Bunyan’s life The neoclassical Period in English Literature The Pilgrim’s progress Vanity Fair.

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Page 1: Bunyan’s life The neoclassical Period in English Literature The Pilgrim’s progress Vanity Fair.
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•Bunyan’s life

•The neoclassical Period in English Literature

•The Pilgrim’s progress

•Vanity Fair

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Bunyan’s Life

• Bunyan was born in 1628 near Bedfo

rd, in the agricultural midlands of Eng

land. He came from the working clas

s and understood poverty early in life.

He was the son of a tinker (a maker

and mender of metal pots). He had lit

tle schooling. His early life included a

good deal of degradation (落魄) a

s well as a stint in the army.

(28 November 1628 – 31 August 1688)

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Bedford

• Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, in the East of England. It is a large town and the administrative centre for the wider Borough of Bedford. According to Bedfordshire County Council's estimates, the town had a population of 79,190 in mid 2005, with 19,720 later. The wider borough, including a rural area, had a population of 153,000.

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• During the English Civil War, he served in the Parliamentary Army. He underwent a period of spiritual anxiety, and finally found peace in a Baptist congregation. He became a lay preacher( 非专业的布道家 ), while earning his living as a tinker. After the Restoration (王政复辟时期) in 1660, Bunyan (under suspicion for having fought on the anti-Anglican side) was ordered to preach no more, and, since he refused to desist (停止) , he was several times sentenced to jail, where he spent his time studying, preaching to his fellow prisoners, and writing.

Bunyan’s Life

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Life in jail

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• Bunyan’s willingness and drive to preach the gospel( 福音 ) everywhere got him into trouble. By 1660, Anglican royalists (保皇主义者) had stepped up their attacks on non-conformist preachers. It became illegal to preach in non-sanctioned places. So on Nov 12, 1660, John Bunyan was arrested for preaching in a field near a farmhouse. Upon his arrest, Bunyan was informed that if he would apologize to the magistrates (地方法官) and refrain (戒除) from preaching, he would be released. Bunyan replied that such a promise was not possible and thus began a twelve year imprisonment.

Bunyan’s Life

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• During those 12 years of imprisonment, Bunyan wrote Grace Abounding 《丰盛的恩典》 , Confessions of Faith 《信仰的自白》 , and A Defense of the Doctrine of Justification by Faith. It was in the last part of his imprisonment that Bunyan began to formulate his greatest work, Pilgrim's Progress.

Bunyan’s Life

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• Finally, King Charles II released most religious prisoners including John Bunyan. Bunyan emerged a leader among non-conformist and the pastor( 牧师 ) of the church at Bedford. He wouldn't have long to spend with his wife and seven children, however. On Feb 1675, Charles II changed his mind and Bunyan along with others was arrested again, in Bedford Jail. This time more legally minded friends accomplished the release of Bunyan after a short time. On leaving prison this second time, Bunyan released for publication part one of his monumental The Pilgrims Progress in 1678.

Bunyan’s Life

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• 1678 – Over two imprisonments Bunyan would author one of the greatest allegorical masterpieces ever written –

The Pilgrim’s Progress

which he composed while in prison

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Bedford Jail

The Bedford Jail was The Bedford Jail was like all English jails of tlike all English jails of the day, a stinkhe day, a stink (恶(恶臭) 臭) hole, filthyhole, filthy (肮(肮脏)脏) , no sanitation, litt, no sanitation, little water or food, little le water or food, little warmth in the winterwarmth in the winter

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He wrote……• “The parting with my Wife and poor children

hath often been to me in this place as the pulling of the flesh from my Bones”

• “O the thoughts of the hardship I thought my Blind one might go under, would break my poor heart to pieces. ”

• “O, I saw in this condition I was as a man who was pulling down his house upon the head of his Wife and Children. “

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• By the time of Bunyan’s death in 1688, eleven editions of The Pilgrim’s Progress had been published with over 100,000 copies in print. He left a legacy( 遗产 ) of many other great books and poems. None of these, however, are his greatest legacy to us. Bunyan’s greatest gift to the church was his demonstration (证明) that the Doctrines( 教条 ) of Grace are not static or cold. The gospel (真理 信条) is Christ! Grace is how God brings us to Christ. Above all Bunyan loved Christ. He preached Christ and exalted Christ.

