BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) BASED CO …€¦ · Research Professor, Department of...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp. 1411–1425, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_152 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) BASED CO2 EMISSIONS ASSESSMENT IN THE

EARLY DESIGN STAGE Min-Seok Oh

Research Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering Dankook University, Yongin, Republic of Korea

Seunguk Na PhD Researcher, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering

The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

ABSTRACT The South Korean Government has established a target to reduce CO2 emissions

to 50 per cent by 2050. The energy consumption in the architecture, engineering and construction industry occupies about 23 per cent in the national energy consumption and the ratio of energy consumption in the AEC industry would be increased up to 40 per cent when we consider the production of construction materials and transportation of them. In this situation, it is required for the AEC industry to take part in the national CO2 reduction scheme to meet the goal. However, it is common in the AEC industry to conduct performance analysis and to assess CO2 emissions after the architectural design and construction documentation have been finished. This research is to fill the gap to assess the whole amount of carbon dioxide emissions in an early design phase. The goal of this research is to develop an integrated Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model using Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools for evaluating energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In this research, it is expected that prompt and accurate assessment of Life Cycle Carbon Dioxide emissions (LCCO2) since we integrated the new Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database with BIM. Through the newly suggested method, the designers and the owner of a property would be able to predict carbon dioxide emissions in each phase of a building as well as the whole life cycle of the properties.

Key words: Building Information Modelling (BIM), CO2 emissions, early design stage, LCCO2, LCI

Cite this Article: Min-Seok Oh and Seunguk Na. Building Information Modelling (BIM) Based Co2 Emissions Assessment in the Early Design Stage. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp. 1411–1425. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5

Min-Seok Oh and Seunguk Na


1. INTRODUCTION It is widely recognised that the significant role of the Architecture, Engineering, and construction (AEC) industry to the national economy. According to the National Statistics Report (2005), the AEC industry in South Korea accounts for about 20 per cent of GDP and there is approximately 10 per cent of employment in the national market. Besides, the energy consumption in the AEC industry occupies about 23 per cent in the national energy consumption. The ratio of energy consumption in the AEC industry would be increased up to about 40 per cent, when we consider the production of construction materials and transportation of them. Most of the consumed energy in the AEC relies on fossil energy such as coal, oil, and gas. These sources of energy are regarded as the main cause of carbon dioxide emissions and other environmental issues in recent years. Although the AEC industry contributes a massive impact on the national economy, it cannot be ignored the significant impact of the AEC industry on the environment.

The South Korean Government has established a target to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions to 50 per cent target by 2050, as agreed in the 15th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In the course of reducing the carbon dioxide target, the government determined a 30 per cent goal reduction by the end of 2030. According to Basbagill et al. (2013), the AEC industry accounts for about 40 per cent of global energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. In this situation, it is required for the AEC industry to take part in the national CO2 reduction scheme. Moreover, it is expected that the participation of the AEC industry to lower the emissions would have a significant impact of fulfilling the target. The lowering of carbon dioxide emissions is not only to satisfy the international treaties’ requirements, but also to correspond to sustainable development or so called green buildings which is one of the prevalent new paradigms in the AEC as well as variety of other industries. Construction projects compose several phases, which are mainly inception, design, construction, operation and deconstruction. It will emit large volume of carbon dioxide during the whole life cycle of a building. In order to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, it would be required to predict and assess the exact amount of emissions. Due to the increased awareness of carbon dioxide emissions, there are a number of regulations and activities in public and private sectors such as the European Directive in Europe, LEED in the USA, K-LCA (Korea-Life Cycle Assessment), IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in South Korea, BASIX in Australia in the recent years(Cabeza et al., 2014). Although these toolkits and schemes are useful to assess the impact to the environment, it is required for users to input all the relevant information manually. Because of this process, it will take a lot of time and efforts to generate the result. Furthermore, the toolkits will only be able to calculate the amount of CO2 emissions in certain phases rather than the whole life cycle of a building.

