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A.What are the ways in which an agency may arise?

The law of agency in Malaysia is mainly found in Part X of the Contracts Act

1950, which is from sections 135 to 191. An agency is a legal relationship whereby one

person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with third

persons. According to section 135 of Contracts Act 1950, the person that acts for another

or to represent another in dealings with thirds persons is called agent while the person for

whom such act is done or who is so represented is called principal. Like other ordinary

contracts, a contract of agency can be expressed. By virtue of section 138 of the

Contracts Act 1950, consideration is not necessary for creation of agency. Generally,

there are various ways to create an agency.

One of the ways for creation of agency is by express appointment by the principal

under section 139 of Contracts Act 1950. The authorization may be given by words

spoken or written. For instance, Power of Attorney is an express appointment made in

writing. A letter written or words spoken may be effective in appointing an agent.

Next, by implied appointment which falls under section 139 of the same Act is

also one of the ways. An agency can be created by implied appointment when a person,

by his words or conduct, holds out another person as having authority to act for him. It

can be inferred from the circumstances of the case according to section 140 of same Act.

This is illustrated in the case of Chan Yin Tee v William Jacks & Co (Malaya) Ltd.

Another way is by ratification according to section 149 of Contracts Act 1950. An

agency by ratification can be created by either agent, who was duly appointed and has

exceeded his authority, or a person, who has no authority to act for the principal and has

acted as if he had the authority., The principal can either reject or accept the contract if

either one of the above were to happen. When the principal accepts and confirms the

contract, the acceptance is called ratification. Ratification may be expressed or implied.

The same section provided that the effect of ratification is to render the contract binding

on the principal as if the agent had been properly authorized beforehand. It is

retrospective.

Besides, agency also can be created by necessity according to section 142 of

Contracts Act 1950 which mean that a person acts for another in an emergency situation

without express authority to do so. There are three conditions need to satisfy in order to

give arise to an agency by necessity. The conditions are it must be impossible for the

agent to get the principal’s instruction, the agent’s action is necessary in the

circumstances to prevent loss to the principal with respect to the interest committed to his

charge and lastly, the agent has acted in good faith. A commercial agent of necessity is

created when a person is entrusted with another’s property and it becomes necessary to

do something to preserve that property although he has no express authority to do so –

Great Northern Railway Co. v Swaffield (1874) case. There must be already some

existing contractual relationship between the principal and the person who acts on his

behalf.

Lastly, agency also arises by estoppel or “holding out”. Ordinarily, a person

cannot be bound by a contract made on his behalf without his authority. However, if he,

by his words and conduct, allows a third party to believe that X is his agent, when X is

not and the third party reasonably relies on it to the detriment of the third party, he will be

stopped or precluded from denying the existence of X’s authority to act on his behalf.

Based on the case study, Boss is the principal while his close friend, Yenige (Y) is

the agent. The agency between Boss and Y may arise by implied appointment. Boss by

his words and conduct holds out Y as having authority to act for him. In this study, Boss

casually appointed Y to manage his businesses in Selangor on his behalf in June last year

due to he is expected to station himself in Sabah for about two years to manage the

project act as an evidence to show that the agency is created by implied appointment.

Next, agency by ratification also might arise based on this case study. This can be

seen when Boss appointed Y as his agent to manage his properties and hotel businesses

on his behalf. During the months Boss was away, Y was appointed another person, Mat

Ho Tel to manage operations of hotel. In addition, Boss instructed Y not to inform

anyone that he intends to buy a special food processing machine to compete with his

competitors. However, this news was being telling by Y to Tron, a sales executive. This

was evidenced when Tron came to see Boss in Sabah about new machineries that he can

use for his food processing business as this secret plans only knew by Y. Y has exceeded

his authority and so Boss can either accept and confirm the contract or reject it. If Boss

confirms it, then Y is an agent through ratification.

B. Describe the relationship between Boss and Y?

Normally, agency is the relationship where a principal engages an agent to carry

out various duties on his or her behalf or represent the principal in dealings with others.