• He lived in a phase of neoclassical period.

Bunyan’s Life

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““Live like the children of God, that Live like the children of God, that you may look your Father in the you may look your Father in the face with the comfort of another face with the comfort of another day.”day.”

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Bunhill Fields

Bunhill Fields is a cemetery located in the United Kingdom, in the London Borough of Islington, north of the City of London, and managed by the City of London Corporation. It is about 4-acre (0.02 km2) in extent; although historically was much larger. It was used as a burial site for Nonconformists from the late seventeenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century and contains the graves of many notable people.

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The Neoclassical Period(17th~18th century,1660~1798)

Ⅰ.Definitions of literary terms

★Epigram 讽刺短诗,警句It is a short ,witty statement in verse or prose wh

ich may be complimentary ,satiric or aphoristic( 格言式的) .

★Satire A king of writing that holds up to ridicule or

contempt the weakness and wrongdoings .

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★Allegory 寓言A story that is told to explain or teach s

omething, especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.

★mock-epic 嘲弄模仿英雄史诗It is a work in verse which employs the

lofty manner, the high and serious tone to treat a trivial subject and theme to make both of it ridiculous.

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★Sentimentalism 感伤主义 It is a pejorative (贬义的) term to

describe false or superficial emotion, amused feeling self-regarding postures of grief and pain.

★ Tone It suggests the author’s attitude –an

gry ,ironic, humorous-towards his material. Author influence us through tone.

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Ⅱ.Background of Neoclassical Period

★Historical and culture background

(1) The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. There was constant strife between the monarch and the parliament, between the Tories and the Whigs over the control of the parliament and government, between opposing religious sects, etc. In short , it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.

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(2) The eighteenth century saw the first

development of Britain as a nation.

Towards the middle of the century, Britain

had become the first powerful capitalist

country in the world .

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(3) With the development of capitalism, the social and moral values of the middle-class people became dominant in the society. They believed in self-restraint ,

self-reliance and hard work.

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(4) The Enlightenment Movement was

in full swing in England during this

period. The purpose of the

movement was to enlighten the

whole world with the light of modern

philosophical and artistic ideas.

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★Features of the neoclassical literature

(1) The neoclassical literature took the ancient Greek and Roman classical woks as the literary model.

(2) In style, the neoclassical literature was polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual .

(3) Literature at the time was heavily didactic( 好说教的) and moralizing and became a very popular means of public education.

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(4)Poetry ( including such popular forms as mock epic, romance, satire and epigram ) was elegant in structure and diction and was noted for its seriousness and earnestness in tone and constant didacticism.

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JOHN BUNYANA major writer of the period

His points of view

Like most working men at the time, Bunyan had a deep hatred for the corrupted hypocritical rich who accumulated their wealth “by hook and by crook”. As a stout puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.

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His artistic features Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of

the English Bible. With his concrete and living language and carefully observed and vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.

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His works• A Few Sighs from Hell, or the Groans of a Damned Soul,

1658

• A Discourse Upon the Pharisee and the Publican, 1685

• A Holy Life

• Christ a Complete Savior (The Intercession of Christ And Who Are Privileged in It), 1692

• Come and Welcome to Jesus Christ, 1678

• Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, 1666

• Light for Them that Sit in Darkness

• Praying with the Spirit and with Understanding too, 1663

• Of Antichrist and His Ruin, 1692

• Reprobation Asserted, 1674

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• Saved by Grace, 1675 • Seasonal Counsel or Suffering Saints in the Furnace -

Advice to Persecuted Christians in Their Trials & Tribulations, 1684

• Some Gospel Truths Opened, 1656 • The Acceptable Sacrifice • The Desire of the Righteous Granted • The Doctrine of the Law and Grace Unfolded, 1659 • The Doom and Downfall of the Fruitless Professor (Or

The Barren Fig Tree), 1682 • The End of the World, The Resurrection of the Dead and

Eternal Judgment, 1665 • The Fear of God - What it is, and what is it is not, 1679 • The Greatness of the Soul and Unspeakableness of its

Loss Thereof, 1683

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• The Heavenly Footman, 1698 • The Holy City or the New Jerusalem, 1665 • The Holy War - The Losing and Taking Again of the Town

of Man-soul (The Holy War Made by Shaddai upon Diabolus, for the Regaining of the World), 1682

• The Life and Death of Mr Badman, 1680 • The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to

Come, 1678 • The Strait Gate, Great Difficulty of Going to Heaven, 1676 • The Saint's Knowledge of Christ's Love, or The

Unsearchable Riches of Christ, 1692 • The Water of Life or The Richness and Glory of the

Gospel, 1688 • The Work of Jesus Christ as an Advocate, 1688

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Historical background

• The Church of England

• Dissenters and Puritans

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The Church of England

• In the 16th century, Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church

• Set up his own church, the Church of England

• Mandated that all English citizens belong to his church, pay him titles, and worship only in that church.

