Business Skills - Ilpintcs.blogspot.in

8/18/2019 Business Skills - Ilpintcs.blogspot.in

1/176

12/8/13 Business Skills - The Essentials -- TATA Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd.

https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html 1/2

Courses

To help you to

Understand the importance of Business Skills at the workplace.

Reflect on your Business skills and understand where you stand

Work on the building blocks of Business skills

Prepare yourself for your learning program at TCS.

Your Course materials include a few online sessions, exercisesand selected online resources for theory and practice. The content focusesprimarily on the four primary areas of communication namely - listening,speaking, reading and writing, and some handy tips on corporate etiquette.

Course Objective

Course Content

1. The Grammar Clinic

I. The Grammar Clinic-Part_1

i. Parts of speech – a quick peek

ii. Subject Verb agreement

iii. Prepositions

iv. Articles

II. The Grammar Clinic-Part_2

i. Tenses – Present, Past and Future

III. The Grammar Clinic-Part_3

Business Skills - The Essentials

https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part3/Grammar_Clinic_Part3_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_23.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_12.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_6.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_3.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_1.html


2/176

12/8/13 Business Skills - The Essentials -- TATA Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd.

https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html 2/2

i. Sentence Linkers and Indianisms

2. How do you say it?

i. How do you say it?

3. Beyond words

i. Effective Listening Skills

ii. Non Verbal Communication

4. How good are your reading skills?

i. Effective Reading Skills

5. How well do you write?

i. Speaking versus writing

ii. Spices of writing

iii. Characteristics of Writing

6. Corporate Etiquette- Handy tips

i. Grooming tips

ii. Manners Matter

iii. Performance boosters

iv. Elements of Change

7. Conclusion and References

i. Conclusion

ii. References

Courses

https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Conclusion%20and%20References/Conclusion_and_References_2.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Conclusion%20and%20References/Conclusion_and_References_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Conclusion%20and%20References/Conclusion_and_References_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Corporate%20Etiquette/Corporate_Etiquette_11.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Corporate%20Etiquette/Corporate_Etiquette_9.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Corporate%20Etiquette/Corporate_Etiquette_5.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Corporate%20Etiquette/Corporate_Etiquette_2.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Corporate%20Etiquette/Corporate_Etiquette_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20do%20we%20write%20it/3%20Characteristics%20of%20Writing/Characteristics_of_Writing_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20do%20we%20write%20it/2%20Spices%20of%20Writing/Spices_of%20_Writing_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20do%20we%20write%20it/1%20Writing-Differences/Writing-Differences_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20do%20we%20write%20it/1%20Writing-Differences/Writing-Differences_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20well%20do%20you%20read/Reading_Skills_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20well%20do%20you%20read/Reading_Skills_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/NVC/NVC.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Listening%20skills/listening.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Listening%20skills/listening.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20do%20you%20say%20it/Speaking_skills_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/How%20do%20you%20say%20it/Speaking_skills_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part3/Grammar_Clinic_Part3_1.html


3/176

Course Contents | Prev : Next

Grammar Clinic



Grammar Clinic_Part 1

https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_2.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_2.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html


4/176





https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_3.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_3.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html


5/176

12/8/13 Grammar Clinic_Part 1 - TATA Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd.

https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_ski lls/Grammar Clinic/Grammar Clinic Part1/Grammar _Clinic_Part_1_3.html 1/1


Afraid you are not perfect? That's alright. It’s never too late to start.Let us start with your first lesson, the Parts of Speech in English..

Parts of Speech

I’m sure you already know that words are divided into variousparts of speech according to the work they do in a sentence. The following arethe various parts of speech:

Parts of

speech:Description: Example:

Nouns Names of persons, objects and things. Lion, India

Pronouns Words used instead of a noun.I, We, You, She, He,

It

Adjectives Words that qualify a noun. John is a good boy.

Verbs Words that describe an action or state.They are talking.

He is hungry.

Adverbs Words that qualify a verb. She sings sweetly.

PrepositionsWords placed before a noun or pronoun to

mark its relation to another word.

We looked at the

sky.

Conjunctions Joining words.Rama and Krishna

are good boys.

Interjections Words that express strong feeling orexcitement.