This relationship of agency included an agent has the delegate decision making power

from the principal. Under section 135 of Contract Act 1950, an agent can define as a

person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with thirds

persons. The principal also can defined under section 135 of Contract Act 1950 which

provides that the person for whom such act is done, or who is so represented, is called the

principal.

Based on this case, we can know that Boss is a businessman that has just started a

housing development project in Sabah and he is expected to station himself there for

about two years to manage the project. Thus, he has been appointed his close friend,

Yenige (Y) to manage his businesses in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Besides that, Boss

also makes some instruction to Y for carry out various duties on his behalf. The

instruction of Boss to Y are included to manage and collect all the trawler rentals daily

and bank them into his bank account, to purchase all the daily cash from the fisherman

when they return every evening and keep an account of the payments, to account for all

the repairs and maintenance of his trawlers and to manage his properties and hotel

businesses.

Therefore, we can know the relationship between Boss and Y is called the agency

as Boss has been appointed Y and Y are carrying out various duties on Boss behalf and

the duties of an agent to the principal are stated in sections 164 to 178 of the Contract Act

1950. The duties of agent to principal that stated in sections 164 to 178 of the Contract

Act 1950 are included duty to render proper accounts when required by principal, duty to

pay to principal all sums received on his behalf, duty not to delegate his autority and duty

not to let his own interest conflict with his duty. In the law of agency in Malaysia in part

X of Contract Act 1950, we can know the Boss is called principal and Y is called the

agent when the relationship of agency is made.

However, during the months Boss was away, Y collected the trawler rentals and

split proceeds with his brother-in-law who is also the president of a local fishing clubs

and no receipts to support the payment of maintenance and repair of the trawlers and the

other properties. Y also sold the 5 small parcels of land to his cousin Janet without the

knowledge of Boss and Y being very busy and appointed Mat Ho Tel to manage the hotel

operation as Mat Ho Tel has no any knowledge and idea to operate the hotel business.

Thus, Y has been breach the agency contract as Y didn’t follow the Boss’s instruction

and didn’t carry out the duties of an agent to principal are stated in section 164 to 178 of

the Contract Act 1950.

In the conclusion, there was no agency relationship between Boss and Y. This is

due to Yenige who is an agent has been breach the agency contract as Y didn’t carry out

the duties of an agent to his principal, Boss.

C. How can you prove that Y is indeed Boss’s agent and if so, what duties does Y

owe to Boss?

There are 5 ways that may arise an agency, which are by express appointment by

the principal, by implied appointment by the principal, by ratification by the principal, by

necessity and by the doctrine of estoppels/holding out. In this case, the agency

relationship between Y and Boss is created by express appointment as we can notice from

the case study, “In June last year Boss casually appointed Yenige(Y), a close friend, to

manage his businesses in Selangor …” This statement shows an agency by express

appointment as words spoken may be effective in the appointment of an agent regardless

any written agreement is signed.

Since Yenige acts as an agent on behalf of the principal, Y owes Boss a duty of

being an agent. Generally, the duties of agent to principal may different depends on the

term of the contract of agency, however, when the contract is silent on the terms, the

rights and duties of an agent to principal and vice versa are stated in sections 164-178 of

Contract Act 1950:

1. Duty to obey the principal’s instruction.

Under section 164 of Contract 1950, an agent is bound to conduct the business of his

principal according to the directions given by the principal, or, in the absence of any such

directions, according to the custom which prevails in doing business of the same kind at

the place where the agent conducts the business. Failure to obey is a breach of contract

and agent is liable for any loss suffered by principal due to the breach of duty. For

instance, in the case of “Turpin v Bilton”, the agent was held liable when he failed to

insure a ship when instructed to do so and the ship was lost. Flowing from this duty to

follow the principal’s instructions, there is also a duty not to exceed the instructions given

by the principal to the agent under the case “Waugh v HG Clifford & Sons”.