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Church of England

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Dissenters and Puritans

• Definition:

• people who refused to accept the

doctrines and dissented from the

Church of England are called

Dissenters or Nonconformists.

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How did dissenters turn up?

• dissatisfied with Henry VIII and his successors

• called for a restoration of purity in the church.

• found that the present church was not in accordance with the Scripture.

• a need was felt to restore this old faith.

• used the Scriptures against the Church of England

• when the Church of England fell short of this ideal, the Puritans cried for a change.

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• The Pilgrim’s Progress is born out of this Puritans zeal.

• Bunyan, in belonging to a nonconformist church, was a member of the Puritan elite. He spent twelve years in prison for refusing to recognize the Church of England as his official religion.

• The later puritan ministers, like Bunyan, devoted their energies to teaching the essentials of Christianity.

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• The Puritans advocated and practiced the plain

style, which contrasted strongly with the

elegant metaphysical style of the humanists.

Many absorbed the Puritan message in their

own homes.

• Bunyan, in The Pilgrim’s progress, embraces

simple language and straightforward allegory to

teach the essentials of salvation.

• There is nothing sophisticated about the

allegory; the very names of the characters

epitomize their lifestyles.

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The allegory genre (寓言体)• The Pilgrim’s Progress is a specific type literature

known as religious allegory.

• Allegory is a form of writing that presents images and ideas through symbolism.

• Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre.

• The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, so it often has both literal and figurative meanings.

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• Formal allegory in the literary sense includes works like:

• Spenser----The Faerie Queene ( 仙后 )• Bunyan----Pilgrim’s Progress ( 天路历程 )• Orwell----Animal Farm ( 动物庄园 )

• In The Pilgrim’s Progress, theology is presented in simple terms as a man travels toward heaven.

• In the process of making Christian and others stand for certain ideas and ideals, Bunyan has stripped away particularities and instead painted broad portraits of relatively flat characters.

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The Pilgrim’s Progress

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The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most famous masterpiece of John Bunyan. And it is regarded as one of the most significant works of English literature.

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Outline of the story• Both parts of the work are built on the premise

( 假定 ) that the author has had a dream that he is now relating.

• In Part I, the dream is of a man named Christian who lives in the City of Destruction. Christian carries a great burden on his back. Evangelist (福音传道者) advises Christian to seek his salvation in God, telling him that if he journeys to the Celestial City, he will know a glory greater than any he has ever had.

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The title means "life is a journey". It's a metaphor, concerning moral, religious, or political ideas.

Main character in the story ,Christian, representing faith and hope.

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Bunyan's purpose of writing The Pilgrim's Progress

• Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine( 教条)

2. To seek salvation (对人的灵魂的拯救) through exposing of his own weakness and social evils

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It is divided into two parts, each reading as a continuous narrative with no chapter divisions. Early Bunyan scholars believed The Pilgrim’s Progress was begun in Bunyan’s second shorter imprisonment for six months in 1675,but more recent scholars believe that it was begun during Bunyan’s initial, more lengthy imprisonment from 1660-1672 right after he had written his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners( 《丰盛的恩典》 ).

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Major themes

• As a religious allegory, The Pilgrim’s Progress expresses a major theme relating to spiritual salvation for mankind. After all, it is born out of John Bunyan’s puritanical zeal to reform the souls of so-called Christians and to teach, as simply as possible, the true tenets of the Christian faith.