Alas! My bestfriend is dead.




https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_2.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_4.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_4.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_2.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_4.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_2.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html


6/176




The various parts of speech of a language are its building blocks.Most of us don’t realize this, but it is the unconscious awareness of the parts ofspeech, that helps us to construct effective and correct sentences. The Parts ofspeech form the foundation of a language.

Quiz






7/176




Let us now move on to Basic Sentence Patterns in English






8/176




Look at the table below.

Formula Sentence Pattern Example

1 S+V Subject + VerbThe plane took off

Jim came

2 S+V+O Subject + Verb + ObjectPeter ate an apple.

I love my job.

3 S+V+Adv Subject + Verb + Adverb Jessica is sitting on a chair.

I am here.

4 S+V+Adj Subject + Verb + AdjectiveThe book is expensive.

Rita is funny.

5 S+V+N Subject + Verb + NounThe lady is an Indian

Mr Patel is an engineer.

Well. What do you observe?

You are right. Every sentence has a subject and a verb.

Your sentence must always have a Subject and a Verb. The verbmust always relate to the subject it refers to. Words or phrases that come in

between the subject and the verb do not influence the verb in any manner. It isimportant to identify the right subject!

This now brings us to the next point of discussion – Subject-VerbAgreement. We’ve just learned that the verb must always relate to the subjectit refers to. This means the subject and the ver b need to agree with each otherin terms of number.






9/176




Janaki don’t look happy.

Michael sing well.

These shoes doesn’t fit me.

I doesn’t drive.

Everyone are here.

Well, what do you think? I’m sure you have identified the errors.Why don’t you check the answers yourself?

Subject Verb Agreement

Look at the following sentences. Can you identify any errors?




https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_7.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_51.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Answer%20Keys/Solution_1.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_7.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_51.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html


10/176




We mentioned a little while ago that any sentence would have a

subject and a verb. But these two need to agree with each other. This is whatwe mean by “subject - verb agreement”. The errors we noticed in the sentencesabove exist because the subject and verb do not agree with each other. Let’stake a look at this in detail.






11/176




A singular subject takes a singular verb.

A plural subject takes a plural verb.

The apple is green. (Third person singular)

Apples are good for health. (Third person plural)

The verb takes an‘s’ in the third person singular

The boy sings very well.

Mary likes ice cream.

Indefinite pronouns such as everyone and everybody feel plural to

some writers, but they are always singular — and take a singular verb.

Everyone associated with this project is proud to be here.

Everybody wants to go to the beach.

Don’t be confused by phrases that come between the subjectpronoun and its verb — phrases that may contain plural words.

Subject Verb Agreement- The Rules

For example:

For example:

For example:

For example:



https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_9.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_7.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html


12/176



One of the boxes is open.

The price of the books is very high.

Priya, who played the role of the teacher in the drama, is the best

actor.




13/176




With fractional expressions (fractions or decimal equivalents), theverb will be determined by what is being measured: is it COUNTABLE or not.

Two-fifths of the grain is ruined.

One-half of the employees were happy to know about the

celebrations.

Of all the gifts we have counted so far, fifty are wrapped.

Phrases such as together with, along with , and as well as seem to

join subjects, but they do not work the same as and. They are not conjunctions.

A majority of the student body is in favor of asking the Dean to

stay another year.

Some of the equipment in the store, as well as some pieces of

furniture was ruined in the flood.

The third year students, together with their teacher, are going tothe science exhibition.

When either and neither appear as the subject alone, they are

singular. This is true even though the subject seems to be two things.

Neither of these tables appears to be suitable.

The travel agent will lend me a train ticket or a flight ticket.

Either is fine with me.

For example:

For example:

For example:





14/176






15/176




When either and neither act as correlative conjunctions , the subjectthat is closer to the verb determines the number (singular or plural form) of the

verb.

Neither the professor nor the assistants are at fault.

Either the assistants or the professor has to be responsible for the

year-end festival.

When an expletive construction (there is, there are, here is, etc.)

begins a sentence, the subject (which determines the number of the verb) comes

after the verb.

There are several reasons for the breakout of the epidemic.

Here is the list of things you need to buy for your class project.

Certain words like trousers, stairs, premises, police, staff etc, are

always considered plural and take a plural verb.

The police have issued a warrant for Chopra’s arrest.

The premises are located away from the city.

Certain words like bacon and eggs, fish and chips, research and

development are considered singular as they have a close association.

For example:

For example:

For example:

For example:





16/176



Research and development is an integral part of this

organisation.

Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.

Learning and sharing is one of TCS’ values.




17/176




The rules of grammar may seem easy when you read throughthem. However it is only through constant practice that you can master them.Try out the quiz given below and let’s see if we have been able to take care ofthat hairline fracture. Also, at the end of our trip through Grammar Clinic, youwill be given a list of websites that will help you learn more about grammar.Go through them as well and help yourself improve on the foundation of yourlanguage!

Quiz






18/176




A preposition is a word or phrase used with a noun, pronoun or

noun equivalent to show its relation to some other word or phrase in the

sentence.

It usually indicates the logical, spatial or temporal relationship of its object to

the rest of the sentence.

I. Prepositions of Time

II. Prepositions of Place

III. Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions

Prepositions are generally of three types:






19/176




He started before midnight.

This will be finished in an hour’s time.

Prepositions of Time:

They indicate if something is at a given point in time or over aperiod of time.

Prepositions Use Examples

In

Months, year In June, in 1998

Seasons In summer, in winterParts of the day In the morning

Duration of the day In an hour’s time

On

Days of the week On Tuesday

Date On the 6th of June

Special holidays On Christmas day

Special parts of a day On the morning of May 12th

At

Part of the day At night

Time of the day At 4pm

Celebrations At Diwali, at Easter

Fixed phrases At the same time

Examples:






20/176




There are two more prepositions that you would find useful – FORand SINCE.

FOR is used with a period of time while SINCE is used with apoint of time

.

Quiz






21/176




Quiz






22/176




Quiz

Let’s check your general understanding of the prepositions For and Since.






23/176




At for a Point of time

In for an Enclosed space

On for a Surface

So.. did you learn something about For and Since? Yes… For is used with aperiod of time and Since is used with a point of time!

Prepositions of Place

They indicate where indicate how one thing is situated in relationto another.

At In On

At the bus stop In the car On the bus

At home In the living room On the sofa

At work In the cafeteria On the train

At school In a helicopter On a plane

At university In a boat On a ship

At college In the library On a motorbikeAt the top In the newspaper On a horse

At the bottom In the sky On the radio/tv

At the reception In Kailas street On MG road

At , In and On are the most commonly used prepositions of place. We usuallyuse:






24/176




Quiz






25/176




A. John is at the Café. He is sitting on the chair with a briefcase

in his hand. His cup of coffee is on the table. There is a

camera next to it. Jane’s travel bag is under the table. She is

standing beside the door. Her glass of juice is on the table.

There is a straw in her glass. The sign board on the door

says the café is open.

B. John is at the Café. He is sitting in the chair with a briefcaseinside his hand. His cup of coffee is at the table. There is a

camera besides to it. Jane’s travel bag is on the table. She is

standing at the door. Her glass of juice is in the table. There

is a straw at her glass. The sign board in the door says the

café is open.

C. John is at the Café. He is sitting at the chair with a briefcase

in his hand. His cup of coffee is in the table. There is acamera besides it. Jane’s travel bag is at the table. She is

standing on the door. Her glass of juice is at the top of the

table. There is a straw inside of her glass. The sign board

Quiz

Match the picture to the correct text with the correct prepositions.





26/176



between the door says the café is open.

Check your Answer here.


https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_20.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_1_18.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part1/Answer%20Keys/Solution_2.html


27/176




Quiz






28/176




Onto, into, across, under, through, away from, towards, over, along, past, off,

around

He ran across the road.

The ball went through the window.

Prepositions of Movement

They indicate how one thing is moving in relation to another. Commonprepositions of movement are:

Example:

Look at the pictures below. Which prepositions would you use to describe these pictures?

Check your Answer here.






29/176




Quiz






30/176




Articles are a set of function words, which contribute greatly to

meaning. There are three articles in English namely -The, a, an The is referred

to as the Definite Article while A and An are called Indefinite Article.

Tired already? Confused? Well yes it can be. I’m sure you haveguessed two things by now :

One, there are many types of prepositions and Two, the sameword can be used for various things. In addition to prepositions, you also have‘Prepositional Phrases’. Now it would be unfair if we told you everything aboutprepositions and what prepositional phrases are. So here’s some home workfor you.

Read up further on prepositions and prepositional phrases. Youhave plenty of material online. Or I’m sure there is a grammar book you can gethold of from somewhere.

