AMIDST THE TRIBAL CONFLICTS, MALNOURISHED BODIES, AND STRONG GOVERNMENTAL INFLUENCE IS A NATION IN NEED OF CHANGE TO SUCCESSFULLY CARRY THEM THROUGH THE YEARS TO COME. THIS PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF SOUTH SUDAN: THE LAND, ITS PEOPLE, THEIR ECONOMY AND PRACTICAL BUSINESS SOLUTIONS TO HELP THE NATION FIND HOPE IN THE MIDST OF CRISIS.

BUS 475_Lauren Pirk_ Senior Project Presentation

Natural Environment Area of 976,000 sq./mi. Largest African Country Nubian and Libyan deserts in

the North. Central and rolling plains in the

central part of Sudan, Khartoum Vast Marshland called the Sudd

in the South. Wide variety of land, a mixture

of rainforest and desert throughout.

Highest Mountain peak: The Imatong Mountains, Mount Kinyeti.

10,460 feet high.

Climate

Hot, dry, and hostile Temperatures of up to 120

degrees Fahrenheit. Little rain; averaging 0-4

inches In the North Desert there is

nearly no water, except what comes from the Nile.

Warm, wet, and tropical. Temperatures of ranging from 84 to

120 degrees Fahrenheit. A lot of rain; averaging from 8-36

inches in the southernmost reaches of the country.

Humid Rainy season is from April to

October. Flooding is very common; when the

haboob occurs (between March and October, all activities come to a stop because of the hazardous outcomes.

North South Sudan

Natural Resources Large Amount Most are undeveloped Reserves can yield 500,000 barrels of oil

per day. In actuality, they are yielding less than

half of that. The Nile River – perhaps the greatest

natural resource that Sudan has.

Agriculture Coffee, fruit and tea

plantations were once very popular in the south.

Boran Cattle – produce milk and meat; use urine for insect repellent.

Semi-Arid Region: peanuts, millet, wheat sorghum, and sesame seeds. Cotton is one of the major exports grown in this area.

The Sudd: maize, sesame, sweet potatoes, cotton, groundnuts, cassava, and tobacco are all regularly grown here.

The Mountains: The Jebel Mountains are very agriculturally productive,. The eastern region of Sudan, where the Red Sea hills reside, is rich with mahogany, eucalyptus, teak, and timber.

The Nile River: provides water for farming and consumption by people and animals. It also contains different kinds of fish such as tiger fish, salmon, perch, and catfish. Perch from the Nile is often exported.

The Tropical South: rivers and streams that contain a variety of fish.

Becoming a State After much war and unresolved conflict between North and South

Sudan, the two decided to try and resolve their issues with one another. All of this took place six months before the secession that was scheduled to take place in July 2011.

Meanwhile, Omar Bashir (president of North Sudan) was coming under attack from political opponents for permitting the south to secede.

July 9, 2011 Crowd gathered in Juba to celebrate.

The Ten States South Sudan, which

comprises the Upper Nile, western and eastern Equatoria as well as Bahr al-Ghazel, has a large number of ethnic groups with African heritage.

The south is said to have the most complex linguistic and ethnic population, which includes the Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk and Zande.

The southern region of the Sudan traditionally consisted of three provinces: Equatoria, Bahr el-Ghazal, and Upper Nile.

In the late 20th century, these provinces went through a reorganization and soon became the ten states of South Sudan.

Equatoria was divided into Western Equatoria, Central Equatoria, and Eastern Equatoria.

Bahr el-Ghazal was divided into Western Bahr el-Ghazal, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, Warrap, and Lakes.

Upper Nile was divided into

Unity, Jonglei, and Upper Nile

Bahr el Ghazal

Bahr el Ghazel borders the Central African Republic to the west.

This region in South Sudan is an area of swamps and ironstone plateaus inhabited mainly by the Dinka people, who make their living through subsistence farming and cattle herding.

Equatoria

Equatoria was established by Samuel Baker in 1870.

It is along the top part of the White Nile.

The People of Equatoria are both nomadic and peasants.

Greater Upper Nile The Greater Upper Nile is a region

of northeastern South Sudan. It is named for the White Nile, a tributary of the Nile River in North and East Africa.

The region consists of the states of Jonglei, Unity, and Upper Nile.

It borders Ethiopia to the east and the Republic of the Sudan to the north. The South Sudanese region of Bahr el Ghazel lies to the west and the region of Equatoria lies to the south of Greater Upper Nile.

