232

cynthia ♀a. glaciegenitaa. provincialisaurinia

intermediamaturna

LC

13 HW submarginal band with black dots 14- HW submarginal band without black dots 15

14 Ups bright orange aurinia / aurinia provincialis- Ups dull brown orange aurinia glaciegenita- Ups dull reddish brown cynthia ♀

15 Bold black line enclosed in the postdiscal yellow band maturna- Thin black line enclosed in the yellow postdiscal band, often vestigial intermedia

KEY TO THE GENUS MELITAEA AND EUPHYDRYAS

233

233

Nymphalidae

♂

♀

Lonicera caerulea

E. cynthia, E. maturna

19-22 mm

- nival

- alpine

- subalpine

- montane

- lowland

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

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F M A M J J A S O N D

A local and uncommon butterfly restricted mainly to S Alps; it occurs on subalpine sprucewood edges, subalpine scrubland and tall herb fringes.

M

LC

Euphydryas intermedia (Ménétriés, 1859)

Eufidriade intermedia; le Damier du chévrefeuille; Alpen-Maivogel, Geißblatt-Schecken-falter; Ruševni postavnež; Asian Fritillary

thin black line enclosed in the yellow postdiscal band

orange bands1

2

1

2

1

318318

Nymphalidae

f. oreasFrance, Switzerland and N italy

f. plutoFrance and NW Italy

f. alecto=dolomitanaAustria and NE Italy

f. berninaeOrtler Alps

Erebia pluto (de Prunner, 1798)

Plutone; le Moiré velouté, le Moiré des glaciers; Eis-Mohrenfalter; Triglavski rjavček;Sooty Ringlet

2

2

3

1

1

1

319

Nymphalidae

f. burmanniMonte Baldo

f. velocissimaOrtler Alps

f.nicholliBrenta Alps

- nival

- alpine

- subalpine

- montane

- lowland

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

J

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F M A M J J A S O N D

Festuca alpina, F. halleri, F. quadriflora, Poa minor

20-25 mm

Widespread with a large number of geographical, local forms; it is typical of alpine and nival screes, moraines and rocky slopes with a sparse covering of short turf.

O

LC

Erebia pluto (de Prunner, 1798)

black spots white pupilled

very dark and without markings1

2 golden shadow and/or reddish band

3

3

3

272

Nymphalidae

C. oedippus; A. hyperanthus

25-27 mm

- nival

- alpine

- subalpine

- montane

- lowland

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

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Local and sporadic; it frequents deciduous woodlands edges and clearings, light, open pinewoods and scrubby grasslands.

Brachypodium sylvaticum, B. pinna-tum, Molinia arundinaceaO

VU

Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763)

Mera dei boschi; la Bacchante; Gelbringfalter, Bacchantin; Scopolijev zlatook; Woodland Brown

1

2 white band

large yellow-ringed black spots

1

2

273

oedippus

dorus

white bandyellow ringed

ocelli displaced

heroorange ringed ocelli

orange band

1 Uns yellowish brown with white postdiscal band enclosing a complete series of large postdiscal black ocelli white pupilled and pale yellow and black ringed; Uns with a silver-grey submarginal line; Ups dark brown; ♀ with large black ocelli on HWup oedippus

- Different from above 2

KEY TO THE GENUS COENONYMPHA

2 HWun ocelli in Sp4 and Sp5 displaced dorus- HWun ocelli in a regular row 3

3 HWun with creamy-white or white postdiscal band and large black ocelli 4- HWun with creamy-white markings 7

4 Ups dark brown with submarginal orange ringed ocelli distinctive on HW; Uns orange marginal band prominent hero

- Ups brown with an orange area; HWup without submarginal ocelli; HWun postdiscal orange and black ringed ocelli 5

370

Zygaenidae

- nival

- alpine

- subalpine

- montane

- lowland

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Z. romeo

Lathyrus vernus, Vicia cracca

14 -15,5 mm

J

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F M A M J J A S O N D

In the Alps it occurs in a few localities; it frequents damp meadows, shadow woodland glades and edges and scrublands.

O

Zygaena osterodensis Reiss, 1921

le Zygène de la jarosse; Platterbsen-Widderchen

1

2

ground colour antracite

St 2 with concave edged

border narrow, prominent at apex and incospicuous at tornus3

1

3

2

371

Zygaenidae

- nival

- alpine

- subalpine

- montane

- lowland

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

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F M A M J J A S O N D

Empetrum nigrum

Z. loti

13,5 - 14 mm

Rather widespread, but generally uncommon or rare; sometime with very local abundant colo-nies; occurs on alpine tundra, stony pastures, rocky slopes with a sparse covering of short turf.