The only way to master these little words that make such a hugeimpact is using them. Keep practicing. Your final assessment will test yourknowledge on other prepositions as well!

Articles






31/176




Before nouns which denote unique things or persons: the sun, the

earth, the equator, the universe, the stars.

Before a Noun to Denote a Class: The tiger is a ferocious animal.

The airpl ane is the fastest means of travel .

Before the names of mountain ranges and island groups: The

Himalayas, the Alps, the West Indies, the South Sea Islands.

Before the names of rivers, canals, straits, seas, oceans, and

gulfs: the Nile, the Suez Canal, the Gibralter, the Arabian Sea, the

Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf .

Before the names of newspapers, holy books, old epic poems and

reference books: the Statesman, the Bible, the Mahabharata, The

Encyclopedia.

Before government departments, banks, establishments: The

Department of Revenue, the Canara Bank.

Before the adjectives in the Superlative Degree: Raju is the tallest

boy in the class.

Before adjectives to represent a class: The rich, the poor, the

oppressed, the downtrodden.

Before words like ultimate, next, last, first, second: The second one

from the left is my cousin..

Note:

THE is not used:

The Definite Article is used :





32/176



1 : before the name of a single island, mountain, peak or hil l : Sri Lanka, Mauritius,

Everest

2 : before the names of countries and places : India, China, New Zealand

Exceptions : the Sudan, the Punjab, the Netherlands. (Before Proper Nouns for specific

reference) :

The India of today is not the India under the British rule.

Kalidasa is known as the Shakespeare of India.




33/176




Before Proper Nouns: Raju, Anne, Rahim. (Not The Raju, The Anne, The Rahim)

Before names of substances, if they are used in a general sense: Gold is a precious metal.

(Not the gold)

Bread is available here. (Not the bread

Before the names of meals, games, languages and festivals: Breakfast will be ready at 8

O’clock.

Christmas falls on 25th December

Note 1:

When the reference is to a particular kind of substance THE is used:

1 : The gold mined in India is of a good quality.

2 :The bread we produce is sweet.

Note 2:

When the metal is specified THE is used:1 :The dinner they had hosted was well attended.

Okay. So now you know where the ‘THE’ is to be and not to be used. Let’s take a quicklook at the other two articles – The Indefinite articles A and An.

The Definite Article is not used :






34/176




Before a word beginning with a consonantal sound: A word

beginning with a consonant has a consonantal sound.

i. A European

ii. A one rupee note

iii. A unit

iv. A university

v. A yard

The indefinite Article A is used:

There are some exceptions.

“Exceptions again?” Yes. You are probably wondering why there

are so many of them. Exceptions are common in English and that is what lendsthe language its beauty.






35/176




i. An elephant

ii. An army

iii. An hour

iv. An honor

Before words beginning with a vowel sound or a word with silent

h:

i. There is a bird in the cage.

ii. I will be back in an hour.

A/An may be used in the sense of one:

i. He gets Rs. 3000/- a month.

ii. The car is going at fifty miles an hour.

A/An is used in the sense of every:

i. An MLA (/em/LA)

ii. An MP (em/P)

iii. An MA (em/A)

Note: An has to be used before abbrevations pronounced with a vowel sound at the

beginning :

The indefinite Article An is used:






36/176




Quiz

I. Let’s check our understanding, shall we?






37/176




Quiz






38/176









39/176









40/176









41/176




Time and Tense

There are 12 tenses in English. If you know how to use it and where to use it, a majorstep to attaining English fluency is accomplished! Take a look at the table in the next page.

A quick look!

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Present

Simple Present

tense

eg: speak

Present Continuous

tense

eg: is speaking

Present Perfect

tense

eg: has spoken

Present Perfect Continuous

tense

eg:has been speaking

PastSimple Past tense

eg: spoke

Past Continuous

tense

eg: was speaking

Past Perfect tense

eg: had spoken

Past Perfect Continuous

tense

eg: had been speaking

Future Simple Futuretense

eg: will speak

Future Continuoustense

eg: will be speaking

Future Perfect

tenseeg: will have

spoken

Future Perfect Continuoustense

eg: will have been speaking






42/176




She lives in Mumbai.

I come from Kerala.

The earth revolves round the sun.

Present Tense

When do we use Simple Present Tense?