• As such, it is structured around a man’s journey from earth (the City of Destruction ) to heaven ( the Celestial City )

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Style & Features

• 从文学体裁上来说,约翰班扬《天路历程》是诗与散文的结合,而以散文为主 , 属于散文体的宗教寓言(讽喻)小说,分为一、二两个独立的故事,每个故事首尾相连,章节之间靠故事的情节发展来区分。诗歌在《天路历程》中起到承上启下的“铰链”作用,即每个片断以一节短诗或者圣诗结尾,诗歌的意义在于总结以上片断的经历或者所吸取的教训,从而发挥归纳总结、深化主题的作用,比如《天路历程》中的“作者为本书所写的辩解词”和“作者发表《天路历程》第 2 部的方法”,以诗歌的形式辩解创作的缘起和写作的方式,“这是从文艺复兴到 18 世纪,西方小说家很喜欢在书中直接发表对各种问题的见解, 19 世纪小说也这样。但班扬用诗表达,这就是过渡的特点”。在第 1 部,除了引言诗和结语诗外,共有诗 8 首,歌 11 首,第 2 部共有 13 首

Welcome back to Chinese

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• 班扬写《天路历程》时 , 他的脑中可能只有《圣经》中的一个又一个的道理 , 故事不过是他为了让别人更容易接受他的道理采取的手段罢了。

• 基督徒是班扬心目中的理念型的清教徒形象 , 他所说的每一句话都代表了班扬对于人世与宗教理念的看法。而且 , 班扬为了把他的道理讲得更深刻些 , 采用了《圣经》中的某些句法结构特点 , 又夹带着一些口语化的句子 , 多采用短句的形式来加重语气 , 如“ So he did”?“That is it.” 之类的语句。这种类似于中国的“半文半白”的形式 ,却是英国散文从近代走向现代的成熟的标志。英语小说开始变得通俗而不再“之乎者也”了。

Style & Features

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• 《天路历程》全称《天路历程,从今生到永世》( The Pilgrim’s Progress , from This World to That Which is to Come ),其中的“ Pilgrim”( 天路客 ) 一词取自班扬熟读的英文钦定本《圣经》,《圣经》中译为“寄居的”,“承认自己在世上是客旅,是寄居的。说这样话的人,是表明自己要找一个家乡。”(《希伯来书》 11: 13-14 )“我已晓谕众先知,并且加增默示,藉先知设立比喻。” (何西阿书 12: 10) 《天路历程》是以梦境为喻的寓言小说( allegory ),而寓言其实就是扩展比喻( extended simile/metaphor ),也就是说,书中的角色、事物和叙述等,除了有字面的含义外,还富有比喻内涵。扩展比喻又称比喻延伸,是比喻的一种特殊类型。比喻是《天路历程》中非常关键的修辞手法,有借用成语、习惯用语、圣经的比喻,也有不少是班扬为了传达喻意自创的,从而也使作品的文采斐然。

Style & Features

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Influence

• It is generally believed that The Pilgrim’s Progress is written when Bunyan was the second time in jail. The history of that book is remarkable.

• The Pilgrim’s Progress was published in February 1678. Soon the irresistible charm of a book soon captured numerous readers.

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• Especially in puritanical circles, from which plays and novels were strictly excluded, that effect was such as no work of genius can ever produce on a mind accustomed to indulge in literary luxury.

• Ten editions of the book had been published in the following years and it had been translated into numerous languages.

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The Pilgrim’s Progress is known as the “ encyclopedia ( 百科全书 ) which has eternal significance " and a landmark in the history of English literature.

The Pilgrim ’ s Progress ,altogether with Divine Comedy ( 但丁《神曲》 ) and The Confessions of St. Augustine ( 奥古斯丁《忏悔录》 ) are regarded as the most influential religious books in the Christian tradition.

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As an important masterpiece of English literature, The Pilgrim's Progress has been an important breakthrough in nation, race, religion and culture during 300 years. It is regarded as the guide of life to pursue and the guide of mentality ’ s progress.

In addition to the Bible, The Pilgrim’s Progress has been the most popular book in the whole world and there has been more than 200 versions around the world.

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Christian Sets out for the Celestial City It tells about a dream. In the dream,the author sees

a man called Christian, carrying a burden ( =worldly troubles and worries ) on his back. He is reading the book ( =the Bible ) in his hand and learns that the city in which he lives, the City of Destruction ( =this world ) , will be ruined by a fire. Evangelist (宣道师 )advises him to flee away from his hometown. Having failed to persuade his families to flee with him, Christian sets off for the Celestial City ( =Heaven ) . After many snares(圈套 ,陷阱 ,诱惑 ) and obstacles, having experienced many narrow escapes and numerous tests of his piety(虔诚 ), he finally arrives the Celestial City.