Males On almost all levels in Sudan, men

control positions of authority in every segment of society—domestic, social and political positions.

The domain of power and control is largely associated with fathers, religious leaders, chiefs, lawmakers, politicians, government leaders, the military and others (Essien and Falola 134).

Fathers Paths of their Children Responsible for giving the name of their

child First consults with elders Fathers are the main authoritative figure

of their household Are responsible to provide for their

families.

Grandfathers

Grandfathers are highly respected in the Sudanese culture.

They are generally supported and taken care of by their relatives.

Most grandfathers are not able to work do to various health reasons.

Male Children

Male children serve as excellent companions to their parents.

Economically, they provide labor security for their Sudanese parents.

In agricultural societies, one of their roles is to assist their mothers as gatherers, planters and cultivators.

Females Women form over 60

percent of the population of Sudan.

Women in Sudan are the “live wires” of most agricultural societies .

They perform multiple roles domestically, and in the field they act as gatherers, planters and cultivators.

Women also preserve crops, vegetables and other important farm products that are desperately needed during harsh seasons.

Mothers Many southern Sudanese

women are beginning to favor a smaller family size to lessen their familial responsibilities.

Children and women are said to have been the two major victims of the civil war and are continually separated from their families and communities, to this day.

Typically, Sudanese mothers embrace people and treat the entire community and friends as being part of their family connection.

Grandmothers

Grandmothers are generally supported and taken care of by their relatives

Women are generally the caretakers of the grandmothers in their community.

Most suffer with health issues and are not able to work.

Female Children Female children serve as

excellent companions to their parents.

Economically, they provide labor security for their Sudanese parents.

Some parents force young girls into marriage to relieve themselves from the responsibility of caring for the girls, to offer them a better future, to protect them from tee age pregnancy, and to save the family from an impoverished situation when they marry a wealthy person.

Widows

Widows of Sudan are generally overburdened.

Many widows are forced to perform a double role of nourishing the family and working outside the home at the same time to make ends meet.

Because of these problems, many widows have been struggling to survive in recent times.

Peoples

The people of Sudan are generally categorized into three major regional groups:

1. Those of African descent2. Those of Arab descent 3. Those who share both ethnicities

through intermarriages.

The Dinka

The Dinka are the second largest ethnic group in the country and the largest Nilotic community.

The Dinka live in different regions such as Darfur, southern and northeastern Sudan

The Zande

The Zande are mostly hunters, herders and farmers who often grow food crops such as cassava, yams, palm trees and various types of fruit.

The Zande have a tradition of maintaining their religious rituals and showing respect to the chiefs who lead various communities.

The 3rd largest group among the Nilotic people.

Languages

There are over 500 major languages in Sudan that are associated with people from different cultural groups in various regions.

Arabic is the national language but there is a wide range of local languages that are spoken alongside English in most urban areas

Housing Most Sudanese homes are

designed close to each other and are separated by a courtyard. The intent of having an outer courtyard is to have enough space to construct wells for both humans and animals, and the inner courtyards provide space for livestock.

Roofs in South Sudan are usually circular and made of grass; designers are aware that a mud roof in the south stands a lesser chance of holding heavy rain.

Southerners have also found that pitched round-roofed grass housing is normally used by herders, farmers, nomads and migrant workers not only because a round-shaped edifice provides ample room for storage but because they are cheaper to build than mud roofs.

Most houses have a single window and a wooden door.

Houses are build with stone and they are either one or two stories high with balconies.

Clothings

Traditional dress plays a rather big role in the Sudanese culture.

The older generations of Sudanese people view the traditional dress as a way of carrying out longstanding cultural traditions, preserving them and passing it on to the next generation.

In general it is unacceptable for women to wear dresses or clothes that expose their bodies

If the weather is hot, it is very common to see people wearing loose clothes.

Many people can be seen in urban and Western attire, such as skirts, shorts and blouses. In business, banking institutions and public places, Sudanese wear suits, ties and casual clothes such as jeans and t-shirts.

Food Food is meant to be consumed following

traditional customs in Sudan. People are very hospitable to local and

foreigners. Therefore, they prepare their food with particular attention to those who are going to eating it.

Special guests are given treatment such as the slaughtering of sheep to celebrate the occasion. They are also welcomed with fruit drinks such as guddaim, aradaib and tabrihana.