To Talk about general facts / universal truths

Examples:

To talk about habits / routineactivities





43/176



I go to college at 8:30 AM every day.

I love reading fiction.

She goes for her dance classes on Fridays.

Examples:




44/176




The story opens in Delhi during the second world war. Amir, the

main character is found injured. He tries to stand but is unable

to. Roger, his friend helps him up.

The movie starts at 2:00 PM.

The bus to Banglore starts at 8:00 PM.

His exam finishes at 12:00 PM.

To narrate stories, movies, and in sports commentaries

Example:

To talk about future schedules and arrangements

Examples:

Form

Affirmative – subject + base form verb

(+s/es)

eg: I dream

He dreams

Negative – subject + aux verb ‘do’(do/does) + not + base form verb

eg: I do not play golf.

He does not play golf.

Interrogative – Aux verb ‘do’ (do/does) +

subject + base form verb

eg: Do they live in China?

Does he live in China?




https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_7.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_5.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_7.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_5.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.html


45/176




1. He play cricket with his friends every day.

2. Where works your wife?

3. She no like idli and sambar.

4. They goes to the movie every Saturday.

5. You lives in Bangalore?

6. Why you no go to office?

Okay! Xray time!

Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.

Check your answers here.






46/176




I’m sorry I can’t come, I’m watching a movie.

Ankit: What are you reading these days?

Neha: I am reading 'The Founatinhead'.

Present Continuous Tense

When do we use Present Continuous Tense?

To talk about an action that is in progress at the time of speaking.

Example:

To talk about a temporary action that is not necessarily in progress at the timeof speaking.

Example:






47/176




He is always playing Cricket with his friends.

It’s going to rain.

To emphasize very frequent actions (‘always’ is used frequently).

Example:

To describe developing situations.

Example:

Form

present simple tense of ‘be’ + present

participle of the main verb (verb + ‘ing’

– drawing)

Affirmative – subject + aux verb + ‘be’ +

verb + ing

eg: He is painting.

Negative – subject + aux verb ‘be’ + not

+ verb + ing

eg: I am not writing.

Interrogative – aux verb ‘be’ + subject +

verb + ingeg: Are they listening?






48/176




Verbs of the senses – see, hear

Verbs expressing feelings and emotions – like, love, hate

Verbs of mental activity – remember

Verbs of possession – own

Exceptions – Stative verbs

Stative verbs are non action verbs and therefore not usually used in the

continuous tense. These are formed using the simple present tense.

Stative verbs can be classified into the following categories :

1. He is having three sisters.

2. I am understanding you.

3. She is having a headache.

4. They are living here for last 3 years.

5. I am believing in God.

Okay! Xray time!

Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.

Check your answers here.






49/176




'Where’s your pen?’ ‘I don’t know. I’ve misplaced it’. ( I don’t have it now).

He told me where it is but I’ve forgotten it . (I can’t remember it now).

‘Is Meera here?’ ‘No she has gone to visit her friends’. (She is not here

now).

‘Have you seen my book?’ ‘I can’t find it?’ (do you know where it is now).

Present PerfectTense

When do we use Present Perfect Tense?

The present perfect always has a connection with “now”. The event/action in the pasthas an influence/result now.

Examples:






50/176




I have completed my work.

We have been to China.

We have lived here since 1990 (still live here).

I have practised for two hours.

Oh I’m sorry! I have spilt coffee on the floor.

Can I borrow your pen? I have lost mine.

When we talk about completed actions without a time reference.

Examples:

When we talk about actions/states that began in the past and are stillcontinuing at the time of speaking.

Examples:

When we describe actions in the past with results in the present .

Examples:






51/176




Ouch! I’ve hurt my knee!

The road is closed. There’s been an accident.

The police have arrested two people in connection with the

recent riots. (news item)

The rule with for or since

In a sentence we use for to denote period of time.

eg:

I have been waiting for four hours. She has been sick for three days.

In a sentence we use since to denote point of time.

eg:

I have been waiting since 4.00 pm. She has been sick since Monday.

To provide new information or to talk about a recent happening.

Examples:

Form

Affirmative (sub+aux verb “have”+past

participle)

eg: I have completed the work.

I have written the letter.Negative (sub+aux

verb“have”+not+past participle)

eg: I haven’t completed the work.

I haven’t written the letter.

Interrogative(aux verb“have”+sub+past

participle)

eg: Have you completed the work?.

