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Business and Computing Deanery 3D Modelling Tools Week 16 – Lighting.
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Transcript of Business and Computing Deanery 3D Modelling Tools Week 16 – Lighting.
Business and Computing Deanery
3D Modelling Tools
Week 16 – Lighting
3D Modelling Tools 2
This weekLecture Lighting
Rendering Computer graphics Standard lights Shadows
3DS Max 7 Bible Chapter 27
3D Modelling Tools 3
Rendering Rendering "fills in" geometry with
color, shadow, lighting effects, etc. Converts three dimensional scenes
to two dimensional screens by following rays of light from the eye of the observer to a light source
3D Modelling Tools 4
Photorealistic rendering “In computer graphics, photorealistic
rendering attempts to make artificial images of simulated 3d environments that look just like the real world.”
Reynolds (2003)
Where is it used? What are the implications?
Hardware Time Interactivity
3D Modelling Tools 5
Realtime rendering Relies on graphics cards with 3D
hardware accelerators Where is it used? What are the implications?
Hardware? Time Interactivity
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Rendering techniques 1 Ray casting
Renders the scene as observed from a specific point-of-view based only on geometry using very basic optical laws of reflection intensity
Does not render accurately reflections, refractions, or the natural fall off of shadows
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Rendering techniques 2 Ray tracing
Similar to ray casting, but employs more advanced optical simulation
Can use multiple rays Traced through a
number of sequential 'bounces‘
Realistic reflections and shadows
Too slow to consider for realtime
3ds max v7
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Rendering techniques 3 Radiosity
Uses finite element mathematics to simulate diffuse spreading of light from surfaces
Rendering technology that realistically simulates the way in which light interacts in an environment 3ds max v7
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ComparisonLighting Algorithm
Advantages Disadvantages
Ray-Tracing
Accurately renders direct illumination, shadows, specular reflections, and transparency effects. Memory Efficient
Computationally expensive. The time required to produce an image is greatly affected by the number of light sources. Process must be repeated for each view (view dependent). Doesn’t account for diffuse interreflections.
Radiosity
Calculates diffuse interreflections between surfaces. Provides view independent solutions for fast display of arbitrary views. Offers immediate visual results.
3D mesh requires more memory than the original surfaces. Surface sampling algorithm is more susceptible to imaging artifacts than ray-tracing. Doesn’t account for specular reflections or transparency effects.
3ds max v7
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Render farms Rendering networks are sometimes called
“render farms.” In the software, one computer is set up as
the network Manager. The Manager "farms out" or distributes the
work to rendering Servers. Pixar have created Renderman
10 years ago it took 6 hours to render one frame
How many today? Use render farms
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Lighting - realtime v. photorealistic Compare lighting
OpenGL - max 8 lights Photorealistic – 10 lights per character
Convergence of realtime and photorealistic Realtime is now used to plan real
movies Used extensively in games
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Internalor3rd party
Traditional
The CG production pipelineStory
Art
Set design Layout Animation Shading
Modelling
Rendering
Lighting Simulation Effects
Film
Commercial
Editorial
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Concepts Light has warmth (yellowish) or
coolness (bluish) Intensity Angle if incidence Radiosity
Light reflecting from an object Attenuation
Light becomes weaker with distance3ds max v7
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Lighting basics Three main sources of lighting in
classic photography Key Fill Backlight
Concepts apply to 3D programs, plus Ambient light
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Getting it right
3ds max v7
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Key light Outdoors
The sun Indoors
Major window Main electric light Flash on a camera Spot light on a stage
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Fill and key lights Fills in the dark shadows
cast by the key light Outdoors may be created
artificially Indoors from secondary
lights Distant window Light fitting
Softens shadows 3ds max v7
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Backlight Situated behind the subject Separates the foreground from the
background Can make the scene more three-
dimensional
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Lighting strategies
3ds max v7
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Planning lighting Default lighting Use this until you are happy with the
scene, then add lights Use as few as possible Start with the key light
Maybe a spot Add fill
Use omni or several spots Finally add accent lighting
3ds max v7
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Ambient light Not a light source
Light from other sources bouncing of walls, the ceiling and other objects in the scene
3ds max v7
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Types of lighting Standard
Spotlights Omnidirectional light Directional light
Advanced Photometric lights
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Spotlights Casts a focused beam of light like a
flashlight, a follow spot in a theatre, or a car headlight
3ds max v7
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Omnidirectional light Known as omni light Like a bare light bulb Casts rays in all directions from a
single source
3ds max v7
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Directional light Also known as Distant lights Cast parallel light rays Primarily used to simulate sunlight
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Target lights Concept like cameras Target
