building services

1

10 Introduction

Ventilation is extremely important Ventilation is the process of changing air in an

enclosed space A proportion of air should be withdrawn and replaced by the fresh

air continuously Ventilation is needed to maintain the air purity which allows the

oxygen to enter the house as well as allowing the water vapor fumes and carbon

dioxide to leave Without proper ventilation a home will be suffering from various

types of damage ndash the most common rot The key requirement for ventilation is the

need to maintain adequate indoor air quality Energy efficient defined as using less

energy to have the same kind of service For example instead of installing air

conditioner we might able to consider installing whole house fan which helps to cool

the house effectively through the hot day An efficient ventilation system must meet

the requirements which are establish hazard satisfy user comfort be energy

efficient and be cost effective The air temperature and relative humidity are major

factors for maintaining comfort and good health Extreme conditions can cause

discomfort promote the spread of microorganisms which can disease and can

seriously irritate the respiratory systems Heating ventilation and air conditioning

(HVAC) is the most settings to ensure a pleasant comfortable and safe work

environment HVAC dominated construction peak electricity demand thus improving

its efficiency can reduce the peak demand for electricity Capital and maintenance

costs of HVAC equipment contain a proportion of building costs Significant energy

and money saving can be made out through when constructing new buildings good

strategies presence optimize energy use in existing HVAC systems that are reducing

the demand for the service and ensuring the good maintenance practices

2

11 Types Of Energy Efficient Ventilation Systems

There are some types of ventilation systems that can be used in the dwelling For

example Passive stack ventilation (PSV) Single room heat recovery ventilation

(SRHRV) Mechanical extract ventilation (MEV) Positive input ventilation (PIV) and

many more

111 Passive Stack Ventilation (PSV)

Passive ventilation system is one type of system that made up of openings which

located in lsquowetrsquo rooms which connected via near-vertical ducts to ridge or other roof

terminals Warm and moist air is drawn up the ducts by a combination of the stack

effect and wind effect Replacement dry air is drawn into the property via background

ventilators located in the habitable rooms and by air leakage Providing a gap at the

bottom of the internal doors will allow the free passage of air through the property

1111 Installation Process

For a passive stack ventilation system (PSV) each lsquowetrsquo room must their individual

ducts to exhaust termination as shown in the figure to make sure that the ducts will

not collated into same termination Make sure that the ducting fixed securely to the

terminals so they will not disconnect easily The ducts should be installed as near

vertically as possible

Besides that cuts the ducts to length to make sure that there is no more than two

bends to minimize flow resistance The angles of offsets should not more than 45deg to

the vertical are preferred

Make sure the ducting is properly supported along its length to ensure that the ducts

can run straight and that there are no kinks at any bends or the connections to ceiling

grilles and outlet terminals It is important for ducts to be insulated so that it can

prevent the formation of condensation when they pass through unheated spaces

3

1112 Possible Problems to the System

Possible problems to this type of ventilation systems is that it wastes heat and may

cause draughts therefore additional input grilles are required in living rooms to

prevent draughts whilst humidity controlled inlets will require extra ventilation when

low humidity occurs

Besides that Passive Stack Ventilation (PSV) have tendency to over or under

ventilate depending on weather conditions Ducts must be near vertical to the ridge

or roof terminals and that the lack of pressure differences affecting airflow might

mean itrsquos necessary to use an open window or additional central fan during warmer

weather Near vertical duct runs are also essential for the system to work effectively

due to existing house layouts can make it difficult to accommodate vertical ducting

from ground floors Finally window trickle vents and wall inlets are required

112 Single Room Heat Recovery Ventilation (SRHRV)

Single room heat recovery ventilator (SRHRV) is also known as mechanical

ventilation heat recovery which is a development of the heat recovery ventilator

heat exchanger and air exchanger The heat exchanger recovers heat from the

outgoing air and pre-heats the incoming air and it helps to moderate and balance the

temperature of the house The unit is typically dual speed providing low-speed

continuous lsquotricklersquo ventilation and high-speed lsquoboostrsquo flow As the units are typically

only used in wet rooms appropriately size background ventilators (eg trickle

ventilators) are required to ventilate the habitable rooms While the air exchanger

provides a balanced air flow and extracts air from the lsquowetrsquo rooms

Figure 1 How the PSV system works in a house Sourced from httpwwwgreenspeccoukbuilding-designwhole-

house-ventilation

4


HRV can be mounted on the places like floor joists or plinth The unit should be

correctly located wired and commission on places which have the easy access to

the main electricity Place the unit in a position that can reduce the amount of ducting

required to reach the room Make sure there is an adequate gap between the

exhaust vents and incoming vents to maximize the effectiveness For this system it

needs 2 loops one to provide fresh air into the room and another one is to extract

the air from the room Make sure the controls are conveniently connected and wired

to the HRV units


Possible problems to this ventilation system are that some recirculation possible due

to close proximity of supply and extract grilles The single room ventilation is also too

noisy to be installed in bedrooms or other quiet places Besides the fresh outdoor air

and extracted air are indirectly in contact with each other therefore any pollutant

could be exchanged between the fresh and extracted air

Figure 2 How the HRV system works Sourced from httpwwwenergysolveieindexphpservicesheat-recovery-2

