Building insulation and renovation in climate change mitigation … · 2020-01-13 · Building...
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Building insulation and renovation in climate change mitigation pathways
Vassilis Daioglou Efstratios Mikropoulos , David Gernaat, Detlef van Vuuren
12th IAMC Meeting, Tsukuba, 3rd December 2019
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Buildings: Problem Definition
2Vassilis Daioglou - Building Insulation and RenovationAberel et al. (2017)
Energy Use
Emissions
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Aberel et al. (2017) 3Vassilis Daioglou - Building Insulation and Renovation
Buildings: Problem DefinitionEnergy Use
Emissions
Rogelj et al. (2018)
Buildings
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Aberel et al. (2017) 4Vassilis Daioglou - Building Insulation and Renovation
Buildings: Problem DefinitionEnergy Use
Emissions
Rogelj et al. (2018)
Buildings
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However…• Buildings energy demand has been increasing
→ 1.3% per year (2000-2018, globally)
• Expected to increase further
≈ 0.9% per year (WEO, 2019 – Stated Policies)
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Buildings: Problem Definition
Rogelj et al. (2018)
Buildings
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However…• Buildings energy demand has been increasing
→ 1.3% per year (2000-2018, globally)
• Expected to increase further
≈ 0.9% per year (WEO, 2019 – Stated Policies)
• Population growth• Economic growth• Floor space
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Buildings: Problem Definition
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However…• Buildings energy demand has been increasing
→ 1.3% per year (2000-2018, globally)
• Expected to increase further
≈ 0.9% per year (WEO, 2019 – Stated Policies)
• Behavioural change• Technology
Performance• Fuel switching• Insulation
Improvement
• Population growth• Economic growth• Floor space
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Buildings: Problem Definition
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Model ContextDaioglou et al. (2012)
Buildings in IMAGE• Demand for energy functions
• Urban/rural
• Five Income quintiles
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Daioglou et al. (2012)
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Model Context
Buildings in IMAGE• Demand for energy functions
• Urban/rural
• Five Income quintiles
So Far: Building efficiency was an exogenous parameter assuming changes in heating or cooling intensity
→Scenario parameter
Model unable to represent the choices which govern this change
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Modeling Improvements in Building Insulation
Driven by Scenario Parameters
• Building stocks
Subscripts:R: RegionQ: Urban/Rural Quintile
New FloorspaceR,Q
FloorspaceR,Q(m2)
Socio-economics:- Economic growthR,Q- Population growthR,Q
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Heating Degree Days (HDD)RCooling Degree Days (CDD)R
Driven by Scenario Parameters
• Building stocks
• Heating/Cooling Demand
Subscripts:R: RegionQ: Urban/Rural Quintile
FloorspaceR,Q(m2)
Heating & Cooling DemandR,Q
Socio-economics:- Economic growthR,Q- Population growthR,Q
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Modeling Improvements in Building Insulation
New FloorspaceR,Q
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Heating Degree Days (HDD)RCooling Degree Days (CDD)R
Six insulation levels ranging minimal to passive-house equivalent
Investments in Efficiency based on relative costs
• Resultant Fuel Costs
• Insulation Capital Costs
→Consumer discount rates
Subscripts:R: RegionQ: Urban/Rural QuintileI: Insulation (Efficiency) Level
FloorspaceR,Q(m2)
Heating & Cooling DemandR,Q
Insulation Levels (6)• EfficiencyI• Discount RatesR,Q
Cost (fuel + Capital)R,Q,I
→Market SharesR,Q,I
LearningI
Socio-economics:- Economic growthR,Q- Population growthR,Q
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Modeling Improvements in Building Insulation
New FloorspaceR,Q
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Heating Degree Days (HDD)RCooling Degree Days (CDD)R
Build Stock model can track efficiency levels
• Renovation
• Households Benefit from
→ Economic growth
→ Cost decreases
Subscripts:R: RegionQ: Urban/Rural QuintileI: Insulation (Efficiency) Level
FloorspaceR,Q(m2)
Heating & Cooling DemandR,Q
Insulation Levels (6)• EfficiencyI• Discount RatesR,Q
Cost (fuel + Capital)R,Q,I
→Market SharesR,Q,I
LearningI
Existing FloorspaceR,Q
t+1
Decommissionedat end-of-life
Socio-economics:- Economic growthR,Q- Population growthR,Q
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Modeling Improvements in Building Insulation
New FloorspaceR,Q
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Insulation Levels (6)• EfficiencyI• Discount RatesR,Q
Cost (fuel + Capital)R,Q,I
→Market SharesR,Q,I
Heating & CoolingEnergy IntensityR,Q
(kJ/m2/HDD; kJ/m2/CDD)
LearningI
t+1
Decommissionedat end-of-life
FloorspaceR,Q(m2)
Heating & Cooling DemandR,Q
Socio-economics:- Economic growthR,Q- Population growthR,Q
Heating Degree Days (HDD)RCooling Degree Days (CDD)R
Subscripts:R: RegionQ: Urban/Rural QuintileI: Insulation (Efficiency) Level LearningI
Heterogeneous Representation
• Urban/Rural Quintiles
• Climate characteristics