Have you written the letter?





52/176






53/176




I have been studying Hindi for two years. (he’s still studying it)

We have been watching television. (we still are)

I am tired because I have been driving. (I am tired now)

It is wet outside because it has been raining .( It started raining

two hours ago and it just stopped)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

When do we use Present Perfect Continuous tense?

To talk about an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped or is stillgoing on.

Examples:

Form

Affirmative (sub+ aux.verb ”have”

+been + verb + ing)

eg: I have been reading.

Negative (sub+ aux.verb ”have” + not

+been + verb + ing)eg: I have not been reading.

Interrogative (aux.verb ”have” + sub +

been + verb + ing)





54/176



eg: Have you been reading?




55/176




I finished my homework an hour ago.

I ate sandwich for breakfast.

When I was in college, I played football.

She was 30 minutes late for her meeting.

Past Tense

When do we use Past Tense?

The Past tense is used for actions complete in the past at a definite time.

Examples:

For a habitual action in the past.

Example:

When the action took place at a definite time, even though the time is notmentioned.

Example:

For narratives – narrating stories, past events.

Example:





56/176



Once upon a time, there was a little girl named Goldilocks. She

went for a walk in the forest. Very soon, she came upon a house.

She knocked at the door. No one answered. So Goldilocks

walked right in. At the dinner table, there were three bowls of

porridge. Goldilocks was hungry. She tasted the porridge from

the first bowl.




57/176




Regular verb and Irregular verb

How a sentence is formed in the past tense, depends on whether the verb is a

regular verb or an irregular verb.

Regular verbs are those whose past tense and past participles are formed by

adding an -ed to the end of the verb.

eg: plan-planned, roll-rolled , derive – derived

Irregular verbs do not have set patterns to form past tense and past participle

eg: eat-eaten , feel-felt , sell-sold

Form

Regular verbs (‘ed/d’ is added to the

base form of the verb).

Affirmative (Subject + verb + ‘ed/d’ +

…..)

eg: I finished my homework an hour ago.

Negative (Subject + didn’t + verb + …..)

eg: I didn’t finish my homework.

Interrogative (Did + subject + base form

verb)

eg: Did you finish your homework?Irregular verbs.

Affirmative (Subject + past tense + ....)

eg: I saw him yesterday.

Negative (subject + didn’t + base form

verb + ….)

eg:I didn’t see him yesterday.

Interrogative (Did + subject + base form

verb)

eg: Did you see him yesterday?





58/176






59/176




It was raining when I went for a walk this morning.

At eight, she was having her breakfast.

She was doing her home work while her sister was reading a book.

While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly shut down

.

Past Continuous Tense

When do we use Past Continuous Tense?

For actions that were going on at a particular time in the past.

Examples:

For actions that were going on when another action was going on at the sametime.

Example:

For interrupted past actions.

Example:

To express intention, as with the verbs “going to”, “intending to” etc.

Example:





60/176



She was planning to go to the circus, but she changed her mind.

Form

Affirmative (subject + was/were + verb +

ing)

eg: She was writing a letter last night,when the phone rang.

Negative (subject + was/were + not +

verb + ing)

eg: I was not talking during the exam.

Interrogative (was/were + subject + verb

+ ing)

eg: Were you talking during the exam?




61/176




Meera went to the zoo last week. Parna went to the zoo too but they didn’t

see each other. Meera left by 11:00 am and Parna arrived at 11:15 am.

When Parna reached the zoo, Meera wasn’t there. She had left.

When I reached the station the train had left.

He was late to office because his car had broken down.

He failed in the exam because he had not prepared.

Past Perfect Tense

When do we use Past Perfect Tense?

Past perfect is the past viewed from another past viewpoint.

Example:

More Examples.

Form

Affirmative (sub+ had + past participle of

verb)

eg: I had slept by then.

Negative (sub+ had + not + past participle of

verb)

eg: I had not slept by then.

Interrogative (had + sub + been + verb + ing)eg: Had I slept by then?




https://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_19.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_17.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/index.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%20Clinic%20Part2/Grammar%20_Clinic_Part_2_19.htmlhttps://aspire.tcs.com/aspire/courses/business_skills/Grammar%20Clinic/Grammar%

Business Skills - Ilpintcs.blogspot.in

Documents

Transcript of Business Skills - Ilpintcs.blogspot.in