5

113 Mechanical Extract Ventilation (MEV)

A mechanical extract ventilation (MEV) system extracts air from lsquowetrsquo rooms

continually It usually consists of a central ventilation unit positioned in a cupboard or

loft space ducted throughout the dwelling to extract air from the wet rooms (Other

configurations do exist including the use of continuously running individual room

fans although with latter care must be taken to minimize the effects of wind

pressure on the flow) The fan also has a humidity sensor which able to increase the

speed of the fan and extraction rate as necessary rather than raising the extraction

rate for the whole building The humidity sensor can be operated automatically or via

manual switching


Ducting should be competently installed to minimize the flow resistance for the

airflow Besides that ducts should be sealed using tape or sealant to prevent

leakage The automatic sensors must be correctly located wired and commissioned

in the dwelling MEV unit can be mounted on the places which have anti-vibration

mountings between the unit and the structure A condense drain must be provided to

run into waste system

Figure 3 How the MEV system works Sourced from httpwwwgreenwoodcoukrange2central -extracthtml

6


Possible problems to this ventilation system are it requires ducting from the wet

rooms and also requires commissioning Air infiltration through the building envelope

creates easily draught in winter in cold climate In addition heat recovery from the

exhaust air is not easy to implement The other problem this system face is that as

the exhaust is usually from kitchens bathrooms and toilets ventilation supply air flow

is not evenly distributed in the bed rooms and living rooms

114 Positive Input Ventilation (PIV)

Positive input ventilation is also known as low energy positive input ventilation There

is a fan typically mounted in the roof space supplies air into the dwelling via central

hallway or landing This creates a slight positive pressure in the dwelling With these

systems excess water vapour is not directly extracted from kitchens or bathrooms

and etc But it has to find its way out by means of either background ventilator

openings or air leakage routes The fan in this system runs continuously in low speed

either operate under manually or humidity controlled boost option These systems

are always suitable for dealing with radon problems


Make sure the upstairs ceiling is airtight so can minimize the recirculation of air from

the dwelling to roof then back to dwelling again The roof space needs to be

adequately ventilated from outside In addition air taken from the roof space should

be filtered Make sure that the airflow not passing directly over a smoke detector

because it maybe will reduce the detectorrsquos speed of response

The PIV units should be designed and located to minimize cold draughts from the

airflow into the house The automatic sensor should be correctly located wired and

commission in the house

Figure 4 How the PIV system works Sourced from httpwwwtekkingspancomukdesign_ventilationhtm

7


Possible problems that may occur is that some additional enhancement may be

needed depending on the building structure In addition Positive Input Ventilation

systems are that in very air tight buildings there may not be enough ventilation so

may require extract ventilation ports in wet rooms these ports may have to remain

constantly open

115 Intermittent extract fans and background ventilators

Local extract fans are installed in lsquowetrsquo rooms and provide rapid extraction of

moisture and other pollutants They operate intermittently under either occupant or

automatic control The fans can be either mounted in a window ceiling or external

wall When ceiling-mounted the extract should be ducted to outside Replacement

dry air is provided via background ventilators and air leakage

In addition as these fans do not run continuously the background ventilators should

be sized to provide adequate continuous whole house ventilation Providing a gap at

the bottom of the internal doors will allow the free passage of air through the

property Care should be exercised when choosing a location for extract fans to

ensure that draughts are not produced and that combustion gases are not drawn

into a room from open-flue appliances


Possible problems to this ventilation system are that it may produce lots of noise thus

sound pollution may occur It is also prone to occupant tampering and if occupant is

controlled it may not be used Besides that single facade dwellings require

additional background ventilators fitted at low level

8

116 Whole house Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR)

Whole houses mechanical ventilation (MVHR) system usually combines supply and

extract ventilation in one system Systems considered here incorporate a heat

exchanger


Possible problems to this ventilations system is if you want it to perform in optimum

condition an adequate level of air tightness must be achieved which can be difficult