2. Duty to exercise care and diligence in carrying out his work and to use such skills as

he possess.

Under section 165 of Contract Act, an agent is bound to conduct the business of the

agency with as much skill as is generally possessed by persons engaged in similar

business, unless the principal has notice of his want of skill. The agent is always bound to

act with reasonable diligence, and to use such skill as he possesses; and to make

compensation to his principal in respect of the direct consequences of his own neglect,

ant of skill, or misconduct, but not in respect of loss or damage which are indirectly or

remotely caused by such neglect, want of skill, or misconduct.

3. Duty to render proper accounts when required by principal.

Under section 166 of Contract Act 1950, agent has a duty to account for all monies and

property handled by him as agent for the principal and to produce such agent’s accounts

when demanded by principal. The case “Foley v Hill” also laid down the legal principle

that the agent is under a general duty to account to the principal.

4. Duty to communicate with the principal.

Under section 167 of Contract Act 1950, it is a duty of an agent, in cases of difficulty, to

use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain

his instructions. But if the situation is such that communication is impossible or

impracticable and that any delay may cause loss to the principal e.g in emergency

situation or fluctuating prices, then the agent may use his discretion to adopt a course of

action to safeguard the principal’s interest under section 142 of Contract Act 1950.

5. Duty to pay to principal all sums received on his behalf.

Agent must pay to his principal all sums received, however, may retain or deduct from

such sums received, advances made or expenses incurred by him in carrying out his duty,

his commission and other remuneration payable to him for acting as agent under section

174 of Contract Act 1950.

6. Duty to act to the best interest of the principal when the absence of principal.

In the absence of principal, agent must act according to the customs which prevails, in

doing business of the same kind, at the place where he carries on his work. Otherwise, he

has to make good any loss suffered by the principal.

7. Duty not to let his own interest conflict with his duty.

Agent has to act solely for the benefit of the principal and he cannot allow his own

personal interest to conflict with his duty under section 169 of Contract Act 1950.

However, provided that if agent has acknowledging the principal for his interest conflict

and gained his consent on this matter, there is no breach in duty of an agent. If no consent

is obtained, the principal upon finding out can repudiate the transaction even though

agent may act fairly or not, and agent is liable for any losses suffered by principal.

8. Duty not to make secret profit out of the performance of his duty.

Secret profit can be defined as secret commission or any financial advantage which agent

receives over and above the commission paid by principal. However, if principal has

discovered about the secret profits and consents to it, agent is entitled to keep the profit

he makes since the profit is no longer secret under Section 168 of Contract Act 1950.

9. Duty not to disclose confidential information or documents entrusted to him.

In the course of business, confidential business information, trade secrets and technical

information belonging to the principal are important to the business and must not be

divulged to outsiders. Hence, agent owes a duty to principal not to disclose the

confidential information or documents entrusted to him. Failure to do so, agent shall be

liable for a guilty and breach his duty of agent.

10. Duty not to delegate his authority.

Agent cannot appoint another person to do his duty. This is unfair to the principal who

trusting in the agent he chosen. However, there are exceptions to the rule if principal

approves the delegation, in case of necessity or emergency (illness of agent), or where the

act to be done is clerical and does not involve the exercise of discretion.

D. In what manner has Y breached his duties if he is indeed Boss’s agent?

In the 1st situation, Y has breached his duty as an agent as he did not pay all sums

received on behalf principal. In the case, Y actually collected the rentals income and spilt

the proceeds with his brother-in-law without paying a penny to the principal. Under

Section 171 of Contract Act 1950, Agent must pay to his principal all sums received, but

may retain or deduct, out of any sums received on behalf of the principal, items such as

any advances made or expenses incurred by him in carrying out his work, and his

commission. Thus, Y is said to breach his duty of an agent.

