Building Information Modeling Application Maturity Model ...

Research ArticleBuilding Information Modeling Application Maturity Model(BIM-AMM) from the Viewpoint of Construction Project

Chengshuang Sun 1 Hanting Xu 2 Dongjun Wan 1 and Ying Li 3

1School of Urban Economics and Management Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China2School of Economics and Management North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China3School of Environment and Energy Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Dongjun Wan wandongjunbuceaeducn

Received 31 October 2020 Revised 23 July 2021 Accepted 31 July 2021 Published 10 August 2021

Academic Editor Valeria Vignali

Copyright copy 2021 Chengshuang Sun et al )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

BIM maturity models have become a significant method used to show the development stage of building information modeling(BIM) and to assist in measuring BIM capability However most of the existing maturity models focus on the evaluationtechnology but the effect of BIM is not only related to technology and most of them are mostly used for a comprehensiveevaluation of BIM capability after the event In this paper for the purpose of comprehensive preevaluation of BIM applicationmaturity of the project considering the temporary characteristics of the project based on Nolanrsquos growth stage model from theperspective of technology social environment and project participants a BIM application maturity model (BIM-AMM) in-cluding 10measurement indicators is proposed)emodel integrates the Barrel Principle in accordance with the characteristics ofa single project)e conditions of BIM implementation are evaluated in advance and specific deficiencies of BIM implementationare identified then BIM decision-making is determined for the project Finally an actual project is taken as the applicationdemonstration case of BIM-AMM and according to the results the obstacles faced by the project organization in adopting BIMtechnology and the improvement strategies are put forward )e research results further expand the BIMmaturity research to theearly stage of the project and provide new ideas for BIM maturity research

1 Introduction

With the development of science and technology and theinnovation of management and knowledge labor productivityhas improved greatly in almost all industries with the ex-ception of the construction industry [1ndash3] According to theresearch conducted by Paul Teicholz [3] labor productivity inthe US construction industrymdashwhich is measured by constantcontract dollars of new construction work per work hourmdashhasexperienced an average decrease of -06 annually since theearly 1960s meanwhile all nonfarm industries have increasedlabor productivity at an average rate of 18 annually Fur-thermore more than 72 of projects are completed overbudget 70 run over schedule and 75 of delayed projectsare 50 over the initial contract price Chapman et al [1]found that factors affecting construction productivity include

(1) life cycle construction processes (2) technology utilization(3) skilled labor availability and (4) offsite fabrication andmodularization they also pointed out that effective collabo-ration could improve construction productivity

BIM can provide solutions to these factors to increaseproductivity )irty-two large-scale construction projects werestudied by Stanford University Comprehensive FacilitiesCommunity Center (CIFE) )e results show that the use ofBIM can shorten the project budget calculation time by 80 andthe total construction period by 7 and reduce the contract costby 10 [4] BIM is defined by theUS [5] as the development anduse of a multifaceted computer software data model to not onlydocument a building design but also simulate the constructionand operation of a new capital facility or a recapitalized(modernized) facility)e resulting building information modelis a data-rich object-based intelligent and parametric digital

HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2021 Article ID 6684031 12 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520216684031

representation of the facility embedded with detailed infor-mation for current and future construction projects [6] fromwhich views appropriate to various usersrsquo needs can be extractedand analyzed to generate feedback and improvement of thefacility design BIM provides revolutionary ways of generatingvisualizing exchanging predicting andmonitoring information[7] it improves collaboration among different stakeholders suchas planners designers structural engineers construction man-agers and field workers and it ultimately improves the per-formance and quality of construction products [8] GenerallyBIM can be used at every construction project phase for vi-sualization change management code reviews collision de-tection fabrication communication and collaboration andfacility management [9ndash11] In recent years BIM has beenapplied to and contributed great benefits to many giant andcomplicated construction projects For example in BeijingNational Aquatics Center China shorter schedules and im-proved sustainability building performance fire protection andsafety were implemented using BIM [10] In the HiltonAquarium Atlanta Georgia BIM was applied to design coor-dination clash detection and work sequencing a $600000 costbenefit was attributed to the elimination of clashes and schedulebenefits amounted to 1143 saved hours [11]

Due to the technical limitation the labor productivity of thetraditional construction industry is always at a low level BIMcan reduce the cost of construction projects shorten the con-struction period and reduce the workload of personnel and theintroduction of BIM technology provides a solution to the long-term shackles in the construction process and improves pro-duction efficiency However besides the change of productiontools the change of production process and project organizationin BIM adoption cannot be ignored Blind adoption of BIMwillcause more problems which goes against the original intentionof BIM development With the recognition of BIM advantagesand the exposure of BIM problems the implementation effectand technology development of BIM have been graduallyconcerned maturity model focusing on BIM software capabilityis proposed tomeasure the capability of BIM but the function ofBIM is not only related to software technology

)is paper proposes a BIM application maturity model（BIM-AMM）from the perspective of the practical applicationof BIM in the project referring to Nolanrsquos Stages-of-GrowthModel in management information system and CapabilityMaturity Model Integration (CMMI) in software developmentand management which provides a prediction tool for the reallevel of BIM application in different actual projects carries out acomprehensive preevaluation of the project BIM conditionsprovides a basis for improving the BIM shortcomings of dif-ferent projects and further extends the research of BIMmaturityto the early stage of the project a stage of the project that caneffectively control the risk which provides a new research ideafor the research of BIM maturity

2 Literature Review

21 BIM-Related Maturity Model For better application ofBIM the BIM Capability Maturity Model (BIM-CMM)mdashanimportant part of research promoting BIM usemdashhas beenstudied significantly