in existing dwellings and also the complexity of installation and commissioning

9

12 Management System

Displacement ventilation chilled ceilings and mixed-mode air conditioning can save a

considerable amount of energy As said in the introduction ventilation is basically

needed to maintain the air purity in a building Energy efficient ventilation means type

of ventilation system that does not use or saves energy in other words natural

ventilation such as stack effect in tall buildings or by opening windows

Over the last century an endless variety of methods have been developed to

increase the ventilation airflows in a building Nevertheless these methods are

somewhat related to the methods of modeling heat loss and other mass transfer

phenomena in a building

Management system basically means managing the overall ventilation of a building

The air exchange rate in naturally ventilated buildings mostly relies on the weather

and internal and external factors of the building itself In urban areas where the wind

is reduced the openings on the building for ventilation purposes play an important

role

While designing for usage of natural ventilation in a building the approximate size

and location of the opening are needed A reasonable size of an opening is

suggested to allow maximum ventilation into a building The location of the openings

is advised to be vertical to each other If these two factors are taken into

consideration while designing for ventilation especially in urban areas this will

Figure 5 Saving energy consumption is a healthier approach Sourced from httpswwwgooglecommysearchq=save+energy+this+means+youampnewwindow=1ampsource=lnmsamptbm=ischampsa=Xampei=CwVjVI-

6McOVuASc2IKICQampved=0CAgQ_AUoAQampbiw=1366ampbih=667facrc=_ampimgdii=_ampimgrc=ORjEkpWKbS4ELM253A3BE1JIgJgHDGTOsM3Bhttp253A252F252Fs1hubimgcom252Fu252F644348_f520jpg3Bhttp253A252F

252Fsoni2006hubpagescom252Fhub252FHow-I-managed-to-save-30-to-40-percent-on-my-electricity-bill-this-month3B5203B542

10

maximize the driving forces of natural ventilation and maximize its performance thus

improving indoor air quality and most importantly energy conservation

Apart from wind-induced ventilation in tall buildings stack effect is the source of

ventilation Stack effect is where air is vertically driven through a building because

hot air is less dense than the outside cold air an so the warm air rises and escapes

though openings high up in the building and as a result the outside cooler air enters

in the openings lower down

Since the openings are used for both stack effect and wind-induced ventilation they

should not be considered in isolation Effectiveness of stack is dependent of the

height and the difference in temperature and also effective area of the openings in

the building This effect can operate when there is no wind pressure available as

absence of wind can be caused by various factors such as blocking effect of other

buildings or vegetation etc and can also operate in deep plan buildings

Stack effect is weak and so this means the openings must be large and

unobstructable to minimize resistance Passive stack effect is also a means of

natural ventilation Passive stack ventilation (PSV) systems work by a combination of

the natural stack effect ie the movement of air that results from the difference in

temperature between indoors and the outside and the effect of wind passing over

the roof of the dwelling

Figure 6 Air movement inside a household as the hot air rises and escapes through openings Sourced from httpswwwgooglecommysearchq=stack+effectampnewwindow=1ampsource=lnms

amptbm=ischampsa=Xampei=pQBjVMbdA8OVuASc2IKICQampved=0CAgQ_AUoAQfacrc=_ampimgdii=_ampimgrc=wT8_Qzo4TfGItM253A3BZMlJmiHSCDsFuM3Bhttp253A252F252Fmjquirkcom252Fimages252Fventilationjpg3Bhttp25

3A252F252Fmjquirkcom252Fbburghtml3B4003B225

11

Natural ventilation has been seen to provide a much healthier and convenient type of

ventilation Without the need of electric fans or control these methods are energy

efficient If the openings are big enough and little resistance is provided for the flow

of air and also the design should follow the buildingrsquos guidelines the indoor air quality

and thermal comfort can be achieved

Heat recovery ventilation (HRV) is another method for energy efficient ventilation

system Heat recovery ventilator is the equipment used for this method These

devices can operate independently or can be added to an existing system Managing

these ventilators depends on the size of the space A small building can use a small

unit while a larger building can use a larger central unit

Figure 7 Earth-to-air heat exchanger which is which involves an Earth warming

pipe which is buried underground which is used to transfer the heat from inside the building to outside Sourced from httpswwwgooglecommysearchq=Heat+recovery+ventilationampnewwindow=1

ampsource=lnmsamptbm=ischampsa=Xampei=YnFhVIPVAteiugSb2YKoDgampved=0CAgQ_AUoAQampbiw=1366ampbih=667facrc=_ampimgdii=_ampimgrc=e7wXWpNOL1LR-M253A3BZm-