M

Zygaena exulans (Reiner & Hohenwarth, 1792)

la Zygène des Sommets; Alpen-Widderchen; Mountain Burnet

1

2 coloration translucent

thorax and abdomen strongly haired

♀ ground colour dusted wiyh golden scales, especially along veins3

4 patagia sometimes whitish

♀

♂

♂♂

♂

12

3

4

390

CARATTERI DIAGNOSTICI PER LARVE E PUPE

Le illustrazioni rappresentano le larve all’ultimo stadio di sviluppo; nella breve introduzione alle famiglie e alle sottofamiglie sono indicati i caratteri più tipici e le dimensioni minime e massime raggiunte dalle larve di ultima età; per le singole specie queste misure non sono state indicate poi-ché sono molto variabili e dipendenti dalle condizioni climatiche, dall’abbondanza e dallo stato delle piante ospiti nonché dalla generazione; pertanto le illustrazioni non sono in scala tra loro.Per le singole specie vengono evidenziati i caratteri più significativi e importanti sia delle larve sia delle pupe o dei bozzoli pupali (nel caso delle Zigene).

Colorational areas (Erebia sp.)

Some common forms of setae and spines found on caterpillar

Argynnis paphia

subspiracular areadorsal area subdorsal area supraspiracular area

scolusverruca

seta

spine

chalaza

391

HesperidaeLarvae are small sized, 15 to 20 mm; head nearly always distinctly larger than prothorax in profile.

Carcharodus alceae grey; head capsule black with yellow spots

Carharodus flocciferus

pale-grey; head capsule black

Carcharodus boeticusgrey greenish with black dorsal line

Carcharodus lavateraegrey with yellowish stripe on supraspiracu-lar area and black dorsal line interrupted

Muschampia proto dark - grey with numerous white dots

Spialia sertorius black with yellow supraspiracular stripes

Spialia orbifer

brown with orange-yellow subspiracular stripe

FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAEHesperidae

414

Nymphalis polychloros

black with dorsal and subspiracular areas yellowish; scoli orange-yellow, prolegs orange and head capsule black

Euphydryas intermedia

brown with conic knobs and dorsal keel

black with dorsal and subspiracular areas yellow and black scoli; prolegs reddish

white with several orange and black patch, without knobs

Euphydryas maturnaresembles E. intermedia closely but yellow patch is more bright

white with yellow and black patch, without knobs

Euphydryas aurinia black with white flecks, in particular in the subspiracular area; scoli black or grey and prolegs reddish

greyish with orange point on the body; the wing cases are marked with black and orange

Euphydryas aurinia glaciegenita

resembles E.aurinia but white patch is conspicuous

Euphydryas cinthiablack with yellow lateral stripes

resembles E. aurinia

prolegs reddish

FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAE Nymphalidae

415

Melitaea phoebeblack with white fleck and black scoli;head capsule, lateral stripe and prolegs reddish

pale-grey with numerous black conic knobs with red tips

Melitaea cinxia

black with white fleck;head and prolegs reddis

pale-brown with very short orange knobs

Melitaea didyma pale-brown; dorsal scoli orange, lateral scoli orange-pink; black line around the scoli and head capsule

white with black marks, resembles Euphydryas; black knobs with yellow tips

Melitaea triviaresembles M.didyma but ground colours is more dark and black pattern is very bold; scoli orange-brown and white

pinkish with very small black marks and knobs

The larvae of following species are similar each otherMelitaea deione

black with white flecks conspicuous; scoli orange with white tips

reddish brown with ochre and black knobs

Melitaea diamina chocolate-brown with numerous white flecks; scoli orange with white tips

white with black and orange knobs

Nymphalidae FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAE

428

Hypparchia statilinus pale-brown, with darker green stripes on the back and sides

Hypparchia fidiaochreous brown, with darker stripe on the back, broadest along the middle segments

Arethusana arethusawhitish, with dark-brown dorsal stripe, edged in either sides with white and brown

Chazara briseis pale-brown, with darker stripes on the back, broadest along the middle segments

Brintesia circe

Oeneis glacialisdark ochreous, mottled on the back, with darker dorsal stripe

reddish yellow, without markings

darker stripes on the sides

reddish yellow, without markings

ochreous and white stripes on sides and dark-brown stripes on the head

darker lines on sides, above spiracles

pale-brown, delicately mottled with darker, thiny stripe on the back

whitish and dark-brown stripes above and below spiracles

darker stripes on sides, above spiracles

FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAE Nymphalidae - Satyrinae

429

cocoon ovoid; concealed amongst vege-tation or exposed on stem of herbage

Zygaena carniolica

Zygaena occitanicablack dorsal spots weakly connected to form a narrow broken line

bright yellow spots conspicuouscocoon ovoid; concealed amongst vegetation or exposed on stem of herbage

Zygaena hilarisblack spots small

cocoon fusiform, wrinkled;concealed amongst vegetation

Zygaena fausta

prothoracic segment and anal prolegs reddish

black dorsal spots weakly connected to form a narrow broken line

yellow spots and white marks forming a band

cocoon ovoid, porcelain-like sheen;near the ground

Zygaenidae ZygaenaLarvae are small sized, 13 to 20 mm; resemble the larvae of some lycaenid Butterflies; often intensely coloured with a row of black anterior, dorsal, subdorsal and lateral spots.

Zygaenidae - Zygaena FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND COCOON