Before meals begin, guests are provided with juice coffee or tea to welcome them. Water is then provided in a special bowl while towels for wiping hands are offered to the guests.

In some places where strict traditional values are held, female guests are expected to cover their knees with clothes as they sit around to eat with men.

Religion

People often describe Sudan as ethnically separated between the Arab Muslim north and the African South.

The Sudanese constitution allows the three religious groups of Christianity, Islam, and traditional religions to exist, but the political tensions have not always provided an atmosphere that allows all its citizens to exercise their freedom of religious expression.

Additionally, the Sudanese often feel powerless and hopeless because of attempts by religious and military leaders to impose the sharia laws (Essien and Falola 45).

Economy

As a nation, South Sudan is one of the poorest countries in the world.

Over half its people live below the poverty line.

Sudan’s economy is mainly agriculturally based.

Agriculture covers about 75 percent and generates over 80 percent of the country’s export.

The oil industry is poised to become Sudan’s single largest employer and is said to account for 98 percent of the government’s revenues.

Over the last few years, oil exploration and production has become consumed in political as well as ethnical rivalry between the north and the south parts of Sudan.

Both opposing sides are doing whatever it takes to gain maximum control of oil reserves within their geographical boundaries.

Technology

Technology is something of high desire for the people in South Sudan, however the nation is not considered technologically advanced.

Several private FM stations are operational in South Sudan; some foreign radio broadcasts are available, however they are only normally watched or owned by the educated middle class,

Cell phones are owned by the people in Sudan and Mobitel is known as one of the most profitable cell phone networks in Africa.

Few poor people own cell phones.

Television is controlled by the government in South Sudan.

Medical South Sudan is known for

having a very high degree of risk for major infectious diseases.

As far as water is concerned, South Sudan has some of the lowest water and sanitation indicators in the world.

South Sudan faces many health care challenges that it will have to overcome in order to provide a better standard of living to its people.

The doctors in Sudan are very much overworked; primarily due to a lack of proper care facilities.

South Sudanese in rural areas have to walk for days to reach a clinic.

Once they arrive at a clinic, majority of the patients spend hours waiting in line for aid.

Due to such a high medical demand, roughly 80 percent of the medical care in South Sudan is provided by international aid groups.

Education Only 27 % of the total

population, over the age of fifteen, can read and write.

Out of the people that are considered literate, 40 % of them are male and 16 % are female.

Less than half of the country's primary-school-age children attended classes

The enrollment rate for secondary education was 4 %, the lowest in the world.

Tensions between the government and students have affected the education system in many ways.

Since the 1970s Sudanese students have successfully organized strikes and various forms of protests against military rulers. They have also challenged attempts by religious leaders to introduce the sharia law

Business Oil is the major source of revue for

the nations and both North and South Sudan depend on it.

Most of the oil is located in what is now South Sudan, but the pipeline to the only port on the Red Sea coast and many of the refineries are located in North Sudan.

There is no specific deal about how the two nations will share the reserves and this topic is currently up for discussion amongst both nations.

Geological and seismic surveys completed before 1983 suggest that reserves of at least 1.2 billion barrels lie beneath the Sudd.

A lot of Sugar is exported from Sudan.

Out of the 400,000 tons of sugar produced a year at the Kenana Sugar Factory, 100,000 tons are exported.

Cotton once accounted for more than half of Sudan’s export earnings. However, the crop is much smaller now, fallen to about 5 % of its greatest production.

The northern region of Sudan is known for selling its iron ore.

Other things that produce a profit for Sudan include Gum Arabic and Gold

The Sudanese use livestock for transportation and meat to make money: goats, camels, cattle, and sheep primarily.

The Current Government

Prior to independence, a parliamentary form of governance was introduced and it remains a part of the political structure of Sudan.

Power is mainly held by military leaders, who are often blamed for interrupting democratic processes with their religious agendas.

Sudanese leaders have adopted different approaches to governing the populace.

The constitution of Sudan has not been proven to be effective and in not really adhered to by the people.

President Salva Kiir is the current president of

South Sudan (as of July 2011) and the next upcoming election is schedule for 2015.

During the 2011 election, Kiir positioned himself as a reformer, using his inaugural address to call for the South Sudanese people "to forgive, though we shall not forget” what the North had done to them.