I0Br2_6cK7M3Bhttp253A252F252Fuploadwikimediaorg252Fwikipedia252Fcommons252Fb252Fbd252FPassivhaus_section_enjpg3Bhttp253A252F252Fenwikipediaorg252Fwiki252FHeat_recove ry_ventilation3

B9453B741

12

Mechanical extract ventilation (MEV) is also a ventilation system which is energy

efficient It draws moisture air from multiple wet rooms such as bathrooms kitchens

amp utility rooms

Positive input ventilation (PIV) is a ventilation system that supplies fresh at a

continuous rate fresh filtered air These ventilation systems offer energy savings and

health benefits

Figure 8 the MEV spider which is one of the Mechanical extract ventilation systems The picture also shows the location of the equipment in the household in this case it is on the roof Sourced from

httpwwwenviroventcomspecifierproductsmechanical-extraction-ventilationmev-spider

Figure 9 The PIV systems known as ldquoPIV Loft Mounted Unitrdquo used in households

and as the MEV it is placed on the roof of the house This system circulates fresh air into the building from a central point Sourced from httpwwwenviroventcomspecifierproductspositive-input-ventilationpiv-loft-

mounted-unit

13

13 Advantages amp disadvantages of energy efficient ventilation system

131 Advantages of energy efficient ventilation system

There are few advantages of energy efficient ventilation system The first one is you

save a lot of cost in a long-term plan This is because when you have an energy

efficient ventilation system you manage to control the usage of energy which means

you can control the usage of electrical appliances This will definitely reduce the cost

of your electric bills per year For example the proper energy efficient ventilation

system will definitely reduce the usage of electrical fans or even air conditioners This

is because it has the rightest air humidity readings naturally

The second one is people will have a much healthier indoor environment This

system provides much fresher air compared to the normal ventilation system thus will

make people feel much more comfortable This is because moderate temperatures

can improve the comfort of your buildings occupants For example in Malaysia

people will feel much comfortable inside a cooler building compared to the warmer

one because of the hot and humid weather

The third one is the price of the building that applies this system will increase

This is because Buildings that are perceived or better yet certified as energy efficient

command higher rental rates have higher occupancy rates and are likely to be sold

at higher prices than other comparable buildings For example if a contractor bought

a building and changed the ventilation system to this system he could sell the

property for a higher price to other entrepreneur

Next This system will improve the operating performance of a building When

building systems are properly operated and maintained they work more reliably and

efficiently require fewer repairs and last longer This system does not rely on a

specific machine thus no maintenance is needed

The last one is it cuts your buildingrsquos carbon emissions Automatically you will

participate in national efforts to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that contribute

to climate change and demonstrate your organizations commitment to the

environment at the same time In this wide construction industry an effort to save the

world is important for a greater generation

14

132 Disadvantages of energy efficient ventilation system

There are few disadvantages in energy efficient ventilation system The first one is

the cost of building the structure in a short them plan is high This is because the

design must be outstanding and works linearly with the ventilation system The

energy efficient ventilation system requires unusual building materials which are

more expensive compared to the normal building materials More The architect hired

must be a professional in energy efficient so it will meet the criteria thus higher

amount of payment is required to pay the architect The conclusion is you have to

spend higher cost during the construction of a particular building

The second one is the building takes a longer time to be built This is because of the

drastic architecture design which requires a perfect set up and a really long time to

be constructed This is also a real disadvantage to a short-term plan

The third one is the system might harm the environment This is because the uses of

natural materials such as high quality timber Energy efficiency and environmental

performance should be evaluated using a systems approach focusing on how

individual components interact within the building system and identifying options with

the greatest potential for improving energy efficiency and reducing overall

environmental effects

15

133 Summary of advantages amp disadvantages of energy efficient ventilation

system

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Save cost in a long term plan

High cost in a short term plan

Healthier indoor environment Takes longer time to be constructed

The price of asset will increase The system might harm the

environment

Improves the operating system of a building

Cuts building carbon emission

Based on this advantages and disadvantages points we can summarize that energy

efficient ventilation system has more advantages comparing to disadvantages The

system is really applicable in a long-term plan but is quite expensive in a short-term

plan It takes longer time to be constructed but to have a healthier indoor

environment is totally worth it The most unlikely point is this system might harm the

environment but the fact that it also cuts the building carbon emission is a good thing