The early phase of design and preconstruction are regarded as the most crucial for the appropriate decision-making on the buildings’ sustainable features (Azhar et al., 2011). According to Azhar et al. (2011), a building’s lifecycle savings can be achieved more than 20 per cent of the total building cost, when about 2 per cent of a slight increase in upfront cost in early stage in design. However, it is common in the AEC industry to conduct performance analysis after the architectural design and construction documentation have been finished. Such traditional practices in performance evaluation procedure would accompany with an inefficient process to carry out extensive modification to meet the performance criteria (Azhar, 2011, Azhar et al., 2011, Bouazza et al., 2015, Succar, 2009, Eastman et al., 2011, Elmualim and Gilder, 2014).

In order to fill the gap to assess the whole amount of emitted carbon dioxide in the whole life cycle of a building, we utilised Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a means of

Building Information Modelling (BIM) Based Co2 Emissions Assessment in the Early Design Stage


simulating and assessing it. BIM is a useful approach from building design to constriction, which will allow the users to generate a 3D reference model using one or more parametric components. These parametric objects will also contain extensive amount of semantic and non-sematic information which would be exchanged between different members in different stages of a building construction.Likewise, a building information model would contain fruitful information which may be utilised to assess the amount of carbon dioxide for the whole lifestyle of a building. For example, one would be able to calculate the whole amount of carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase based on each material’s emission value. Through this process, it would be possible to evaluate the carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase. Along with this data, it will be able to evaluate lifecycle CO2 emission (LCCO2) with a combination of the resulted value and other programmes or applications which are used for assessing the energy performance during the operation phase.

In this research, we suggest “The sustainable life cycle model of a building”, which is a conceptual model to indicate a circular process of a building’s life cycle. In addition, BIM software was used to acquire the quantity take-off of the studied model. The accurate quantity take-off and objects’ properties function of BIM were useful characteristics to evaluate CO2 emissions of a building in the early design phase. Through this method, the aim of this research is to evaluate carbon dioxide emissions of a building in the early design stage as well as to assess its impacts on the environment.

2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is to evaluate a product’s impacts on environment which quantifies the consumption of resources and the occurrence of carbon dioxide emissions during the entire process of its production (Joshi, 1999, Basbagill et al., 2013, Cabeza et al., 2014). Recently, LCA considers social and economic influences coupled with conventional LCA evaluation methods (Basbagill et al., 2013). LCA commonly uses in automotive design, equipment manufacturing and consumer produces for a long period (Baek et al., 2016, Cabeza et al., 2014, Basbagill et al., 2013). However, the application and evaluation of LCA in the architecture, engineering and construction industry (the AEC industry) is started later and it has relatively shorter history of LCA compared to other industries. Moreover, adoption of LCA into the AEC industry is quite limited since a building’s life cycle is much longer and more complicated than automotive and manufacturing industries. Although the application and adoption of LCA into the AEC industry are difficult and limited, it is gradually drawing attentions in this field as eco-friendly and sustainability are one of biggest issues in the AEC industry.

Research in LCA has been conducted in many countries as a means of supporting tools to simulate energy consumption and occurrence of carbon dioxide emissions. For example, BHP Institute in Australia developed LISA (LCA in Sustainable Architecture) and ATHENA Sustainable Materials Institute, which is a Canadian non-profit organisation, released ATHENA for evaluation of LCA. Similarly, EPA was introduced by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), BEES (Building for Environmental and Economics Sustainability) and SimaPro 4.0 are used widely for measuring of LCA. While these programmes are popular and useful to evaluate LCA in buildings, it is troublesome to adopt these tools into buildings’ energy simulation and assessing LCA of buildings. Besides, there are several barriers and limitations to utilise them for selecting design changes and alternatives during design phase. Along with these kind of difficulties, there is a unique problem to apply to domestic market since most of the databases are based on foreign standards and regulations.