Furthermore, Y as the agent of Boss has also breached his duties of an agent

because Y made a secret profit out of the performance of his duty. Y rented out the

trawlers on public holidays to some fishing enthusiast, and split the proceeds with his

brother-in-law, without the knowledge of the principal, Boss. However, if Boss has

discovered about the secret profits and consents to it, Y is entitled to keep the profit he

makes since the profit is no longer secret under Section 168 of Contract Act 1950 and Y

is said to be not breaching his duty as the agent, vice versa.

Looking into the 2nd

situation, Y has breached his duty of not render proper

accounts when required by the principal. In the case, there is a requirement by Boss

which the payment for repairs and maintenance must be accounted properly, and Y failed

to do so. Hence, Y is said to breach his duty of an agent under Section 166 of Contract

Act 1950, which states that it is the duty of agent to account for all monies and property

handled by him as agent for the principal and to produce such agent’s accounts when

demanded by principal.

Apart from that, Y also breached his duty of an agent under Section 164 of

Contract Act 1950, which an agent is bound to conduct the business of his principal

according to the instructions given by the principal. In the case, to account for all repairs

and maintenance of the trawlers is one of the principal’s instructions to Y. Since Y had

failed to obey the instruction of Boss, it is a breach of contract, and Y is liable for any

loss suffered by principal due to the breach of his duty.

Under Section 167 of Contract Act 1950, agent must use all reasonable diligence

to communicate with principal. But if the situation is such that communication is

impossible or impracticable and that any delay may cause loss to principal e.g in

emergency situation or fluctuating prices, then the agent may use his discretion to adopt a

course of action to safeguard the principal’s interest under Section 142 of Contract Act

1950. For 3rd

situation, Y breached his duty of agent as he did not communicate the sale

of 5 small parcels of land to Boss. But in this case, the land is sold by Y without the

notice of Boss, and the prices of the land is sold based on a valuation done 5 years ago is

unlikely to show any emergency or fluctuating prices situation which Y may use as his

excuses to secure principal’s interest. Thus, Y is said to be breached his duty of agent by

not communicating to the principal.

Moreover, Y also breached his duty of agent in letting his own interest conflict

with his duty. This is because Y sold the 5 small parcels of land to his cousin; Janet who

stands a close relationship with Y can reflect a conflict of interest with his duty as agent,

moreover the prices were agreed based on a valuation done 5 years ago show Y might

give a special price to his cousin and reflect an interest conflict with his duty. However,

provided that if Y has acknowledging the principal, Boss, for his interest conflict and

Boss gives his consent on this matter, there is no breach in duty of an agent. If no consent

is obtained, the principal upon finding out can repudiate the transaction even though

agent may act fairly or not, and agent is liable for any losses suffered by principal.

General rule is that agent cannot employ another person to do his duty. This is

unfair to the principal who trusting in the agent he chosen. However, there are exceptions

to the rule if principal approves the delegation, in case of necessity or emergency, or

where the act to be done is clerical and does not involve the exercise of discretion. In the

4th

situation, Y breached his duty as an agent because he has delegated his authority to

another person, Mat Ho Tel to carry out his job. However, the power delegation by Y is

not due to any necessity or emergency, it involves the exercise of discretion and principal

does not approve the delegation as well. Thus, Y shall be guilty of his breach of duty of

agent.

In the course of doing business, agent has a duty not to disclose any confidential

information or documents entrusted to him by the principal. This is because agent would

have access to confidential business information, trade secrets and technical information,

belonging to the principal which is essential to the business and must not be disclosed to

the public. In 5th

situation, if Y has told Tron about the new machineries information, he

is found guilty and breached his duty of an agent as the principal, Boss, has instructed Y

not to inform any one about the special machine. Hence, Y owes Tron an evidence to

clear himself from this case, if he cannot proves himself from not disclosure of the

information, he is said to be breached his duty of an agent.

In conclusion, the justification of Y breaching of duty of agent is at the discretion

of Boss whether to ratify or consent on the actions done by Y. Moreover, if Y able to

provide evidence of not breaching the duty of his agent’s duties also can form part of the

justification.

E.What appropriate actions are available to Boss?