Itrsquos obvious that energy efficient ventilation system is a reliable system

Table 1 The advantages and disadvantages of energy efficient ventilation system

16

14 Application Concept of Energy Efficient Ventilation System

141 Stack Effects

Stack effect is the way to ventilate the room to be hot or cold than the outside air

temperature Stack effect causes air infiltration which allows air leakage into the

building

This is because of the airflow temperature the air inside the building is either more or

less dense than the air outside So natural flow will occurs when there are openings

on both top and bottom of the building During the hot season the indoor warm air

will flow to the top opening and replaced by the cooler air outside through the stack

effect of ventilation However during the cold season if the air inside is cooler than

that outside the cooler air will be drawn out and replaced with warmer air from

outside as opposite with stack effect which occurs during the hot season

For the modern high-rise buildings they have their own design considerations which

create massive pressure differences and maybe need to be applied with mechanical

ventilation For example stairwell and shaft tend to contribute with the stack effect

However natural ventilation requires much lesser energy than mechanical

ventilation which saves money and also reducing greenhouse effect


Heat recovery is a process of continuously preheating incoming cool supply air by

warming it with the outgoing exhaust air Warm air is not simply to consume entirely

but transfer most of its heat to supply air in a highly efficient heat recovery

exchanger Single room heat recovery is usually used in residential area

Generally the concept of single room heat recovery is to create a healthier

environment The purpose of single room heat recovery is to increase the air

permeability It helps to extract the stalely air which corrupted with humidity toxins

and smells from the kitchen bathroom and toilet After that it supplies the fresh air

directly from the outside into the ventilation system through a filter The heat taken

from the extracted air is used to warm the fresh filtered air in the exchanger and

flows through conducting to termination points The ventilation system can also help

to prevent allergies from the incoming dusty air

17

In a healthy home thousand liter of fresh air is needed everyday to be equivalent for

the moisture generated by each individual person and also through cooking

washing and bathing The system is simply installed through one hole in the wall in

every room that needs to be ventilated


Mechanical extract ventilation basically is continually extracts the air from a particular

room It has two kinds of exhaust system which are single-point and multi point

exhaust system A single point exhaust system operates continuously extract the air

from the kitchen and the bathroom which allows the residents temporarily boots the

ventilation rate A multi point exhaust system operates continuously on low The

bathroom has exhaust port instead of having spot fan which allows the residents

temporarily boost the ventilation rate Mechanical extract ventilation is normally used

in commercial and industrial system

The most basic of mechanical ventilation systems is the extractor fan typically

mounted in the roof space supplies air into the dwelling via central hallway and

landing The fan can be found in the bathrooms and kitchens where the target is to

extract the smoke and smell from the room The system can be operate

automatically or control the speed by the occupant It delivers a continuous flow of air

to the dwelling

The system is easy to install and provides continuous low level background

ventilation There are small negative pressure in building prevents moisture

mitigation into the constructions of external walls and prevents condensation and

consequently the mould growth It is important to filter air before it enters large

central system and this helps removes particulates and dust from the air


Positive Input Ventilation (PIV) system create fresh and healthy living environments

by supplying fresh filtered air into a property at a continuous rate This system is

built to deal with condensation problem in a building Installing a low energy positive

input ventilation system will not directly save any energy but it may give an energy

saving compared with a conventional extract system providing the same level of

ventilation air exchange

The system works when the clean fresh air is continuously drawn into the loft space

through the lofts natural leakage points Then the air will rise to the highest point

18

gaining heat energy giving you the benefit of some heat recovery Next The air is

then passed through the filters and is gently fed into the dwelling via a central

hallway diffuser After that the air then gently pressurizes the house from inside out

driving out moisture and condensation The last one is the process creates a healthy

and clean environment to live with

The benefit of this system is this system is ideal for retrofit projects It is easy to

install and extremely cost-effective to run this ventilation strategy will create a fresh

and healthy indoor environment Itrsquos a reliable system thus making them an ideal

solution for new build projects

19

15 Future Recommendations

The ventilation systems have been improved year by year in many different terms to

become more environmental friendly however the most important thing that have

always been considered by the professions is energy efficiency of ventilation system

They are trying many different ways to improve energy efficiency of ventilation systems

in various countries with different climates Many energy efficient ventilation systems

have been designed for future and some of them are recommended to be used as new

generations of ventilation systems

151 Artica

This application is one of the latest and can reduce energy usage by up to 90 compare

to air conditioning Artica is an award winning cooling ventilation and heat recovery

with maximum energy efficiency This system has many benefits such as very low

running servicing and maintenance costs no external unit requirement long working

life of up to 20 years and many more At the core of the Artica system there is a Thermal

Battery that stores energy when it is freely available and releases it when it is needed