As stated, there are several problems in terms of LCA databases for energy simulation and design alternatives. Along with the database which is focused on foreign situations, most commonly utilised LCI database for LCA is developed based on individual materials such as cement, glass panels, plaster boards and so forth. While this database would be useful to assess the individual materials or products carbon dioxide emissions, it would be difficult to apply this one to buildings since a building is a composition of a large number of construction materials. In order to fill and improve this kind of difficulties of calculating LCA of buildings, it is required to develop a new LCI database which deals with building components-based database rather than individual materials.

The developed database was integrated with Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools to measure the consumptions of energy during the whole life cycle of a building as well as to calculate emissions of carbon dioxide in an early design phase. To do so, it would be possible to assess and evaluate LCA in an early design stage, which has greater impact on design changes and alternatives with relatively low costs.

3. RESEARCH METHODS The most widely utilised Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database for evaluating LCA is a individual material-based database which mainly deals with basic materials such as cement, steel, glass, plaster panels and so forth. This database is useful to evaluate each material’s influences and environmental loads in LCA. However, it is difficult to apply this database evaluating of a building’s LCA since a building is a mixture of various materials rather than composing single individual material. For this reason, it is required to develop a new approach to set up LCI database considering a building’s components-based database. To fill this research gap, this study is to develop a new LCI database which would encompass buildings’ components as a means of measuring LCA of buildings. In addition, Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools were utilised as a medium of quantity take-off during the design stage of a building. Through the newly proposed approach of this research, it would be possible to select design alternatives and optimums with low CO2 emissions sustainable and eco-friendly buildings. The overall process of this research is described in Figure 1.Firstly, we investigated existing literature to collect background data for calculating LCCO2. Then, unit price of each material was established for evaluation of CO2 emissions for each member in a building. The next step was to model the studied model and to attain the quantity take-off using Building Information Modelling software. Based on the quantity take-off by BIM tool, the carbon dioxide emissions of the studied model were conducted. Finally, we compared the test results using the suggested method with the existing CO2 emissions calculation tools.



Figure 1 The research process

4. THE PROCESS OF CALCULATING LCCO2

Background Data Collection of Calculating LCCO2 There are two methods to establish Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database: the individual integration method and the economic input-output analysis method. The former, the individual integration method, is to investigate a product’s relevant data from manufacturing to demolition and then to accumulate the collected data of a product’s energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The latter, the economic input-output analysis method, is to quantify the industrial relationships of materials in an input-output matrix. The input-output matrix represents all the interactions amongst industrial sectors in a comprehensive manner. The data in the input-output matrix are normally derived from the National Statistics and Census data. For example, a glass panel manufacturer requires silica sand, other chemicals and electricity. While direct suppliers would be able to measure by analysing ingredients of a glass, indirect suppliers such as office equipment, papers, and others might be excluded. Each unit of glass produced results in environmental discharges in other industry sectors which might be various upon several orders of magnitude. The input-output analysis method is expensive and time consuming since inputs and environmental burdens would have to be collected either directly or obtained from literature if they are available. Despite of such difficulties to establish the input-output analysis method of LCI, it is useful and efficient to predict direct and indirect industrial impacts on the national economy. The input-output analysis method which would make it possible to calculated energy consumptions and carbon dioxide emissions. In this research, the input-output analysis method is the main process model to calculate the LCCO2 of a building. The overall process of CO2 emissions is depicted in Figure 2 .

Figure 2 The process of calculating CO2 emissions



Establishing Database to Measure LCCO2

The Concept of ‘the sustainable Life Cycle model of a Building’ The suggested model in this study, ‘The sustainable life cycle model of a building’, which is a conceptual model to show a circular process of a building’s life cycle from inception to dismantling. This concept focuses on pursuing a building’s minimal environmental burdens and impacts during the entire life cycle of a building. Figure 3 displays the process and concepts of the sustainable life cycle model of a building.

Figure 3 The life cycle of a building and establishing database of each phase in the life cycle

In this model, we divided a building’s life cycle into four broad stages, which are Pre-construction, Construction, Operation and Maintenance, and Post-construction. Each phase in the building construction process consumes energy and emits carbon dioxide emissions differently depending upon its characteristics. During the pre-construction stage in the sustainable life cycle model of a building, the major energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions would be the manufacturing or producing construction materials (e.g. glass panels, cement, plaster panels etc.). The major portion of energy consumptions and the occurrence of carbon dioxide emissions happen during manufacturing and producing of basic construction materials. In addition, this stage is significant to evaluate LCCO2 and build LCI database based on dollar materials since this stage produces construction materials to construct buildings.