Based on the CMM the National Institute of BuildingSciences (NIBS) established an interactive BIM-CMM inwhich 11 areas of interest are included (data richness lifecycle views change management roles or disciplines busi-ness process timelinessresponse delivery method graphicalinformation spatial capability information accuracy andinteroperabilityIFC support) and the weight and maturitylevel of each area is defined [12 13])e IU BIM productivitymatrix developed by the University of Indiana contains 32metrics and 5 maturity levels [14] Succar presented a BIMresearch and delivery framework and its maturity stage-smdashpre-BIM object-based modeling model-based collabo-ration network-based integration and integrated projectdeliverymdashand pointed out that BIM tools are immature withregard to scalability interoperability and support for remotecollaboration [15] BIM QuickScan (BIMQ) is proposed byRizal Sebastian and van Berlo [16] of the Netherlands In-stitute of Building Environment and Earth Sciences It isdivided into organization and management mentality andculture information structure and information flow whichare used to evaluate the ability of BIM service institutions toprovide BIM BIM Planning Guide for Facility Owners v20was released in 2013 to guide the project team to complete theBIM implementation planning process which contains sixkey BIM planning elements )e maturity of each element isdivided into six levels which indicates the advanced processof the maturity of application elements in the organizationfrom not being applied to being fully applied [17] )e au-thors of [18] developed a framework for building owners in2013 to assess BIM capabilities to improve the BIM re-quirements of the owners BIMCloud Score was developed in2014 including 6 main measurement aspects and 19 mea-surement indicators to evaluate the maturity level of BIMmodeling technology [19] Liang et al [20] proposed that thedevelopment of BIM is not only about BIM technology butalso related to processes and protocols and developed amultifunctional BIM maturity model from the three levels oftechnology process and protocol Chen et al [21] sum-marized and discussed BIMM- (Building InformationModeling Maturity-) related academic achievements fromthe aspects of information management process manage-ment and technology management Siebelink et al [22]developed a BIM maturity model which focused on thetechnical and organizational aspects of BIM

It can be seen that these existing studies mainly focus onthe technology capability maturity of BIM itself and not theapplication maturity of BIM using an actual constructionproject In fact whether BIM is successful is affected bymany factors besides BIM itself such as the ownerrsquos attitudeto BIM related laws and codes )e differences betweenBIMrsquos application maturity model (BIM-AMM) and BIM-CMM can be seen in Figure 1 In Figure 1 the overlap ofBIM and CMM is BIM-CMM which has been studied bymany scholars and organizations [13 15] the overlap of BIMand applying environment (which refers to the interior andexterior environment relative to some technology applica-tion in practice) is the BIM application model (BIM-AM)the overlap between CMM and applying environment is theCMM application model (CMM-AM)

2 Advances in Civil Engineering

22 Stages-of-Growth Model Among the stages-of-growthmodels Nolanrsquos Stages-of-Growth Model is the most rep-resentative [23] It was developed by Richard L Nolanduring the 1970s and it is a theoretical maturity model thatinitially included four stages for the growth of informationtechnology in a business or similar organization [24] It wasmodified in 1979 and growth progress was divided into sixdifferent stages initiation contagion control integrationdata administration and maturity [25] Following thethinking from Nolanrsquos Stages-of-Growth Model severalrevised models have been proposed to adapt the model todevelopments in technology evolution including a newNolan model with three more stages added [26 27]

A stages-of-growth model can be used to help organi-zations construct information systems and implementcomprehensive management of information resources itemphasizes the importance of information resource inte-gration between enterprises and institutions [28] Gottschalkproposed a model of growth stages with four stages for lawfirm knowledge management technology it aims to developsuitable strategies for implementing technology at higherstages in the future [27] )e authors of [29] presented aconceptual stages-of-growth model for managing an orga-nizationsrsquo social medial business profile with five stages froma theoretical and practical perspective

23 Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)CMMI was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon Uni-versity CMMI is a process improvement approach thatprovides organizations with the essential elements of ef-fective processes which will improve their performance[30] CMMI is a model that combines three source models a

capability maturity model for software a systems engi-neering capability model and an integrated product de-velopment capability maturity model )e main objective ofthe model is to evaluate and improve organizational pro-cesses within the development operation and maintenanceof information systems and software products [31] CMMIfor development includes five maturity levels initialmanaged defined quantitatively management and opti-mizing [32] CMMI-based process improvement includesidentifying the organizationrsquos process strengths and weak-nesses and making process changes to turn weaknesses intostrengths [30]

)is paper studies BIM-AMM from the viewpoint ofactual construction projects )e aim of this study is toprovide decision supports for project managers aboutwhether to apply BIM in a construction project or not anddetermines where weaknesses exist which require im-provement if applying BIM Firstly factors affecting BIMapplication on construction projects are analyzed and onthe basis of factor analysis the index system in BIM-AMM ispresented Secondly using Nolanrsquos Stages-of-Growth Modelfor information technology as a reference BIM-AMM isdivided into four stages initiation discreteness integrationand maturity )irdly each index evaluation criterion ofBIM-AMM is discussed Finally to demonstrate the vali-dation of the BIM-AMM one practical construction projectis introduced and evaluated

3 Research Framework

)e framework of this paper is shown in Figure 2 For thefeasibility of BIM-AMM application in actual constructionprojects three key aspects should be carefully considered

Intersection of soware capabilitymaturity model research and BIMresearchbull Research content of BIMcapability maturity in BIMresearch

Research on BuildingInformation Modeling

Intersection of BIM research andsoware application environmentresearchbull Research on the internal andexternal environmental problemsrelated to BIM implementation

BIM-CMM BIM-AM

BIM-AMM

Research onCapability Maturity

Model

ApplyingEnvironment

Research

Intersection of soware capability maturity modelresearch and soware application environmentresearchbull In the research of soware capability maturitymodel the section that includes sowareenvironment factors in the scope of research

Main Contents of this Research

Intersection of BIM soware capability andtechnology application environment focuses onthe application maturity of BIM in practice thatis understanding the BIM conditions of theproject to determine the BIM maturity levelfrom the perspective of project practice

CMM-AM

Figure 1 Description of BIM-AMM

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

the BIM-AMMmaturity levels the index system of the BIM-AMM and the evaluation criteria of the BIM-AMM )eBIM-AMM maturity levels define the feasibility capabilityand benefits of a construction project using BIM under theexisting limitations of technology software and hardwareand various exterior environments )e index system of theBIM-AMM defines the factors affecting the maturity levelsof the BIM-AMM)e evaluation criteria of the BIM-AMMdefine the mature condition of each index according toactual construction project information

Step 1 )e first work is to determine levels of BIM-AMM)e methodology employed in setting up an integratedapplication maturity model of a BIM is based on existingmaturity models such as the stages-of-growth model andCMMI to establish a BIM-AMMrsquos maturity levels combinedwith the characteristics of BIM application

Step 2 )is study uses a systematic review of the researchresults aiming to select the measurement index of BIMapplication maturity )e correctness of the selection ofmeasurement direction depends on the perspective of theresearch problem and the characteristics of the researchsubject )rough the analysis of the relevant research onBIM maturity the direction of BIM application should beconsidered and considering the shortcomings of existingresearch and the characteristics of the project applicationthe influencing factors of BIM are determined )roughinterviews with BIM-related experts and practitioners in theindustry the dimensions and measurement indicators ofBIM-AMM are finally determined