Section 149 states that when acts are done by one person on behalf of another but

without his knowledge or authority, he may elect to ratify or to disown the acts.

First of all, Boss has told Y to manage and collect all trawler rentals daily and

bank in them into his bank account. However, Boss did not tell Y to hire those trawlers to

fishing enthusiast. Section 164 states that an agent is bound to conduct the business of his

principle according to directions given by the principal. An agent is liable for any loss

suffered by principal because of breach of contract. Since hiring fishing trawlers to

fishing enthusiast was not the direction given by Boss, therefore if there is any loss

suffered by Boss, it is liable to Y.

Besides that, Section 166 states that it is the duty of the agent to account for all

monies and property handles by him as agent for the principal and to produce such

agent’s accounts when demanded by principal. Y has made few payments but there were

no receipts to support the payments. As an agent, it is Y’s responsibility to keep those

payment’s receipts. Since there is no evidence which can prove Y has made the payment,

Boss can ratify the payments and RM20,000 will be accounts in the accounting records or

disown the payment.

Section 164 states that an agent is bound to conduct the business of his principal

according to directions given by the principal. Although Boss did mentioned that he

intends to sell some small parcels of lands, but he did not instruct Y to do so. Boss only

told Y to manage his properties and hotel businesses. Boss has the right to reject the

contract which is conduct between Y and his cousin, Janet. However, if boss accept the

contract, he is said to ratify the act. Section 167 states that in cases of difficulty, the agent

must use all reasonable diligence to communicate with his principal. Before Y sells the

land, Y should communicate with boss. However, he did not do so. He sells the land

which is agreed upon him and Janet based on the valuation done some 5 years ago. Y will

be liable if there is any loss suffered by Boss. Section 164 also state that an agent should

act to the best interest of the principal. Otherwise he must make good those losses

incurred to his principal. This means that prices of the land which were agreed between Y

and Janet must be the best interest of Boss. If Boss discover that he had suffered loss

during the transaction, Y will liable for it.

An agent cannot employ another person to do his duty. This is because principal

has put his trust in the agent he chooses and it is unfair to allow the agent to shift the

authority to act for the principal to another person unless the principal approves the

delegation, the agent is in the case of necessity or emergency and the act to be done is

clerical and does not involve exercise of discretion. Y has appointed Mat Ho Tel to

manage the hotel operation on Y’s behalf. Boss can elect to ratify Y’s act or reject it. If

Boss reject, he has the right to sue Y for breach of contract because the delegation is not

approve by him and Y was not in the case of necessity or emergency.

An agent should not disclose confidential information or documents entrusted to

him by the principal. Tron, the sales executive came to see Boss about the new

machineries that he can use for his food processing business. There is probability that Y

has disclose to Tron about this special machine. It is Y’s responsibility to keep Boss

information private and confidential. But Y did not do so. Under section 154, the

principal has the right to revoke the authority of the agent by giving the required notice.

Since Y had inform others regarding to the new machine, Boss has the right to revoke Y

authority as an agent.

In conclusion, Boss can either elect to ratify or disown the acts which had been

done by Y.

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2nd

MEMBER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THIS ASSIGNMENT

My contribution to this assignment is in the following area/part:

My contribution to this assignment is the part B. I had do research through google

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search and textbooks are related to our Business Law assignment which is the textbook of

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Business Law by Lee Mei Pheng. I also had give the idea on how to do and what is the

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Agency relationship. Besides that, I also give the idea on how to do the each member’s

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Contribution assignment.

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Total number of group meetings held for this assignment: ____3____

Number of group meetings I attended and participated: ______3____

Name: _Kong Yee Ting____________ signature ________________________

Group members’ evaluation to this member’s contribution:

We agree / disagree to this member’s declaration above.