The construction stage is relatively less energy consuming and carbon dioxide occurring phase comparing with other steps during the whole life cycle. The main factors of energy consumption in the construction stage are transporting materials to the construction site and operating construction equipment. The operation and maintenance phase of a building’s life cycle is the most significant step with regard to energy consumptions and carbon dioxide emissions. During the operation of a building in a life cycle, a large quantity of fossil fuels would be spent heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, maintenance and so forth. The pattern of energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the maintenance phase is quite similar to the pre-construction phase since it would require new construction materials to replace or repair the building for restoration.



In the post-construction stage, there are two different ways of energy spending and carbon dioxide occurrence. When an expired building is begun to deconstruct, some of the construction materials would be reused or recycled. In the course of reuse or recycling, it would be expected that the reduced amount of energy consumptions and carbon dioxide emissions. On the other hand, energy consumptions and CO2 occurrence would be happened to demolish expired building.

Analysis of a Building for Establishing a Database of Construction Materials

Buildings as an Aggregate of Physical Systems Modern buildings are a complex composition of multiple physical systems such as envelope, structure, HVAC, lighting, safety, communication, control, transportation, and so forth. These types of multiple physical systems are integrated into one broad system. The broad system is comprised with several minor systems and the multiple sub-systems are consisted with a number of physical components and materials.

In this study, we divided a building’s physical systems into four major systems, which are structure, envelope, facilities and equipment, and interior. The structure system is not only to sustain horizontal and vertical loads to a building, but also to protect the entire building for sustainable and stable conditions. The envelope system are members and components which keep a building from heat, sun and noise as well as to balance external forces and the internal resistance. The facilities and equipment system is any types of systems which are related to the internal environment of a building. The examples of the facilities and equipment system include air conditioning, heating systems and equipment, electricity, and water supply and drainage. The last categorisation, the interior system, encompasses finishing works such as ceiling, wall etc., furniture, appliances and so forth. In this study, exposed ducts, waffle slabs, carpets, and similar components and works were categorised into the interior system. In general, construction members are connected or overlapped, and interacted with other materials rather than working as a single member or sole material. In this research, we categorised the interactions of construction materials interactions more specifically. The interactions amongst construction materials and members would be grouped into separation, contact, connection, entanglement and combination.

Separation: Each material in the building’s physical system is unconnected to other materials or systems. Every system works solely in the physical system and they would not influence on others’ works or functions. Despite of each system working as solely or separately, the individual materials are encompassed and combined in a broad upper system or the entire building system.

Contact: In this type of interactions, one system is existed or preserved onto another system by gravity. The contact embrace both permanent and temporary contact amongst multiple physical systems.

Connection: Each material or member is physically anchored by welding, glue or adhesives, or connection stuff such as clips, clamps, nails, bolts or rivets. As shown in the contact, the connection includes both permanent and temporary connections between materials or members.

Entanglement: This connection between members is penetrated through touched materials and shared the same space.

Combination: Each individual system shares common characteristics and they are integrated with each other. In this case, it would be difficult to distinguish one physical system from



another. Such integrated members would be categorised into one system rather than two separate systems.

This categorisation of construction materials would be useful to sort complexed construction members into sub-systems and lower systems to calculate LCA and LCCO2 of base materials. Moreover, this classification would be basic information for quantity take-off using BIM tools.

Integrated Diagram to Establish the Relationships between Materials It is complex to comprehend construction members’ relationships amongst materials in a building. Despite of such difficulties to understand the relationships, it would be able to depict their relationships when we utilise the five interactions among construction members as shown in the previous section. While a reinforced concrete building, for example, composes of a large number of construction materials, they could be simplified by categorising the into the five interactions.