Step 3 Combined with the classification of BIM-AMM andthe results of expert interviews the meaning of each mea-surement index under different levels is described which isused as the evaluation standard of BIM-AMM Finally anactual project case is used to verify the effectiveness of BIM-AMM According to the results of the BIM-AMM evalua-tion suggestions offor BIM adoption are putting forward

4 Establishment of BIM-AMM

41 BIM-AMM Maturity Levels Nolanrsquos Stages-of-GrowthModel and CMMI describe the evolution stage model of theinformation system which has important guiding significancefor the construction of the enterprise information system[33 34] BIM is the product of the combination of emerging ITtechnology and the modern construction industry BIM alsofollows Nolanrsquos Stages-of-Growth Model of ITmaturity in theapplication and future development of the project life cycle[35] )erefore it is reasonable for a BIM application that theBIM-AMM be divided into four maturity levels unfeasibilitydiscreteness integration and maturity as shown in Figure 3

Stage 1 Unfeasibility In this stage there are many re-strictive factors that hinder the application of BIM Forexample participants may have only heard of the conceptof BIM and no onemay have ever used BIM tools in actualconstruction projects If preevaluation of the projectdemonstrates that the project is in the first stage this showsthat the project does not have the conditions to apply BIMStage 2 Discreteness In this stage BIM project par-ticipants use BIM tools alone and all participants donot use BIM tools under the same BIM implementationframework )ere are inconsistencies in the BIMprocess and collaboration across disciplines resultingin more redundant and wrong dataStage 3 Integration )e implementation process of theproject can be integrated using various BIM tools as themain business means All participants of the project canshare information through the BIM software andplatform realize effective cooperation and communi-cation and accelerate the implementation of the projectin terms of quality and progressStage 4Maturity Under the complete implementationframework the project has a clear BIM implementationworkflow which enables the realization of real-timemaintenance and updating of information all partic-ipants have good BIM thinking and can effectively

Literature ReviewExpert Interview

Related work

Advantages and application status of BIM

Section 1Background

Section 5Findings

Section 4Case study

mdashBIM increase productivitymdashApplication of BIM in different segments Section 2

ProblemIdentification

BIM-AMM

BIM-AMM Case StudymdashPre-evaluation of BIM application maturitymdashBarrel PrinciplemdashObstacles and Improvement strategies

Description of BIM-AMM

mdashBIM Maturity Model mdashVergleichen Analysis

STEP 1BIM-AMM Maturity LevelsmdashNolanrsquos Stages of Growth ModelmdashCapability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)STEP 2Index System of BIM-AMMSTEP 3Evaluation Criteria of BIM-AMMBIM-AMM Application Process

Section 3Establishment of

BIM-AMM

Figure 2 Research framework


divide the responsibilities related to BIM At the sametime the BIM capabilities of all parties can meet theimplementation conditions of the BIM projects andrealize the maximization of BIM value

42 Index System of BIM-AMM Based on existing BIMmaturity-related research results combined with the charac-teristics of engineering projects and the premised assumptionsinvolved in the implementation of BIM this paper reviews BIMmaturity models that are widely used at present and extracts themeasurement elements related to BIM application as a referencefor building a BIM-AMM index system We extracted tech-nology information such as technology infrastructure needsBIM network environment interoperabilityIFC support BIMapplication environment information such as contracts re-sponsibilities standardization business guidance and organi-zational information such as management supportorganizational roles leadership awareness and project deliverymethod as shown in Table 1 )rough the analysis of the aboveinformation we found that in the existing BIM maturitymeasurement methods the role of BIM policy is rarely men-tioned Under good incentives and policiesmdashsuch as BIMsubsidiesmdashor under mandatory policies of relevant adminis-trative departments the probability of a project adopting BIMwill be greatly increased

)erefore fully considering the obtained maturitymeasurement direction this paper divides the maturityindex into ten dimensions software hardware networkcapability law standard policy personal ability managerexperience owner degree of demand and investment andproject delivery method from the perspectives of technologysocial environment and participants )e index system ofBIM-AMM is shown in Figure 4

421 Technology Issues

(1) Maturity of Software Capability )is comprises thedegree to which various requirements in variousstages of the whole life cycle of the project can bemet including the appearance display in the earlystage the design and conflicts of buildings struc-tures and pipelines in the design stage the

management of cost progress safety and change inthe construction stage and construction prefabri-cation and equipment maintenance in the use stage

(2) Hardware Performance )is refers to the softwarerunning and data processing speeds such as the timefor design and rendering whether software can meetthe continuous changes of model data and storagecapacity of data

(3) Network Capability )is refers to the interconnec-tion ability of the BIM application the cooperationability between software products and whether theproject participants can exchange data and realizeinformation sharing

422 Society Issues

(1) Laws and Regulations A perfect legal system canguarantee the basic rights of all parties in the projectincluding the division of responsibilities in the ap-plication of BIM the income distribution principlegenerated by BIM the contract specifications forBIM application and the creative format of differentinformation

(2) BIM-Related Standards)is includes BIM standardsand other relevant standards such as IFC Databased on the same standard can ensure the feasibilityof information interoperability among participants

(3) Industry Policy and Management System )is refersto incentive measures and promotion requirementsof the state industry management departments andlocal governments for projects which apply BIMtechnology Although the organization of the BIMproject and the project itself cannot directly improvethe BIM policy different projects face different BIMpolicy situations for different locations which is anecessary measurement aspect in BIM-AMM

423 Participant Issues

(1) Existing BIMTalents of Project Participating Enterprises)is refers to whether the number and ability of BIM

Stage 1 unfeasibility

Stage 2 discreteness

Stage 3 integration

Stage 4 maturitye condition for application of BIM is mature andBIM can meet all the needs of participants andcontribute huge benefits

Different disciplines and working procedures areintegrated through BIM communication andcollaboration become more efficient in practice

Participants individually apply BIM tools there is nouniform plan for application of BIM and lots of redundantand inconsistent data exist

Application of BIM cannot deliver benefits to any participantsthere are many problems and limitations in BIM using

Figure 3 Maturity levels of BIM-AMM


technical personnel of each participant can support theadoption of BIM technology as the main means of theproject

(2) Project Managerrsquos Experience )is refers to theproject managerrsquos mastery of BIM and the corre-sponding BIM project experience accumulation

(3) Requirements of the OwnerInvestor for BIM )isrefers to whether the owner requires the use of BIMand their requirements for the degree of use of BIMtechnology in the project

(4) Delivery Mode )is is the degree to which BIM canbring value to the project delivery mode under the

Table 1 Measurement aspects referenced by BIM-AMM

Research results and measurement aspects of BIM maturityReferences Measurement aspects