Easier to aim Simply position the target object at
the centre of interest Free
3ds max v7
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Lighting directionSingle light from side Single light straight on
Both sides Reduced full fill
3ds max v7
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Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere
and a cone sitting on top Add one or more spotlights to
provide lighting and render the scene Experiment with moving them around
and rendering the effect Add an omni light behind the scene Alter the values to achieve a
balanced rendering
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Standard light settings Intensity Angle of incidence Attenuation Reflected light and ambient light Colour
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Attenuation Natural reduction
of light intensity
3ds max v7
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Brightness and colour Intensity sets the brightness of the
scene Range from 0 to 255 (white) Colour – use the RGB sliders
3ds max v7
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Activity With your scene experiment with
your light settings Vary the light settings for:
Intensity Angle of incidence Attenuation Reflected light and ambient light Colour
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Use of shadows
Default lighting
Spot plus low level back lighting
Spot
3ds max v7
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Shadows Photometric and standard lights
both have the same options for generating shadows
Two types Shadow mapped Ray-traced
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Shadow mapped Grayscaled texture map based on the
lighting and mesh Soft-edged More natural May be blocky May be inaccurate May be incorrectly positioned Do not take transparency into account Do not take on the colour cast of the
object May use a lot of RAM 3ds max v7
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Ray traced shadows Ray tracing
techniques Have a hard edge
Software can be used to soften
Very accurate and precise
Does not use a lot of RAM 3ds max v7
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Hotspot and falloff Hotspot
Angle of the inner portion of the beam
Falloff Angle of the outer
beam Differences in
angles make the effect softer
3ds max v7
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Include and exclude Some software allows you to set up
lights that affect only certain objects Use a pick list to select objects
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Colour and mood Cool colours – blues and violets
Still and calm Warm colours – yellows, red and
orange Fiery and energetic Intense and active
Be careful, keep it subtle
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Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere
and a cone sitting on top Add a spot light Add a fill light
Alter the hotspot/fallout Alter the type of shadow
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Photometric lights Photometric lights
enable you to more accurately define lights as they would be in the real world using ray tracing
Distribution, intensity, colour temperature can be set 3ds max v7
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Global Illumination with Radiosity Standard lights are simpler than
natural lighting Using photometric lights with a
radiosity solution with your lights provides a better model of the real world
Radiosity is rendering technology that realistically simulates the way in which light interacts in an environment
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Preset photometric lights Generic 60W Bulb Generic 75W Bulb Generic 100W Bulb Generic Halogen Spotlight Generic Recessed 75W Lamp (web) Generic Recessed 75W Wallwash (web) Generic Recessed 250W Wallwash (web) Generic 4ft Pendant Fluorescent (web) Generic 4ft Cove Fluorescent (web) Generic Street 400W Lamp (web) Generic Stadium 100W Lamp (web)
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Photometric lights Target Point
Similar to a standard omni light, emits light from a geometric point
Spotlight Focused beam
Web distribution Distribution of light Many lighting manufacturers provide
web files that model their products 3ds max v7
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Sunlight and Daylight A system that follows the
geographically correct angle and movement of the sun over the earth at a given location
You can choose Location Date and time Compass orientation.
3ds max v7
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Daylight Daylight combines sunlight and
skylight The sunlight component can be either IES Sun light
Illuminating Engineering Society Values set automatically based on geographic
location, time, and date Or a standard light (a target direct light).
The sky component can be either an IES Sky light Or a Skylight.
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Portfolio 9 Create a model with a cone, sphere
and tube sitting on a flat surface with lighting to show: Strong directional lighting, similar to on
a stage A general well lit scene
Produce 2 A4 sheets, one for each scene containing a small rendering of the scene and an annotated plan showing and describing the lights used
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Questions List and describe three different light
types used in 3D modelling giving their parameters and examples of their use
Describe, giving light types, parameters and positions how you would light a scene: A stage A well lit indoor room A darkened room light by a candle
Consider how this might be done as a storyboard Discuss the difficulties in including
shadows within games
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Impendent study Directed reading 3DS Max 7 Bible
Read Chapters 27 Portfolio 9 Tutorials
Introduction to Lighting
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References 3ds max v7, (2005) User Reference
and Tutorials Murdock K.L., (2005) 3DS Max 7
Bible, John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN: 0764579711
Reynolds C., (2003) Stylized Depiction: Non-Photorealistic, Painterly and 'Toon Rendering, http://www.red3d.com/cwr/npr/ accessed 09/01/2007