The Thermal Battery uses the latent heat property of materials to store large amounts of

energy Artica is perfect for offices and commercial properties and can easily be installed

on both new and existing buildings This system is consists of four components an

insulated duct air diffusers the Air Handling Unit and the control system

152 Ventive

Ventive is another future ventilation system that can help in terms energy efficiency

which is perfect for retrofit and new build projects This ground-breaking passive

ventilation with heat recovery product can help users and providers the highest levels

Figure 10 Artica ventilation system source from httpinhabitatcomartica-natural-cooling-ventilation-and-heat-recovery-system

20

of energy savings plus controlling indoor air quality and comfort Ventive ventilation

system is designed for continuous twenty-four hour ventilation supply of fresh air

and the extraction of stale air independently which divides into Ventive S and Ventive

S+ Ventive S is a single PVHR unit replacing the existing chimney pot with a cowl

and cassette that features an innovative patented and incredibly efficient heat

exchanger Ventive S+ difference with ventive S is that chimneys being present

within the building are not required So in this type integrated duct system is utilized

and Ventive S+ fits neatly between rafters and seals to the existing roof finish

allowing easy installation of multiple or single units

153 Daikin Ventilation System

This system provides high efficient cooling heating hot water air purification and

ventilation as part of a building integrated system Daikin ventilation system uses

combination of air handling units deliver fresh air and provide filtration throughout a

building for better-than fresh air This system utilizes heat recovery technology as

well to reuse heat to warm up incoming clean air by saving up to 40 of energy

Daikin system is suitable for places where everything such as humidity temperature

air quality and comfort must be in perfect requirements like hospitals factories

pharmaceutical environments and restaurants Installation can be adapted to the

requirements of any given building Centralized controls give ultimate control to

manage systems from a single location and network-connected controls even enable

remote monitoring and configuration

Figure 11 Ventive ventilation system source from httpwwwventivecoukgallery

21

20 Case Study ndash PJ Trade Centre (PJTC)

21 Background of PJ Trade Centre

PJ Trade Centre (PJTC) is a premier Grade A and unique office project which

situated in a land of 54 acres in Damansara Perdana Petaling Jaya Malaysia This

project was developed by Tujuan Gemilang Sdn Bhd while Syarikat Pembinaan LAL

Sdn Bhd was the main contractor and it was completed in December 2009 Tujuan

Gemilang Sdn Bhd was a development company which founded in 2005 by Ahmad

Khalif Tan Sri Mustapha Kamal and Peter Chan and PJ Trade Centre was the first

project of the company This project is a financial success for its investor this is

because according to Jones in 2012 it was sold out about 95 in 18 months and

was fully occupied by more than 25 companies

The PJ Trade Centre consists of 4 high-rise towers (1 tower with 21-storey and 3

towers with 20-storey) 1 Annexe Building and 3-storey of basement car park Tower

A was also known as ldquoMenara Mustapha Kamalrdquo because it is named after Tan Sri

Mustapha Kamal (The owner of MK Land and EMKAY Group) who is the father of

the founder of Tujuan Gemilang Sdn Bhd And now it is used as the headquarters

for EMKAY Group Tower B was named as Menara Bata as the shoemaker

company Bata used 4 floors as their regional headquarters Tower C was occupied

by Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri and it was named as Menara Hasil While Tower D

was known as Menara Taiko by a sister conglomerate of KL-Kepong Group and was

changed to Menara Gamuda due to the relocation of the headquarters of Gamuda

Bhd in 2012 Gamuda is the largest public-listed construction firm by market value in

Malaysia Other than these there are also some other facilities in the building such

as cafes and restaurants health club with swimming pool and gymnasium and also

Surau

Since the completion of PJ Trade Centre it has won the top awards for interior

design landscape architecture and commercial architecture (PJ TRADE CENTRE

nd)

22

22 Concept Idea of the designs

The architect of this project Kevin Mark Low designed this building with a bold

design that was based on a Malaysian Paradigm and rooted with the local culture

climate and context in order to fit the weather and humidity in Malaysia The concept

of this project came from the observation of the office development in Malaysia Most

of the users in these office building are not feeling comfortable with the environment

as the offices are usually designed with the idea of ldquotypical officerdquo Therefore PJTC

was designed as a ldquoboutiquerdquo office building which consists of comfortable and

healthy workspaces in order to enhance the productivity of the workers (PJ TRADE

CENTRE 2013)

The exterior of the building was designed as a simple and environmental friendly

building (PJ TRADE CENTRE nd) PJTC has the highest energy efficiency and it is

very sustainable although it is just a simple yet typical aluminum and glass box office