BIM-CMM [13]

Data richness Information accuracy TimelinessresponseLifecycle views Change management Roles or disciplines

Graphic information InteroperabilityIFCsupport Delivery method

Spatial capability Business process

Building information modeling maturity matrix[36]

Software Regulatory LeadershipHardware Contractual Human resourcesNetwork Preparatory Products and services

Infrastructure

Structural equation model of buildinginformation modeling maturity [21]

Equipment Standardization WorkflowApplication Specification Data richness

Hardware upgrade Role Info updateInteroperability Risk management Change management

Multifunctional BIM maturity model [20]

Information accuracy Clash analysis process InteroperabilityIFC supportModel data Data exchange Standard operating process

Quality assurance andquality control CADBIM workflow Doc and modeling standards

Data security and saving Management support Project deliverablesSpatial and coordination Delivery method Role and responsibility

BIM elements BIM project objective Compensation expectationsTechnology infrastructure

needsCross-disciplinary model

coordinationBIM and facility data

requirements

BIM maturity [22]

Hardware and networkenvironment

BIM expertworkinggroupdepartment

Personal motivation andwillingness to change

Software Job instructions andprocedure Requesting actor (internal)

BIM facilities Object structure anddecomposition

Education training andsupport

Tasks and responsibilities Object libraries andattributes BIM vision and goals

Collaborative attitude Data exchange Information structureManagement support

BIM capability assessment reference model(CAREM) [37]

BIM collaboration BIM skills

Interoperability Corporate-wide BIMdeployment

Performing BIMMeasurement aspects referenced by BIM-AMM

TechnologyInteroperabilityIFC supportSoftwarehardwarehardware upgradenetworkapplicationInteroperabilityTechnology infrastructure needsHardware and network environmentBIM facilities

Application environmentRegulatoryContractual

StandardizationSpecification

Cross-disciplinary modelcoordination

Job instructions andprocedure

Doc and modelingstandards

Standard operatingprocess

ParticipantDelivery method leadership role

Management supportProject deliverables

Role and responsibilityBIM expertworking groupdepartment

Personal motivation and willingness to changeRequesting actorcollaborative attitude


specific environment and project characteristics andthe adaptability of BIM to the project managementmode in the whole life cycle

43 Evaluation Criteria of BIM-AMM Evaluation criteriaare the most important contents of BIM-AMM )ese arecomposed of the maturity index and maturity level and canbe presented in the form of a table )ese are a set ofstandards used to measure each index grade in BIM-AMMin detail )e detailed description in each evaluation stan-dard results from interviews with experts in the industry asshown in Table 2

44 BIM-AMM Application Process Before using the ma-turity evaluation model the first thing to ensure is that therelevant organizations of the project can clearly understandthe meaning of each maturity index and the evaluationresult of each index is an important basis for BIM to adoptdecisions and improve the scheme Usually it is the directparticipants of the project such as the project manager whoare selected to evaluate the project As an evaluator theevaluator conducts organizational self-assessment on thematurity indicators in the model according to their ownactual situation and gives a corresponding score Based onthe evaluation results of all evaluators BIM-AMM is used tojudge the BIM maturity of the project )e maturity of theBIM adopted by the project at this stage and at the specificsituation of each maturity index is obtained Whether theproject conditions can support BIM at this stage is analyzedand the gap between BIM and the ideal implementationenvironment is determined )rough the above process theweaknesses of BIM adoption can be identified )rough thedevelopment of a corresponding improvement plan toimprove the weak aspects of BIM and through reevaluationthe maturity of BIM adoption in the project can be rede-termined until all aspects meet the requirements of BIMimplementation )e application process of the maturitymodel is shown in Figure 5

5 BIM-AMM Case Study

51 Case Introduction )e case data were taken from onepractical project called the Fuzhou Commerce Plaza Projectthis project is located beside the Min River Fuzhou CityFujian Province China Its total building area is more than400000m2 and its height is 999m )e required projecttime was 484 days We invited five project staff to evaluatethe BIM maturity of the project including the projectmanager and BIM-related technical personnel who had adirect understanding of the project )e scoring mechanismwas a 1ndash4 scale corresponding to four different stages If thematurity of an indicator of the evaluated project was con-sidered to be Stage 1 it was given a score of 1 if it wasconsidered that the maturity of an indicator of the evaluatedproject was between Stage 1 and Stage 2 the score could beselected as [12 14 16 18]mdashthe lower the value was thecloser the maturity level was to Stage 1 and the higher thevalue was the closer the maturity level was to Stage 2 )efinal score of each index was the average value of the sum ofmaturity scores and the calculation formula is as follows

Si 1N

1113944

N

j1Sij (1)

where N is the total number of personnel who evaluated theproject Sij is the evaluation score of each evaluator ondifferent indicators and Si is the final score of each indexwhich represents the actual maturity level of each indicatorin BIM-AMM

Taking the software as an example five project staffscored the conditions of the project software from theperspective of BIM application and finally Si was calculatedaccording to formula (1) to be 352 indicating that thematurity of the index has exceeded stage 3 but not reachedstage 4 Similarly taking the project managerrsquos experience asan example through the evaluation criteria of BIM-AMMthe score is 12 indicating that the maturity of the index isonly at stage 1 a very low level of maturity According to thematurity level evaluation criteria and scoring mechanism

ConsultantsG

over

nor

Regulatory

Technology

Society

Participant

BIM PROJECT

Index factors affecting theapplication of BIM on theconstruction project

Soware

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Personal with ability

Project managerprimes experience

Ownerprimes requirement

Project delivery method

(TE-1)

(TE-2)

(TE-3)

(SO-1)

(SO-2)

(SO-3)

(PA-1)

(PA-2)

(PA-3)

(PA-4)

Network Hardware

Coordination

Owner

Policy

Infrastructure

ContractualDesingers

BIM Facilities

Suppliers Contractors

IFC Support Interoperability

SowareStandardization

Appl

icatio

n

Figure 4 Index system of BIM-AMM


Table 2 Evaluation criteria of BIM-AMM

TechnologyStage TE-1 TE-2 TE-3

1Just a few BIM tools have been used

and cannot satisfy participantsrsquoslightly difficult needs

Hardware is outdated and there is norestoration system Limited network

2Many strong BIM tools for differentdisciplines have been applied but

interoperation is poor

Hardware can meet the generic needs ofBIM tools and there is no restoration

system

)e network can meet the basic needs of BIMtools but cannot transfer huge data

3

Integrated BIM tools can satisfy mostof participantsrsquo needs and supportmost collaboration of different

disciplines

Hardware can meet most needs of BIMtools and there is a better restoration

system

Network is stable and has enough capacity forcollaboration and communication but the

connect style provided is limited

4BIM tools can satisfy any participantrsquosneed and support full collaboration

between different disciplines

Hardware can perfectly meet all theneeds of BIM tools has quick runningspeed huge storage and an excellent

restoration system

Network can meet all the needs of BIM tools forcollaboration and real-time communication anddiversification of connection style is provided