If any member disagrees, please give your reason or reasons below:

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Confirmed by the remaining members of the group:

Name:

Signature

Tang Haw Yann

Lim Chia Shing

Sim Zhi Hong

Kua Sze Teng

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � ! " # $ " � � � % " & ' & & " ( � ) * � " & " � % * + � , , � - " � ( ' ! * ' . / ' ! 0� � � � � ! " # $ " � � � % " & ' & & " ( � ) * � " & " � � ' ! 1 � 2 3 4 % ! � $ ( % � $ % * ! * & * ' ! � % 5 � % ' 67 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 76 " & � � 8 * ! * 6 ' � 6 , * ' ! � % * ! " ( % & ' � 6 6 $ " * & � + ' � ' ( * � � % " & / ! " � � " / ' , ' � 6 8 " � * 8 * ! & ' 37 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 74 % * ! * , * 8 ' � & * � " � � & ' � 6 " , , $ & ! ' " � � & , ' � 6 � - � " � & * � " � � 9 : ; 7 9 < = � + � � � ! ' � � � 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 79 > ? @ * � ' # , * ) * � $ � 6 * ! & ' � 6 # * * ! � + % * 6 $ " * & � + ' ( * � � % " & / ! " � � " / ' , 3 A * & " 6 * & % ' 57 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7� ' ) % ' � B + $ , � % ' 8 * ) � & $ / / � ! " 8 * ( ! � $ / ) * ) # * ! & ' � 6 , * � $ ! * ! � & % ' ! * " 6 * ' & - " % ) *7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3" � � � ) / , * " � ( % " & ' & & " ( � ) * � 3 � # * , " * 8 * % ' - " % % " & 8 ' , $ ' # , * B � � - , * 6 ( * " � C ' - � +7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7� ( * � � � - " , , & $ ! * , � % * , / + $ , " � � $ ! + $ $ ! * � ' ! * * ! 37 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 74 � ' , � $ ) # * ! � + ( ! � $ / ) * * " � ( & % * , 6 + � ! % " & ' & & " ( � ) * � 0 �� $ ) # * ! � + ( ! � $ / ) * * " � ( & � ' * � 6 * 6 ' � 6 / ' ! " � " / ' * 6 0 �� ' ) * 0 4 ' � ( D ' - E ' � � F " ( � ' $ ! * 0 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G� H I J K L M L N M H O � M P Q R J Q S T I U S I S V T O L M L N M H � O W I U S H T N J S T I U �X * ' ( ! * * . 6 " & ' ( ! * * 1 / , * ' & * " � B Y Z [ \ � S V T O L M L N M H � O ] M W R Q H Q S T I U Q N I P M ^� + ' � � ) * ) # * ! 6 " & ' ( ! * * & 5 / , * ' & * ( " 8 * � � $ ! ! * ' & � � � ! ! * ' & � � & # * , � - 07 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7� � � + " ! ) * 6 # � % * ! * ) ' " � " � ( ) * ) # * ! & � + % * ( ! � $ / 0� ' ) * 0 F " ( � ' $ ! *_ ` a b c d d e f a bg f h i j f k l j f a bl f h m j f n ` a b_ o k e p d e d a b

APPENDIX C: EACH MEMBER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THIS

ASSIGNMENT:

4th

MEMBER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THIS ASSIGNMENT

My contribution to this assignment is in the following area / part:

My contribution to this assignment is in part (d). At the starting point of doing

assignment, I was having some problem for doing the written assignment of Business

Law since I have limited knowledge about this subject and sometimes I was very

confusing about what lecturer’s teach in our class. I was fear that I would not be able

complete this assignment task but my team member are trying so hard to teach me for

doing this assignment and finally I was able to understand about this subject and also

I am able to complete my task in this assignment.

Total number of group meetings held for this assignment: 3

Number of group meetings I attended and participated: 3

Name: Sim Zhi Hong______________signature ________________________

Group members’ evaluation to this member’s contribution:

We agree / disagree (please tick [√]) to this member’s declaration above.

If any member disagrees, please give your reason or reasons below:

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Confirmed by the remaining members of the group:

Name:

Signature

Tang Haw Yann

Lim Chia Shing

Kong Yee Ting

Kua Sze Teng