The materials used were just simple local materials such as over-burnt bricks

concrete ventilation blocks and fair-faced concrete The used of over-burnt bricks

and vent blocks were on the facades which minimize the heat gained and enable the

natural ventilation into the building This design not only provides a good ventilation

system it also leads to a low maintenance and does not require any cleaning (Lew

2014) The single loaded and thin building mass and also natural finishes on the

walls and floors allow the entrance of natural light and cross-ventilation into the

building and on the other hand make the building eco-friendly (Lau 2014)

Furthermore PJ Trade Centre also has a big landscape plaza and 12 Sky Terraces

with tall trees wall creepers and hanging vines (Jones 2012) ldquoThe highlight of the

towers is the public sky terraces between office towers It manages to bring

landscaping up vertically and giving its occupants a thrilling experience walking on

the steel gratingrdquo (Lau 2014) The landscaping will make the building environmental

friendly and allow the user to have the feeling of being close to nature (PJ TRADE

CENTRE 2013) The design of landscape will increase the natural ventilation around

the building As the tree in the garden will provide needed shade and act as a filter to

cool heated wind The planning of the building is also very simple as there are very

less obstructing objects around the building and the flow of spaces is not

complicated Thus the simple planning will definitely increase the rate of ventilation

due to uncomplicated flow of building and less obstacles

23

Besides there are only 1 to 4 units per floor in PJ Trade Centre This is to make sure

the environment in each floor not being too compact and thus enhance the

ventilation Each of the unit also has its own pantry and washroom the number of

people who use the pantry and washroom will be reduced as they only have to use

the one in their own unit Hence the ventilation rate in the office will be high as the

occupancy is low because the ventilation rate is depends on the occupancy density

Other than having its own pantry and washroom most of the units are also attached

with a big balcony with nice landscape garden and open-to-sky washrooms (PJ

TRADE CENTRE 2013) The design of balcony not only allows the users to have a

place to relax and chill during work time it also allows good ventilation in the unit and

balcony ldquoThis is because balcony is an alternative architectural element as a wind

scoop for scooping the air into a building to allow the better ventilation in naturally

ventilated buildingsrdquo (Mohammadi et al 2010) At the same time it may minimize the

use of air-conditioning

The interior of the building also equipped with some features which allow a good

ventilation system For example the ceiling in the office towers is 38 metres high

which is higher than a normal ceiling of 27 metres As we know the height of ceiling

plays a vital role in ventilation Therefore the design of ceiling in the office towers is

about 1 metre higher than the normal ceiling height This is to suit the hot weather in

Malaysia and it will provide a better air ventilation and cooler temperature to the

indoor rooms as the resistance to flow through the structure is reduced Moreover

ldquothe main lobbies are designed with a modest but comfortable and airy space with

no air-conditioning or artificial lightingrdquo (PJ TRADE CENTRE nd) But the lobbies

are naturally lit and ventilated with the 9 metres high ceiling and trees plated inside

24

23 Photos of PJ Trade Centre

Figure 12 PJTC from Sprint Highway Sourced

from (Lan 2009)

Figure 13 PJTC is situated next to the entrance to Damansara Perdana Sourced from (PJ TRADE CENTRE nd)

Figure 14 PJTC is designed to be both contemporary and sustainably environment friendly Sourced from

(PJ TRADE CENTRE nd)

Figure 15 The 9 metres high glass lantern lobby with a wonderfully designed concrete stairs hanging

from ceiling Sourced from (PJ

TRADE CENTRE nd)

Figure 16 These sky terraces are designed for as a break-out area from the formal office for informal

gathering relaxing discussions and even for lunch or tea Sourced from (PJ TRADE CENTRE nd)

25

Figure 17 Natural light illuminates the 9 metres high glass lantern lobby Sourced from (PJ TRADE CENTRE nd)

Figure 18 The interior design features polished cement floors open high ceilings brick walls and a warm ldquoindustrialrdquo feel Sourced from (PJ TRADE

CENTRE nd)

Figure 19 Swimming pool at the fitness club Sourced from (PJ TRADE CENTRE nd)

Figure 20 amp 21 Honest use of materials and uncluttered detailing Sourced from (Lan 2009)

26

Figure 22 amp 23 The courtyard of PJTC Sourced from (Lan 2009)

Figure 24 The gap between solar screen and

offices Sourced from (Lan 2009)

Figure 25 The glass windows facing west across

the courtyard Sourced from (Lan 2009)

Figure 26 The vent block screen on PJTC

Sourced from (Lan 2009)

Figure 27 Behind the vent blocks Sourced from

(Lan 2009)