SocietyStage SO-1 SO-2 SO-3

1 Hardly any BIM-related laws andcodes have been promulgated

Almost no standards can be used inpractice

)ere are hardly any policies to encourage theapplication of BIM

2 Just some key BIM-related laws andcodes have been promulgated

Although there are some standards forBIM application most have

shortcomings

Some positive policies have been issued toencourage participants to use BIM

3 A sizeable amount of BIM-relatedlaws and codes have been issued

Most important standards have beencreated and are used in practice

Much more benefits stipulated by policies couldbe gained if the project applies BIM

4 All the laws and codes for BIMapplication are perfect

All kinds of standards for BIMapplication have been established

perfectly

It is required that all construction projects mustapply BIM in policies

ParticipantStage PA-1 PA-2 PA-3 PA-4

1 )ere is almost no one who can useBIM tools

Project manager has no experience in theapplication of BIM to the construction

project

Owner does not require theapplication of BIM and has

made no investments

Bad deliverymethod for BIM

application

2 A few persons have used BIM tools inpractice

Project manager has experience in BIMuse but not in the role of project

manager

Owner has some interest orprovides some investments

in BIM usage

Good deliverymethod for BIM

application

3 Many persons have used BIM tools Project manager has experience of usingBIM in one or two construction projects

Owner encouragesparticipants to apply BIM

and provides greatinvestment

Great deliverymethod for BIM

application

4 All the participants can use andcollaborate with BIM tools perfectly

Project manager has abundantexperience in using BIM in construction

project management

Owner requiresparticipants to use BIM and

supports all funding

Perfect deliverymethod for BIM

applicationTE-1 denotes software TE-2 denotes hardware TE-3 denotes network SO-1 denotes laws and codes SO-2 denotes standards SO-3 denotes policy PA-1denotes a person with ability PA-2 denotes project managerrsquos experience PA-3 denotes ownerrsquos requirement and investments PA-4 denotes project deliverymethod

Evaluation of BIM maturitylevel Adoption of BIM

End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again

NoEvaluation ofproject status

Analysis ofimprovements

Mature conditions for BIMadoption

Improve the formulationof plans

Formulation of BIMimplementation plan

Figure 5 BIM-AMM application process


the final evaluation results of the detailed information of theproject are shown in Table 3

52 Maturity Evaluation Results )e regional map of theindex evaluation grade was drawn according to the evalu-ation results of each maturity index as shown in Figure 5)e maturity distribution chart of the BIM technologyadopted in the project was obtained by connecting the valuesof each index From Figure 6 we can clearly see the maturityof each index of the project )e closer the project is to thecenter the lower the maturity of the index is and it needs tobe improved on the original basis

According to the Barrel Principle only if all indicatorsmeet the implementation conditions of BIM can the projectadopt BIM technology to achieve high benefits If there areserious shortages even if other aspects have implementationconditions the overall benefits of BIM can only be low oreven bring other adverse consequences )erefore whetherBIM can produce value for the project depends on the BIM

shortages of the project which are also key for decidingwhether the project can adopt BIM

(1) Whether the operating system and software environ-ment settings are reasonable directly affects whether thewhole IT technology environment of the project cansupport the application of BIM technology )e ma-turity of BIM technical indicators of the project wasbasically consistent just reaching the maturity level ofStage 3 Each organization of the project had goodelectronic office equipment and basic BIM technologysoftware which could basically meet the requirementsof BIM business processes and cooperation betweendifferent disciplines However for some project par-ticipants the network environment was slightly worseIn the process of model data updating and backup andlarge file transmission and communication datatransmission failure and long durations for file transfercould be caused by poor network stability

(2) )e maturity of the BIM social environmental condi-tions of the project was at a low level the legal and BIMstandards were just at thematurity level of Stage 2 whilethe policy was between Stage 1 and Stage 2 which is alow level of maturity In addition to internationalstandards and specifications such as IFC Cobie andIOS in the external environment of the project at thattime although there were some local BIM standardsand implementation guidelines the coverage rate ofbusiness and technology at each stage of the project andthe applicability of the actual project was very low Atthe same time the BIM contract mode and generalagreement were still in vacancy and new rights re-sponsibilities and interests brought about by BIM couldnot be defined and protected in a legal sense In ad-dition without a mandatory adoption policy and

Table 3 BIM-AMM evaluation results of case

Evaluation criteria Project-related information Sij Si

SoftwareIn this project BIM tools include the following

(i) Autodesk Revit architecture structure MEP and Navisworks(ii) GrandSoft for cost

32 36 38 36 34 352

Hardware All participants have computers and laptops that are up-to-date enough to useBIM tools 28 32 34 32 34 32

NetworkParticipants have a variety of connection styles for access to the Internet such asFDDI WiFi but the network conditions at the construction site are not good

and the net speed is slow28 32 30 30 28 296

Laws and codesNowadays in the Chinese construction industry there are few laws and codesabout BIM application )erefore if disputes related to BIM use occur no laws

apply20 28 20 20 24 224

Standards Because the main BIM tools come from the Autodesk toolkit problems ofinteroperation exist between Revit and other types of software 24 20 26 24 26 24

Policy Although Chinese officials realize the importance of BIM until now there hasnot been a positive policy to encourage the usage of BIM 14 14 16 12 20 152

Person with ability Other than designers no persons have used BIM in practical projects before 22 20 20 18 20 2Project Managerrsquosexperience Project managers have no experience of BIM application 12 14 12 12 10 12

Ownerrsquos requirement andinvestments

Owner agrees to apply BIM only in the design stage and has not invested enoughmoney 14 18 20 12 14 156

Project delivery method )is project adopted the DB delivery method which is not very suitable for BIM 12 14 12 16 10 128

352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability

Project managerrsquosexperience



Figure 6 Case analysis results


effective incentive mechanism the adoptionmotivationand benefit guarantee of BIM was greatly reduced Achange of social environmental factors is predictablebut it often takes a lot of time It can be said that in theprogress schedule of the project there was no favorableBIM condition for the social aspect