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• Christian's home, representative of the world.

• John Bunyan allegorizes the “walk of a Christian” from co

nversion to death (逃离死亡) .

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• the miry swamp (泥泞的沼泽) on the way to the Wicket Gate; one of the hazards ( 冒险) of the journey to the Celestial City.

• In the First Part, Christian falling into it, sinks further under the weight of his sins (his burden) and his sense of their guilt.

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• Both the hill and the road up is called “Difficulty”; it is flanked (在侧面) by two treacherous( 背信弃义的) byways (小道) "Danger" and "Destruction."

• There are three choices: CHRISTIAN takes “Difficulty” (the right way), and Formalist (形式主义者) and Hypocrisy (伪善者) take the two other ways, which prove to be fatal dead ends.

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• a city through which the King's Highway passes and the yearlong fair that is held there.

• houses, places, honors, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and delights of all sorts as harlots (妓女) , wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, precious stones and what not.

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It’s a dreadful( 可怕的) river that surrounds Mount Zion, deeper or shallower depending on

the faith of the one

traversing (穿越) it.

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the "Desired Country" of pilgrims, heaven, the dwelling place of the "Lord of the Hill", God.

It is situated on Mount Zion.

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• Here we are, right at the gate of the Celestial City. Don't forget to breathe . . .it's just as awesome as the Bible says.

• In John 14, Jesus said, "In my Father's house are many mansions. I go to prepare a place for you, and where I go ye cannot come. And if I go, I will come again and receive you unto myself that where I am you may be also."吾父宅中,廣廈萬間,足庇爾眾。如其不然,予必早已相告矣。

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• Pain is what we have already got.

• We want to approach happiness no matter where we are, what belief we claim to have.

• What’s the most important thing?

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FAITH

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• a balance between “happiness” and “pain”.

• sacrifice

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• Director Todd Fietkau is making a version of Pilgrim's Progress, scheduled to be released in 2009.

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• A children's animation series titled The Pilgrim's Progress is set to be produced by Cliff McDowell, scheduled to be released in 2010.

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Just For Fun

《天路历程》Vs.

《西游记》

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Comparison

• 《天路历程》与《西游记》同以宗教取材 ,同样塑造了一个作者理想化的主人公 , 在艰苦卓绝的天路上排除万难 ,奋勇向前 , 直到走到理想中的天国为止 , 表现了不论遇到多少艰难险阻 , 都要一往无前、不屈不挠地坚持下去的精神。《天路历程》被西方人誉为“最完美的寓言作品” , 《西游记》是“中国中世纪的神话” ,它们都截取出世的题材 ,却又针砭时弊 , 体 现出深刻的社会责任感与使命感 ,呈现出入世的思 想。况且 , 《天路历程》在中国又被译为《圣游记》 ,而《西游记》 ,据英国人海伦 ·海斯 (Helen Hayes) 的翻译 ,又定名为《 the Buddhist Pilgrim’s Progress: the Record of the Journey to the Western Paradise 》 , 这两部小说书名中英文翻译的细节类似说明了中西方的学者早就看到了两者之间的相同之处 ,并将他们对照考虑了。

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Contrast

• 主人公出行原因不同 :– 《西游记》是一部颠覆之作。它对于中国古代封建

思想文化、对于森严的儒道释思想都是一种酣畅淋漓的讽喻。所谓的“唐僧取经”的佛家故事以及故事中使用的一系列佛道语素 , 不过是作者表现自我情感与思想内涵的平台而已。在《西游记》中的是作者用游戏的笔调写出的对现实封建社会的不满。唐僧的西天取经 , 不是为了个人的荣辱 , 而是为“拯救芸芸众生”和“法轮回转皇图永固”。 拯救什么 ?就是拯救他们濒临灭亡的丑恶灵魂 , 拯救这个日渐衰朽的没落时代 , 拯救日益失落的道德思想和文明。