Figure 4 The section of concrete wall and slab

As seen in Figure 4, a section of concrete wall is depicted with several layers and materials and it could be grouped into different physical systems. That is, the structure system is a concrete wall, and the unit component of this physical system is reinforced concrete. In addition, the interior system is interconnected with plaster boards with the reinforced wall. Therefore, this complex composition of construction materials could be described as Figure 5 in a simplified diagram. Based on this simplified diagram, it would be possible to break down into construction materials and it would be helpful to calculate the emissions of carbon dioxide in the reinforced concrete walls.



Figure 5 The simplified model of the section of concrete wall

Utilisation of Database and Application of BIM

The utilisation of BIM and LCCO2 It is practical to utilise Building Information Modelling (BIM) software to yield accurate quantity take-off and evaluate in buildings. Figure 6 shows the overall process and utilisation of BIM software. The quantity take-off by BIM tools would be integrated with carbon dioxide emissions database in either the individual integration method or the economic input-output method. That is, the quantity of construction materials in a building would be acquired by utilising BIM tools since it has a unique function to evaluate the inputted stuff of the building. Then, the individual materials’ carbon dioxide occurrences per unit would be multiplied with the total quantity of each one. The classification of physical system in this study would be combined with BIM library. In addition, the output data from BIM tools are produced as a form of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for compatibility and further application between other BIM software, and the form of gbXML for utilisation of energy simulation programmes. Since BIM software has the ‘measurability’ and ‘predictability’ capabilities, it would be possible to evaluate LCCO2 and to substitute eco-friendly materials during the pre-construction stage, especially design phase. In this research, we chose a block type apartment building to apply the suggested model and process. The details of the selected model are depicted in Table 1.



Figure 6 The process of utilising BIM and database

Table 1 The case overview

Category Contents Building size Above ground 19 floors, Basement 2 floors Structural system Reinforced concrete, bearing wall system Area of the structure 9054m2

Quantity take-off and CO2 Emissions The studied model of this study is summarised in Table 1. The quantity of building materials of the apartment building is calculated by using a BIM tool. Table 2 indicates the summary of construction materials of the building. The main component of the building is concrete and the quantity is approximately 6592m3. The insulation materials are the second largest components of the studied model and then bricks. In this study, adhesives which are used for insulation materials and tiles are excluded since the amount of input is relatively small and it would not influence on the overall amount of CO2 emissions.

Table 2 Quantity take-off of construction materials

No. Components Quantity (m3) 1 Plain concrete 133.97 2 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) boards 106.7 3 Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) boards 198.71 4 Air Space 8.21 5 Plaster boards 201.05 6 Glass wool insulation 830.94 7 Light-weight concrete 295.95 8 Cement mortar 344.56 9 Concrete 6592.09

10 Bricks 743.52 11 Tiles 28.98 12 Wood 84.88



Calculating carbon dioxide emissions of a building in the design stage Based on the quantity take-off by BIM software, it would be possible to assess carbon dioxide emissions of a building in the construction stage by inputting unit emissions per each material. In this research, the amount of construction materials was calculated by kilograms, volume or unit price per one thousand US dollars. Table 4 and Table 5 display the CO2 emissions of the materials from BIM software by unit price of the construction materials. The total CO2 emissions of the researched model during the construction stage were calculated as 3544634kg-CO2.