27

Figure 29 Ground floor toilet obviously no thermal insulation on this wall although the space is air conditioned Sourced from (Lan 2009)

Figure 28 The lift lobby inside PJTC Sourced

from (Puritat 2012)

Figure 30 The interior staircase Sourced from

(Puritat 2012)

Figure 31 The landscape garden in PJTC

Sourced from (Puritat 2012)

Figure 32 A total of 1400 trees are planted whitin the compound of PJTC Sourced from (Chrsquong 2014)

Figure 33 Fancy taking shower next to a tree Thatrsquos the special feature of the health club in PJTC Sourced from (Chrsquong 2014)

28

30 Reflection

Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable

functional efficient and safe Building services are what make a building come to life

They include energy supply heating and ventilating water drainage and plumbing

day lighting and artificial lighting etc

In this assignment we have given the opportunity and been assigned to do about

energy efficient ventilation system There are some types of ventilation systems that

can be used in the dwelling For example passive stack ventilation (PSV) single

room heat recovery ventilation (SRHRV) mechanical extract ventilation (MEV)

positive input ventilation (PIV) and many others

Due to this assignment we manage to learn more about this particular topic Based

on the research we did we learnt on the installation process of each ventilation

system Each of the ventilation systems has their own specifications and profession

Moreover we manage to learn about the advantages and the disadvantages of

energy efficient ventilation system Generally an energy efficient ventilation system

can help us to save cost in the long-term plan and provide us the healthier indoor

environment Other than these we have chosen PJ Trade Centre as the building of

our case study We have learnt about how the ventilation system works in this

building through this assignment This is really a great example of green building as

it has most of the green features especially the awesome landscape plaza and

designs of the building

Based on this assignment each of us is fully participating on this assignment Every

one of us did well on our job When a group assignment is given teamwork played

an important role in the assignment Without anyone of us the task will never be

complete perfectly Lastly I would like to take this opportunity to thank to our great

lecturer Dr Kam that lead us and help us on this assignment so well

2

11 Types Of Energy Efficient Ventilation Systems

There are some types of ventilation systems that can be used in the dwelling For

example Passive stack ventilation (PSV) Single room heat recovery ventilation

(SRHRV) Mechanical extract ventilation (MEV) Positive input ventilation (PIV) and

many more

111 Passive Stack Ventilation (PSV)

Passive ventilation system is one type of system that made up of openings which

located in lsquowetrsquo rooms which connected via near-vertical ducts to ridge or other roof

terminals Warm and moist air is drawn up the ducts by a combination of the stack

effect and wind effect Replacement dry air is drawn into the property via background

ventilators located in the habitable rooms and by air leakage Providing a gap at the

bottom of the internal doors will allow the free passage of air through the property


For a passive stack ventilation system (PSV) each lsquowetrsquo room must their individual

ducts to exhaust termination as shown in the figure to make sure that the ducts will

not collated into same termination Make sure that the ducting fixed securely to the

terminals so they will not disconnect easily The ducts should be installed as near

vertically as possible

Besides that cuts the ducts to length to make sure that there is no more than two

bends to minimize flow resistance The angles of offsets should not more than 45deg to

the vertical are preferred

Make sure the ducting is properly supported along its length to ensure that the ducts

can run straight and that there are no kinks at any bends or the connections to ceiling

grilles and outlet terminals It is important for ducts to be insulated so that it can

prevent the formation of condensation when they pass through unheated spaces

3





low humidity occurs



















house-ventilation

4









to the HRV units








5










manual switching









6



























7






constantly open


















8




exchanger





9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























3





low humidity occurs



















house-ventilation

4









to the HRV units








5










manual switching









6



























7






constantly open


















8




exchanger





9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























4









to the HRV units








5










manual switching









6



























7






constantly open


















8




exchanger





9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























5










manual switching









6



























7






constantly open


















8




exchanger





9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























6



























7






constantly open


















8




exchanger





9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























7






constantly open


















8




exchanger





9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























8




exchanger





9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























9















role









10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























10























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























11















B9453B741

12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























12



amp utility rooms



health benefits





mounted-unit

13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























13































14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























14



















15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























15


system






environment











16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























16


141 Stack Effects



building


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























17



















to the dwelling















18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























18










19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























19









151 Artica











152 Ventive





20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























20























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























21

























Surau



nd)

22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























22










CENTRE 2013)
























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























23

























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























24



from (Lan 2009)






TRADE CENTRE nd)



25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























25



CENTRE nd)



26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























26









(Lan 2009)

27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























27



from (Puritat 2012)


(Puritat 2012)





28

30 Reflection


























28

30 Reflection


























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