Building resilience & reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in the fisheries and aquaculture...
Transcript of Building resilience & reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in the fisheries and aquaculture...
Building resilience & reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in the fisheries and aquaculture
sector
Cassandra De YoungFisheries and Aquaculture Department
FAO
Outline
1. What is at stake?
2. How can we respond?
3. What are risks and vulnerabilities?
4. Examples of adaptation and mitigation in FI&AQ
Over 500 million people depend –directly or indirectly – on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihoods
Aquatic foods provide essential nutrition for 4 billion people and at least 50% of animal protein and minerals to 400 million people in the poorest countries.
Fish products are among the most widely-traded foods, with more than 37% by volume of world production traded internationally.
1. What is at stake?
Biophysical changes
from GHG
accumulations
Ocean currents
ENSO
Sea level rise
Rainfall
River flows
Lake levels
Thermal structure
Storm Severity
Storm frequency
Acidification
Effects on:
Production
Ecology
Fishing &
Aquaculture
operations
Communities
Livelihoods
Wider society &
Economy
Impacts on:
Species composition
Production & yield
Distribution
Diseases
Coral bleaching
Calcification
Safety & efficiency
Infrastructure
Loss/damage to assets
Risk to health & life
Displacement & conflict
Adaptation & mitigation costs
Market impacts
Water allocation
CC impacts on fisheries and aquaculture
Badjeck et al, 2010
Predicted effects on fisheries’ catch potential
Cheung et al. 2010
Economic costs to fisheries
The costs of inactionSEI 2012
Australia - net economic effect on fisheries due to
climate change for the year2030
Norman-Lopez et al 2011
Climate change impacts on fisheries in West Africa: implications for economic, food and nutritional
security
2050 versus 2000Lam et al 2012
Understanding vulnerabilities: applied fisheries example
Global mapping of national economies’ vulnerability to climate change impacts on fisheries
Allison et al, 2009
Understanding Vulnerabilities: Evolving the IPCC model
Cinner et al (2013)
Understanding Vulnerabilities of fisheries-depending communities
Cinner et al (2013)
Plot of the vulnerability of coastal communities to the impacts of coral bleaching on fisheries
3. What can be done?
Preparing and responding to the impacts: adaptation to climate change through broader vulnerability reduction
• Ecological, Economic and Social Resilience
– implementation of ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture, the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
– livelihood diversification, flexible access rights, public and private insurance
• Technological innovation
• Planned adaptation –policy coherence across sectors (water, agriculture, forestry, CZM, DRR/DRM)
A few FI&AQ adaptation examples
• Diverse and flexible livelihood strategies– Diversification of patterns of fishing/fish farming activities with respect to
the species exploited, location of fishing grounds/farms and gear used
– Changes in post-harvest techniques/practices
– Switching between rice-farming, tree-crop farming and fishing in response to seasonal and inter-annual variations in fish availability
– Migrating along the coast or between islands
– Integrated agriculture (e.g. rice-fish)
– Selected strands of species in aquaculture
– Investing in aquaculture (e.g. mud crab, seaweed, cage)
– Culture-based capture (stocking of aquatic systems)
• Flexible and adaptable institutions
– Incorporating uncertainty into fisheries management
– Incorporating CC into policies, investments and development plans
– Allowing for flexible temporal and spatial planning to permit stock recovery during favorable climatic periods
– Permitting flexible redistribution of fishing rights among neighboring municipalities, according to needs and surpluses
– Applying transboundary stock management that takes into account changes in distribution
– Implementing flexible co-management frameworks including participatory information systems
• Risk reduction initiatives– Reinforcing natural bariers, such as sand dunes, mangroves and
coral reefs, to dampen wave or storm damage
– Reinforcing cage and ponds
– Cage and pond siting to minimize environmental risks
– Integrating DRM into fisheries and aquaculture
– Using portable telephones to share weather related information as part of an early warning system
– Improving saftey at sea and coast programs for small-scale fishersand transformers
– Insurance – private, social, social-private
– Improving post-harvest processes and infrastructure to minimizelosses
Mitigation - Oceans, aquatic ecosystems
Removing emissions:
Carbon capture and storage (sea beds, phytoplankton, and blue carbon) – BIG NUMBERS 93% carbon storage and 30% sequestration
Halt the disruption of carbon sequestration in aquatic ecosystems by, e.g., habitat destruction
Implement mangroves and floodplain forests in REDD+ and develop blue carbon funds
Avoiding or displacing emissions:
Renewable energy potential – tides, currents, waves, wind, hydropower, aquatic biofuels (algae, fish oil)
Reducing emissions:
Emissions reductions from aquatic food production systems and maritime transport (feed and fuel hotspots in primary production, fuel use and waste/loss in post-harvest)
Thank you!
Join us for the Global FishAdapt Adaptation on the Ground Conference,
8-10 August 2016Bangkok, Thailand
www.fishadapt.com