A few weeks later, he publicly addressed members of the military and police, warning them that rape, torture, and other human rights violations carried out by armed personnel would be considered criminal acts and prosecuted aggressively by the Ministry of Justice.

Vice President

Vice President Riek Machar was elected to be a part of the Executive Branch of government on July 10 2011, the day after President Salva was elected.

Riek Machar trained as an Engineer at Khartoum University, and obtained a PhD in Philosophy and strategic planning from the University of Bradford in 1984

Financial and Economic Status Industry and infrastructure in South

Sudan are really underdeveloped and poverty is widespread

The government spends large amounts of money to maintain a large army. The government also delays in paying salaries and because of this riots by unruly soldiers have resulted.

South Sudan depends largely on imports of goods, services, and capital from the north.

The Government of South Sudan set a target for economic growth of 6% for 2011, and expects 7.2% growth in 2012. Inflation stood at 8.6% in April 2011, with high fuel prices pushing up food prices

South Sudan does not have large external debt or structural trade deficits.

South Sudan has received more than $4 billion in foreign aid since 2005, largely from the UK, US, Norway, and Netherlands, but Khartoum has imposed blockades on goods and capital going to South Sudan.

The World Bank plans to support investment in infrastructure, agriculture, and power generation

Long term problems include alleviating poverty, maintaining macroeconomic stability, improving tax collection and financial management, focusing resources on speeding growth, and improving the business environment., and power generation.

The Government’s Involvement in Business

As a part of their business regulations, the government insists that all foreign companies investing in Sudan include community development projects in education and health as a part of their business plans.

Critics have accused the government of forcibly removing local populations from oil-producing areas.

The peace accords that were attempted to enable the north and south to share oil revenues are currently under reconstruction and have caused severe issues between north and south Sudan over the last year.

These tensions between the governmental forces and rebel groups have threatened many peace negotiations

South Sudan shut down its oil production in January of this year (2012) after it failed to agree how much it should pay to export oil via pipelines and other infrastructure in North Sudan. This caused many financial problems for both north and south Sudan.

In the midst of this crisis, the government has high hopes of restoring the current economic conditions of South Sudan.

Tapping Into the Untouched Grounds

In addition to gold, south-eastern Sudan has more than a million tons of largely untapped chromite reserves. Searching for these reserves and exporting them to surrounding countries would potentially bring economic increase to South Sudan

Sudan’s Red Sea coastline stretches more than four hundred miles, but the Sudanese have done little to efficiently and effectively use the sea’s bounty.

Aside from fishing, South Sudan has a plethora of cattle. Currently the region supports 10-20 million head of cattle. A lot of the cattle that South Sudan has, lack the proper nutrients to be considered healthy.

Taking the time to purify the water that the cattle drink could significantly increase their life span and also cause the cattle to reproduce at a much healthier and quicker speed.

What We Can Do To Help One of the most practical things

that we can do is help educate and train Sudanese people.

The majority of Sudanese people in the south are rather illiterate and do not have the basic skill set it takes to do things like create water purification systems.

By going to Sudan and training Sudanese people how to use the resources like water that they have been naturally given, we can increase the longevity of their lives as well as help them provide health to their cattle.

Medical aid is really needed in almost all parts of Sudan. Although our school does not have medical students or proper training to give medical aid assistance to the Sudanese people, we do have the ability to teach and train people how to start up sustainable businesses.

In South Sudan, people place a very high value on their cattle and crops. A great way to help them increase the lifespan and healthiness on these valued possessions would be to have agriculture and cattle specialists sent to educate the people in the southern parts of Sudan where these things are done and handled.

The Ultimate Solution From a business standpoint,

educating natives on how to use their country’s natural resources in a more effective way is a “must-be-done”.

From a medical perspective, one of the up-front, most important steps for Sudan is to hire the doctors and nurses needed to assist the overload of people suffering from illness and severe diseases. Next ,purchase the medical supplies

and equipment needed to aid the millions of sick people.

Lastly, create more medical facilities to host the patients.

From a biblical perspective, it is evident that God needs to be put first even in the midst of all of the struggles that South Sudan is facing One of the most important things from

a biblical perspective would be that the people of South Sudan love the Lord with all of their heart, soul, mind, and strength.

Secondly, that they would love their neighbor as themselves.

The fate and economy of South Sudan does not rest on one mere perspective, but the ultimate solution comes from the hope produced as all three of these perspectives are utilized and put into action.

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