(3) It is not difficult to see from the results that the BIMorganizational conditions of the project were extremelyunfavorable and the personal BIM levels of technicalpersonnel had just reached Stage 2 )e owner did nothave BIM awareness Except for the designers otherproject personnel had not had contact with BIM andthe project manager had no BIM project experiencetherefore they were totally unable to carry out BIM-related work Undoubtedly these were the biggestobstacles to BIM implementation in this project )ebusiness flow of the selectedDB deliverymode was verytraditional which was in conflict with BIMrsquos projectmanagement concept of information digitization andmanagement integration BIM under DB mode ismeaningless and even causes more work problems)ese problems were close to the Stage 1 level so it wasnot feasible to implement BIM

To sum up even if the project had good BIM technicalconditions BIMwas not suitable as themain technical means ofthe project due to the projectrsquos obvious defects in social andorganizational aspects If the external social environment of theproject improved within the allowed time range and the projectorganization quickly improved BIM skills such as adjustingstaff increasing the number of work and management per-sonnel with BIM technical ability participating in the projectunder a favorable change of policy and project strategy it is

necessary tomake anothermaturity assessment according to thenew situation of the project only if all the preconditionsmet theimplementation requirements of BIM could the ultimatebenefits of BIM adoption be ensured

6 Conclusions

All projects are unique From the perspective of BIMimplementation no two projects have the same adoptionconditions so the value of BIM to each project is also dif-ferent BIM-AMM includes both macro and micro factorsinvolved in the application of BIM in projects Macro factorsare the external conditions of the project including policiesand regulations system standards and project managementsystem while micro factors aremainly reflected in the internalconditions of the project including organizational philoso-phy technical personnel level and technical equipment )euncertainty of project adoption of BIM always exists but it isaffected by macro factors and micro factors which wereexplained above )erefore based on the above two points itis very important to preevaluate thematurity of BIM adoptionfrom the perspective of the project At the same time underthe maturity index system the feasibility of in-depth quan-tification of BIM maturity of the project is increased

From the perspective of a project this paper analyzes theinfluencing factors of BIM maturity and constructs an indexevaluation system of BIM-AMM including 10 evaluationindexes from the three aspects of technology society andparticipant Referring to Nolanrsquos Stages-of-Growth Modelthis paper constructs a BIM-AMM based on four maturitylevels introduces the process of BIMmaturity preassessmentadopted by the project and uses an actual case study toanalyze the applied BIM-AMM

Table 4 Assessment and comparison of existing maturity models

BIM-related maturity model

Aspects BIM-CMM [13] BIM maturitymatrix [36]

Multifunctional BIMmaturity model [20] BIM maturity [22] BIM-AMM

Evaluationperspective BIM software technology

BIM users mdash(i) Individuals(ii)Organizations(iii) Projectteams

BIM users mdash(i) Enterprises(ii) Industry

BIM users mdash(i) Enterprises Project

Applicationphase

Software developmentimprovement andcapability testing

Implementation status of BIM usersPreparation period

before applying BIM inproject

Maturity modeldimension (i) Information

(i) Technology(ii) Process(iii) Policy

(i) Technology(ii) Process(iii) Protocol

(i) Strategy(ii) Organizationalstructure(iii) People andculture(iv) Processes andprocedures(v) ITinfrastructure(vi) Data

(i) Technology(ii) Society(iii) Participant

Applicationprocess One-time maturity evaluation

Cycle maturityevaluation with

feedback information


)e effect of BIM implementation is affected by manyfactors According to the Barrel Principle BIM can bringhigh value to the project only when it is in a matureimplementation environment If there are obviousshortages the benefits of BIM will be greatly reducedFrom the current development of BIMmdashalthough BIMhas been widely used in construction transportationand other fieldsmdashin the process of adopting BIM in someprojects the application of BIM cannot reach the highestlevel due to limitations of software hardware networkregulations standards and other factors due to thecurrent technology theory and management levels Forexample the current BIM-related standards are still inthe development stage so for any project the stan-dardization and comprehensiveness of BIM standardscannot reach the ideal state From the perspective of theoverall interests of the project project delivery andmanagement modes have different impacts on the effectof BIM Under the DBB mode the overall driving force ofBIM is very low and the ownersrsquo sign contracts with theparticipants at each stage of the project For BIM proj-ects decentralized project management mode and theBIM integration concept are in great conflict BIMcannot play a real role and the use of the DBB modereduces the feasibility of BIM application in the projectIn this case the owner needs to carefully considerwhether to adopt BIM technology in the project or not

)e application of a BIM-AMM can evaluate the ma-turity of BIM conditions of a project before the full appli-cation of BIM in the project With the help of Nolanrsquos Stages-of-GrowthModel and the Barrel Principle it can provide thebasis for the owner to formulate an adoption strategy andBIM improvement scheme

)e difference of BIM application in the project com-pared to the traditional work mainly lies in the systematicchange of project organization management and meanswhich the BIM technical team and the accumulation of BIMexperience are directly related to Project managers and BIMtechnicians are the main productivity to BIM projects )eydirectly determine the change of the project business pro-cess At the same time the change of traditional work cannotbe directly reflected )e existing BIM talents projectmanagerrsquos experience delivery mode and other aspects ofproject participating enterprises can not only reflect thebusiness ability BIM staffing and BIM experience of projectapplication but also be easy to measure which can reflectwhether the project organization has made changes in thetraditional work culture and business process as well as BIMproject-related business flow to a considerable extent in thematurity of the process

)e research of BIM-AMMcan not only clearly judge thelevel of BIM application in the project at the present stagebut also identify the existing BIM defects and understand theproblems that the project should focus on from the BIMcondition at the present stage to the next maturity stage soas to improve the stability of BIM value by improving theBIM shortboard

Considering that the BIM-AMM in this study isdifferent from the maturity model in other studies in the

measurement focus and stages it is difficult to make acomparison from the case study Taking BIM-CMM BIMMaturity Matrix Multifunctional BIM Maturity Modeland BIM Maturity as the comparison object this paperadded Table 4 displaying a comparison between BIM-AMM and other maturity models from the evaluationperspective the application phase maturity model di-mension and application process to reflect the inno-vation of this research

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Additional Points

)is work has achieved practical significance but has somelimitations In the process of the BIM-AMM index gradeevaluation the evaluation criteria of expert interview and thedirect scoring method may cause subjective differences inthe evaluation results Finding a method that can overcomehuman factors and deeply quantify the maturity level ofindicators is a further research direction )e BIM-AMMproposed in this paper is based on a specific time of theproject which cannot dynamically and continuously eval-uate the BIM application maturity of the project from theperspective of time continuity and should be further op-timized in the follow-up research

