09% of pregnancies.

- Maceration with a closed cervix is rare.

- Usually a chronic, fetid reddish- gray watery or

mucopurulent discharge from vulva over a period

of several week.

- may be toxic merits early but systemic illness

sometime occur .

- Gradual might loss.

- No satisfactory treatment .

- Poor breeding prognosis due to endometrial

damage.

After fetal death

There is resorption of fetal fluids

- Dehydration of fetal tissue and associated

membranes

- persistence of the C.L.

Its incidence is 0.43- 1.8% of pregnancies.

This condition occurs in the third to eighth

month of gestation but mostly the fourth and

sixth months.

Fetal mummification

The causes of F. mummification:

Genetic factor → there is a greater incidence

in the Jersey, Guernsey breeds

Torsion or compression of the umbilical cord

by its passing around a fetal extremity.

May follow infectious causes of fetal death

such as campylobacter fetus, molds BVD- MD

virus, leptospirsis but not brucella.

Trauma

- Fail to calve at the expected time.

- Fails to show udder development.

- On rectal palpation , a hard mass will be

identified in the uterus.

- No caruncles or cotyledons will be palpable

- There is a weak of fremitus in the middle

uterine artery.

From a clinical point of view, this condition From a clinical point of view, this condition

will be identified when a cowwill be identified when a cow

Types of Fetal mummification

The hematic type in cattle

The papyraceous type in the other species

Variable amount of hemorrhage occurs Between the endometrium and fetal

Membranes↓This occur after the plasma has been absorbed leaves a reddish- brown , gummy

tenacious mass of cells, clots and mucus

is not characterized by placental hemorrhage and the fetus is usually a brownish

color and the fetal membranes are not covered with this reddish - brown material.

Termination of pregnancy and delivery of the

fetus may be a goal of treatment. Manual removal of the C.L is effective when

the ovaries are easy reach (With risk ovarian

damage or hemorrhage).

Single dos of PGF2α (25mg) or 0.5 -1.0 mg of

its analogue given intramuscularly will be

expelled the fetal mummy within 3-5 days.

Handling of mummified fetus (Treatment)

Total expulsion does not take place (because of insufficient lubrication) completely Manual removal of the fetus will be occur with lubricant followed by Uterine irrigation with antibiotic, sometime , use irrigation with 1: 2000 acriflavine or normal salineIntramuscular dose of 10-20mg of ergometrineto overcome uterine atony. Systemic antibiotic according to animal healthy conditionBreeding prognosis will be good and conceive in 1-3 months.

- Similar to maceration

- Putrefactive bacteria invade through open cervix.

- Fetal death may be associated with dystocia.

- From the clinical point of view, the gross fetal changes include →Putrefaction

distension with crepitation and dry hair.

-Fetal emphysema complicating dystocia commonly Fetal to dam.

- May be poor prognosis.

Fetal emphysema

Abortion is defined as the expulsion of a dead

or non-viable fetus at any stage of pregnancy

before the time of normal parturition (late 2nd

and 3rd trimester).

Its frequency is normal for 1-2% of pregnant

cows.

if the % rises to 5% or more it should be

investigated thoroughly.

Abortion

- Causes, clinical finding, pathogenesis, handling, control and eradication were presentation in the

another presentation?