Table 3 CO2 emissions of construction materials 1

Categorisation LCI DB Specific weight Weight

Unit price CO2

emissions

Material CO2 emissions

Components Quantity (m3) Name kg/m2 kg kg-CO2 kg-CO2

Plain concrete 133.97 Ready-mixed Concrete 140.430 18,813

Light-weight concrete 295.95 Cement, gravel

and sand 164.301 48,625

Cement mortar 344.56 Cement and sand 124.35 42,846

Concrete 6592.09 Ready-mixed concrete 140.430 925,727

Wood 84.88 Processed wood 500 42440 0.0738 3,132

Rebars 72.85 High-strength rebars 7850 571873 3.466 1,982,112

Total 3,021,257

Table 4 CO2 emissions of construction materials 2

Categorisation LCI DB Unit price (KRW) Price

Unit price CO2

emissions

Material CO2

emissions

Components Quantity (m3) Name KRW/m2 KRW

kg-CO2 /1 million

KRW kg-CO2

EPS boards 106.7 Polystyrene 78,421 8,348,315 1,302 10,870

XPS boards 198.71 Forming

products for buildings

140,432 27,905,243 1,302 36,333

Plaster boards 201.05 Plaster boards 240,416 48,335,637 3,363 162,553 Glass wool insulation 830.94 Glass wool 26,800 22,269,192 1,477 32,892

Tiles 28.98 Tiles 1,530,612 44,357,136 3,196 141,765 Bricks 745.52 Bricks 58,479.5 43,480,678 3,196 138,964 Total 523,377

CO2 emissions in the operation and demolition phase Each component of the studied model has unique thermal characteristics and values. In this research, Eco Designer which is an add-on programme of Archi CAD software was used as



the energy simulation tool. The standard climate data of the studied building was based on the standard weather information from the Meteoroidal Agency of Korea. The heating and air conditioning system of the model were individual system which were gas boilers for hearing and individual air conditioning systems for cooling system. Below figures (Figure 7 and Figure 8) show the applied variables which were integrated BIM software with EcoDesigner for energy analysis during the operation stage of the researched building.

Figure 7 Screenshot of EcoDesigner for energy 1

Figure 8 Screenshot of EcoDesigner for energy 2



Figure 9 The result of annual CO2 emissions

The simulation results show in Figure 9 and the total amount of energy consumption of the building per year indicates 105.8kWm3. The value of energy consumption is equivalent to 393 ton when we convert it by using IPCC CO2 emission factors. In summary, the carbon dioxide emissions of the construction and operation phase were calculated as 3544 ton and 393ton/year respectively. The CO2 occurrence during the post-construction stage (demolition stage) was calculated by a formula and the result is showed in

Table 5. During the demolition phase, construction machinery and electricity would be

utilised to operate construction equipment and demolition works. The estimation formulae of energy consumption and construction machinery utilisation are summarised as below,

= 0.0017 × + 37.5 : ℎ : The electricity consumption estimation formula was also applied as below, = 0.0247 . : ℎ



Table 5 CO2 emissions by building stages

Category Phases in the life cycle The amount of CO2 emissions Pre-Building Phase Design stage 3,544 Building Phase Construction stage 165 Operation 1 year 393 10 years 3,930 20 years 7,860 30 years 11,790 40 years 15,720 Refurbishment 1 year 0.2 10 years 13 20 years 49 30 years 107 40 years 185 Post-Building phase Demolition stage 1

5. CONCLUSION The goal of this study is to develop an integrated Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model utilising Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools for evaluating energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of a building in an early design phase. In this research, a new form of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database dealing with building components rather than individual materials is also suggested. Through this newly proposed database, it is expected that the energy consumption and the emissions of carbon dioxide in each phase of a building’s life cycle would be readily evaluated during the early design stage. Besides, the information of a building design created by BIM software will be stored as IFC files which is universal and compatible for data exchange between BIM tools. These IFC files will be further utilised to analyse carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption by other specialised tools, add-ons or applications.

In this research, it is expected that prompt and accurate assessment of Life Cycle Carbon Dioxide emissions (LCCO2) since we integrate the new LCI database, which deals with components of a building rather than individual materials such as cement, panels, bricks and so forth. Moreover, it would be possible to adjust and modify design of a building with low environmental impacts in an early design phase. Thus, it is expected that the integration of LCI database and BIM would be a useful and effective method to select design alternatives and eco-friendly buildings in the early design phase. Especially, the linked carbon dioxide database with BIM would be advantageous to evaluate building components’ carbon dioxide emission during the design phase. Through this, the designers and the owner of a property would be able to predict carbon dioxide emissions in each phase of a building (e.g. Pre-construction, Construction, Operation and maintenance, and demolition phase).

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