Conflicts of Interest

)e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

)e authors would like to thank respondents from industryand academia who completed the expert interview and casestudy for their contribution to this study )is work wassupported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (Grant Nos 51878026 and 71071043)

References

[1] R E Chapman D T Butry and A L Huang ldquoMeasuring andimproving US construction productivityrdquo 2010 httpswwwnistgovpublicationsmeasuring-and-improving-us-construction-productivity

[2] M R Miller Ed 9e Commercial Real Estate RevolutionNine Transforming Keys to Lowering Costs CuttingWaste andDriving Change in a Broken Industry Wiley Hoboken NJUSA 2009

[3] P Teicholz ldquoLabor productivity declines in the constructionindustry causes and remediesrdquo AECbytes Viewpoint vol 4no 14 2004

[4] S Seyis ldquoPros and cons of using building informationmodeling in the AEC industryrdquo Journal of ConstructionEngineering and Management vol 145 no 8 Article ID04019046 2019

[5] General Services Administration GSA Building InformationModeling Guide Series 01mdashOverview General Services Ad-ministration Washington DC USA 2007


[6] S Alizadehsalehi A Hadavi and J C Huang ldquoFrom BIM toextended reality in AEC industryrdquo Automation in Con-struction vol 116 Article ID 103254 2020

[7] R Ayman Z Alwan and L McIntyre ldquoBIM for sustainableproject delivery review paper and future development areasrdquoArchitectural Science Review vol 63 no 1 pp 15ndash33 2020

[8] J Wu and J Zhang ldquoNew automated BIM object classificationmethod to support BIM interoperabilityrdquo Journal of Com-puting in Civil Engineering vol 33 no 5 Article ID 040190332019

[9] Autodesk IncAutodesk Building Industry Solutions BuildingInformation Modeling (White Paper) Autodesk Inc SanRafael CA USA 2002

[10] S Azhar M Hein and B Sketo Building InformationModeling ( BIM ) Benefits Risks and ChallengesAuburnUnivercity Auburn Alabama 2007

[11] C M Eastman Ed BIM Handbook A Guide to BuildingInformation Modeling for Owners Managers Designers En-gineers and Contractors Wiley Hoboken NJ USA 2008

[12] T L McCuen P C Suermann and M J KroguleckildquoEvaluating award-winning BIM projects using the nationalbuilding information model standard capability maturitymodelrdquo Journal of Management in Engineering vol 28 no 2pp 224ndash230 2012

[13] NIBS United States National Building Information ModelingStandard Version 1mdashPart1 Overview Principles and Meth-odologies National Institute of Building Sciences Wash-ington DC USA 2007

[14] Indiana University Building InformationModeling Guidelinesand Standards Forarchitects Engineers and ContractorsUniversity Architectrsquos Office Bloomington IN USA 2009

[15] B Succar ldquoBuilding information modelling framework aresearch and delivery foundation for industry stakeholdersrdquoAutomation in Construction vol 18 no 3 pp 357ndash375 2009

[16] R Sebastian and L van Berlo ldquoTool for benchmarking BIMperformance of design engineering and construction firms in)e Netherlandsrdquo Architectural Engineering and DesignManagement vol 6 no 4 pp 254ndash263 2010

[17] J Messner ldquoBIM planning guide for facility ownersrdquo inComputer Integrated Construction Research Program)ePennsylvania State University University Park PA USA2013

[18] B Giel and R R A Issa ldquoFramework for evaluating the BIMcompetencies of facility ownersrdquo Journal of Management inEngineering vol 32 no 1 Article ID 04015024 2016

[19] J Du R Liu and R R A Issa ldquoBIM Cloud score bench-marking BIM performancerdquo Journal of Construction Engi-neering and Management vol 140 no 11 Article ID04014054 2014

[20] C Liang W Lu S Rowlinson and X Zhang ldquoDevelopmentof a multifunctional BIM maturity modelrdquo Journal of Con-struction Engineering and Management vol 142 no 11Article ID 06016003 2016

[21] Y Chen H Dib R F Cox M Shaurette andM VorvoreanuldquoStructural equation model of building information modelingmaturityrdquo Journal of Construction Engineering and Man-agement vol 142 no 9 Article ID 04016032 2016

[22] S Siebelink J T Voordijk and A Adriaanse ldquoDevelopingand testing a tool to evaluate BIM maturity sectoral analysisin the Dutch construction industryrdquo Journal of ConstructionEngineering and Management vol 144 no 8 Article ID05018007 2018

[23] H Solli-Saeligther and P Gottschalk ldquo)e modeling process forstage modelsrdquo Journal of Organizational Computing ampElectronic Commerce vol 20 no 3 pp 279ndash293 2010

[24] R L Nolan ldquoManaging the computer resourcerdquo Commu-nications of the ACM vol 16 no 7 pp 399ndash405 1973

[25] R L Nolan ldquoManaging the crisis in data processingrdquoHarvardBusiness Review vol 57 1979

[26] J V de Carvalho A Rocha and J B de VasconcelosldquoMaturity models for hospital information systems man-agement are they maturerdquo in Innovation in Medicine andHealthcare 2015 Y-W Chen C Torro S TanakaR J Howlett and L C Jain Eds Springer New York NYUSA 2016

[27] P Gottschalk ldquoToward a model of growth stages forknowledge management technology in law firmsrdquo InformingScience 9e International Journal of an Emerging Trans-discipline vol 5 pp 079ndash093 2002

[28] W Dai M Zhang K Wu and Y Hu ldquoImproved chaoticparticle swarm optimization algorithm and valuation basedon Nolan model thinkingrdquo Control and Decision vol 30no 12 pp 2121ndash2128 2015

[29] A Duane and P OrsquoReilly ldquoA conceptual stages of growthmodel for managing an organisations social media businessprofile (SMBP)rdquo in Proceedings of the the 9irty 9ird In-ternational Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) ldquoDigitalInnovation in the Service Economy Orlando FL USA De-cember 2012

[30] CMMI Product Team Capability Maturity Model Integration(CMMI) Version 12 Overview Software Engineering Insti-tute Los Angles CA USA 2007

[31] J David Paton-Romero M T Baldassarre M Rodrıguez andM Piattini ldquoMaturity model based on CMMI for governanceand management of Green ITrdquo IET Software vol 13 no 6pp 555ndash563 2019

[32] CMMI Product Team CMMI for Services Version 13 Soft-ware Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh PA USA 2010