• Efficiency levels
• Stock accounting
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Modeling Improvements in Building Insulation
New FloorspaceR,Q
Existing FloorspaceR,Q
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mill
. m2
(Res
iden
tial)
Insulation Level
Results: Insulation uptake• Economic growth leads to large increase in global floorspace
• Baseline Improvements: Increasing GDP, fuel prices, cost reductions
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Results: Insulation uptake• Economic growth leads to large increase in global floorspace
• Baseline Improvements: Increasing GDP, fuel prices, cost reductions
• Mitigation efforts promote investments, particularly in colder regions
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mill
. m2
(Res
iden
tial)
Insulation Level
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Results: Insulation uptake• Economic growth leads to large increase in global floorspace
• Baseline Improvements: Increasing GDP, fuel prices, cost reductions
• Mitigation efforts promote investments, particularly in colder regions
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Insulation Level
mill
. m2
(Res
iden
tial)
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Results : Insulation uptake• Urban households have higher uptake
→ Higher incomes
i.e. for the Mitigation Sceario in 2100:
Households with “Insulation Level 6”
Urban: 8%
Rural: 3%
But outcome is unequal
Richest Urban Quintile: 14%
Median Urban Quintile: 7%
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Global
mill
. m2
(Res
iden
tial)
Insulation Level
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Results : Insulation uptake• Urban households have higher uptake
→ Higher incomes
i.e. for the Mitigation Sceario in 2100:
Households with “Insulation Level 6”
Urban: 8%
Rural: 3%
But outcome is unequal
Richest Urban Quintile: 14%
Median Urban Quintile: 7%
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Global
mill
. m2
(Res
iden
tial)
Insulation Level
3%
8%
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Results: Energy
Insulation uptake in baseline
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All results normalized to 2010
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Results: Energy
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All results normalized to 2010
Insulation uptake in baseline
Developing regions see growth in heating/cooling demand nonetheless
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Results: Energy
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All results normalized to 2010
Mitigation Scenario:
Colder regions see improvements in heating/cooling intensity
All regions see improvements in energy demand…
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Results: Energy
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All results normalized to 2010
What is the effect of improved Insulation?
“No Insulation improvement”counterfactual: Insulation causes ≈50% of demand decrease
Rest is from increased fuel use efficiency (fuel switching)
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Results: Emissions
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All results normalized to 2010
Baseline emissions increase with energy demand
Mitigationscenario sees complete decarbonization of heating & cooling fuels
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Results: Emissions
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All results normalized to 2010
Baseline emissions increase with energy demand
Mitigationscenario sees complete decarbonization of heating & cooling fuels
Limiting Insulation Improvement does not affect this
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DiscussionWeakness: very data intensive
• Existing building stocks and insulation levels
• Building types and characteristics
Sensitivity• Results very sensitive to assumptions on building characteristics (shape, wall/window ratios)
• Not sensitive to costs or building lifetimes
Some limitations….• Tennant – Landlord barrier ignored
• Inefficient use of efficient buildings
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Regional!
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ConclusionsImproved insulation important in both Baseline and Mitigation scenarios
• Driven by increased household income and increased fuel prices
• Actively adopted in mitigation scenarios
→ Particularily in colder regions
→ Less in warmer regions because cooling costs are lower
Effect on energy demand and emissions• 45% reduction in heating/cooling demand globally
↑ Colder regions
• Limited effect on emissions (in mitigation scenario)
Interaction with fuel switching• Carbon content of fuels decreases heavily in mitigation scenario
• Fuel switching cheaper than the most expensive insulation measures (according to the model)
• Reduces the incentives for very high efficiency levels
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Moving forward…
Improved model can be used to• Assess the impacts of inequality on transition pathways
• Test the effectivness of targeted policies aiming at insulation and improvement
• Investigate lifestyle changes with consumers preffering high insulation buildings
• Project scenarios of material demand
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