– 《天路历程》写的是《圣经》题材 , 班扬想的不是像《西游记》作者那样 ,去颠覆它 , 而是借此去发扬它 ,光大它。

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Contrast

• 对待新兴阶级的态度不同– 东西方两位作者对于同一个阶级都持有一定的赞同态度。然而《西游记》的作者赞赏的只是资本主义带来的生产力发展这一现象 , 而对于其思想、缺陷等并未涉及 , 这是因为在明末资本主义还只是萌芽 ,还谈不上对其进行思想理论的总结 , 也并未暴露出多少阶级本身具有的受马克思批判的弱点。至于班扬 ,资本主义已经在他那个时代发展了一百多年了 , 他已经可以大

– 体上对其进行中肯的评价。作者一方面肯定其对于生产力发展的巨大推动 ,另一方面又将其赤裸裸的物质主义本质暴露在人们的面前。班扬同样也企望 ,资产阶级能够在《圣经》思想的教诲下 ,洗脱一切尘垢 , 达到灵魂的升华。一个是谨慎的肯定 , 一个是肯定并批判之 ,皆因不同时代特征所致。

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Contrast

• 作者的创作动机不同– 其实 , 《西游记》的作者首先是想讲一个故事 ,通过故

事自觉或不自觉地表现出自己的思想。《西游记》最了不起的地方 , 就在于它深刻诠释了“嬉笑怒骂皆成文章”的真谛。

– 与《西游记》相比 , 《天路历程》中的故事其本身并不精彩 ,它真正好看的是主人公和别人的辩论。我们发现《天路历程》中的所有人物、场景都虚设的符号 ,不过是将世间的抽象事理拟人化而已。

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BY John Bunyan

an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress

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A Novel without a Hero is a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 1847-48, satirizing society in early 19th-century Britain. The book's title comes from John Bunyan's allegorical story The Pilgrim's Progress, first published in 1678 and still widely read at the time of Thackeray's novel. Vanity fair refers to a stop along the pilgrim's progress: a never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity, which is meant to represent man's sinful attachment to worldly things. The novel is now considered a classic, and has inspired several film adaptations

Vanity Fair

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"Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim's Progress.

It tells how Christian & his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven. (a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity & that it should last all the year long)

Therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferment, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and delights of all sorts as harlots, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones and what not.

General Idea

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• Moreover, at this fair there are at all times to be seen juggling, cheats, games, plays, fools, apes, knaves(流氓 ), and rogues(流氓 , 无赖 ), and that of every kind.

• As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they are beaten and put in a cage.

• They are sentenced to the cruelest death that can be invented.

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Christian and Faithful enter Vanity Fair

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Vanity Fair

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Christian and Faithful taken captive

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Caged Faithful and Christian

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Faithful’s rebuttal(反驳 )

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Faithful is martyred(遇害 )

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Faithful translated to the Celestial City

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The Origin and Nature of Vanity Fair

The historical basis of Vanity Fair was the lavish annual fair at Sturbridge near Cambridge, a neighborhood that Bunyan was familiar with.

This fair was “a vast emporium of commerce” that included European representation and the spoils(掠夺品 ) of the voyages of Drake and Raleigh.

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IntroductionThe pilgrims now face a seeming paradox, that is their arrival at a place which is, by and large, identical to that which they departed from.

a. They progress from a personal to a public wilderness.

b. They progress from worldly ambassadors to the world as a whole.

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The Reaction of Vanity Fair to these Transient( 过路的 ) Aliens

By observation and analysis.a. They notice their unusual clothing.b. They notice their uncommon speech.c. They notice their intentional disinterest.

By antagonism( 对抗 ) and assault.a. The invitation to buy is solemnly rejected.b. The resulting confusion brings a preliminary examination.

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Its history and purpose

• “Vanity Fair is the city of Destruction in its, gala dress, in its most seductive(诱人的 ) sensual allurements. It is this world in miniature, with its various temptations.” It is Satan’s theme park and world of carnal dreams.

• a. Vanity and the fair that it promotes.

• b. Vanity Fair and its infernal( 恶魔的 ) design.

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" Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society, law & religion in Bunyan's day.

This is truly a world fair with cultural diversity and unity of purpose.

a. There are many distinctive national displays

b. There is the overwhelming display of Rome

Its international and cultural representation

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Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher; vanity of vanities, all is vanity.

Bible傳 道 者 說 、 虛 空 的 虛 空 、 虛 空 的 虛 空 . 凡

事 都 是 虛 空 。