[33] D Tilson K Lyytinen and C Soslashrensen ldquoResearch com-mentary-digital infrastructures the missing IS researchagendardquo Information Systems Research vol 21 no 4pp 748ndash759 2010

[34] P Wang S Ge N Wang Y Pan and N Ren ldquoMIS 40research for industrie 40rdquo Computer IntegratedManufacturing Systems vol 22 no 07 pp 1812ndash1820 2016

[35] J Holmstrom V Singh and K Framling ldquoBIM as infra-structure in a Finnish HVAC actor network enablingadoption reuse and recombination over a building life cycleand between projectsrdquo Journal of Management in Engineeringvol 31 no 1 Article ID A4014006 2015

[36] B Succar ldquoBuilding information modelling maturity matrixrdquoHandbook of Research on Building Information Modeling andConstruction Informatics pp 65ndash103 2010

[37] G Yilmaz A Akcamete and O Demirors ldquoA referencemodel for BIM capability assessmentsrdquo Automation inConstruction vol 101 pp 245ndash263 2019


representation of the facility embedded with detailed infor-mation for current and future construction projects [6] fromwhich views appropriate to various usersrsquo needs can be extractedand analyzed to generate feedback and improvement of thefacility design BIM provides revolutionary ways of generatingvisualizing exchanging predicting andmonitoring information[7] it improves collaboration among different stakeholders suchas planners designers structural engineers construction man-agers and field workers and it ultimately improves the per-formance and quality of construction products [8] GenerallyBIM can be used at every construction project phase for vi-sualization change management code reviews collision de-tection fabrication communication and collaboration andfacility management [9ndash11] In recent years BIM has beenapplied to and contributed great benefits to many giant andcomplicated construction projects For example in BeijingNational Aquatics Center China shorter schedules and im-proved sustainability building performance fire protection andsafety were implemented using BIM [10] In the HiltonAquarium Atlanta Georgia BIM was applied to design coor-dination clash detection and work sequencing a $600000 costbenefit was attributed to the elimination of clashes and schedulebenefits amounted to 1143 saved hours [11]

Due to the technical limitation the labor productivity of thetraditional construction industry is always at a low level BIMcan reduce the cost of construction projects shorten the con-struction period and reduce the workload of personnel and theintroduction of BIM technology provides a solution to the long-term shackles in the construction process and improves pro-duction efficiency However besides the change of productiontools the change of production process and project organizationin BIM adoption cannot be ignored Blind adoption of BIMwillcause more problems which goes against the original intentionof BIM development With the recognition of BIM advantagesand the exposure of BIM problems the implementation effectand technology development of BIM have been graduallyconcerned maturity model focusing on BIM software capabilityis proposed tomeasure the capability of BIM but the function ofBIM is not only related to software technology

)is paper proposes a BIM application maturity model（BIM-AMM）from the perspective of the practical applicationof BIM in the project referring to Nolanrsquos Stages-of-GrowthModel in management information system and CapabilityMaturity Model Integration (CMMI) in software developmentand management which provides a prediction tool for the reallevel of BIM application in different actual projects carries out acomprehensive preevaluation of the project BIM conditionsprovides a basis for improving the BIM shortcomings of dif-ferent projects and further extends the research of BIMmaturityto the early stage of the project a stage of the project that caneffectively control the risk which provides a new research ideafor the research of BIM maturity

2 Literature Review

21 BIM-Related Maturity Model For better application ofBIM the BIM Capability Maturity Model (BIM-CMM)mdashanimportant part of research promoting BIM usemdashhas beenstudied significantly

Based on the CMM the National Institute of BuildingSciences (NIBS) established an interactive BIM-CMM inwhich 11 areas of interest are included (data richness lifecycle views change management roles or disciplines busi-ness process timelinessresponse delivery method graphicalinformation spatial capability information accuracy andinteroperabilityIFC support) and the weight and maturitylevel of each area is defined [12 13])e IU BIM productivitymatrix developed by the University of Indiana contains 32metrics and 5 maturity levels [14] Succar presented a BIMresearch and delivery framework and its maturity stage-smdashpre-BIM object-based modeling model-based collabo-ration network-based integration and integrated projectdeliverymdashand pointed out that BIM tools are immature withregard to scalability interoperability and support for remotecollaboration [15] BIM QuickScan (BIMQ) is proposed byRizal Sebastian and van Berlo [16] of the Netherlands In-stitute of Building Environment and Earth Sciences It isdivided into organization and management mentality andculture information structure and information flow whichare used to evaluate the ability of BIM service institutions toprovide BIM BIM Planning Guide for Facility Owners v20was released in 2013 to guide the project team to complete theBIM implementation planning process which contains sixkey BIM planning elements )e maturity of each element isdivided into six levels which indicates the advanced processof the maturity of application elements in the organizationfrom not being applied to being fully applied [17] )e au-thors of [18] developed a framework for building owners in2013 to assess BIM capabilities to improve the BIM re-quirements of the owners BIMCloud Score was developed in2014 including 6 main measurement aspects and 19 mea-surement indicators to evaluate the maturity level of BIMmodeling technology [19] Liang et al [20] proposed that thedevelopment of BIM is not only about BIM technology butalso related to processes and protocols and developed amultifunctional BIM maturity model from the three levels oftechnology process and protocol Chen et al [21] sum-marized and discussed BIMM- (Building InformationModeling Maturity-) related academic achievements fromthe aspects of information management process manage-ment and technology management Siebelink et al [22]developed a BIM maturity model which focused on thetechnical and organizational aspects of BIM

It can be seen that these existing studies mainly focus onthe technology capability maturity of BIM itself and not theapplication maturity of BIM using an actual constructionproject In fact whether BIM is successful is affected bymany factors besides BIM itself such as the ownerrsquos attitudeto BIM related laws and codes )e differences betweenBIMrsquos application maturity model (BIM-AMM) and BIM-CMM can be seen in Figure 1 In Figure 1 the overlap ofBIM and CMM is BIM-CMM which has been studied bymany scholars and organizations [13 15] the overlap of BIMand applying environment (which refers to the interior andexterior environment relative to some technology applica-tion in practice) is the BIM application model (BIM-AM)the overlap between CMM and applying environment is theCMM application model (CMM-AM)












BIM-CMM BIM-AM

BIM-AMM


Model

ApplyingEnvironment

Research




CMM-AM











Related work


Section 1Background

Section 5Findings

Section 4Case study



BIM-AMM






BIM-AMM











422 Society Issues








Stage 3 integration













BIM-CMM [13]






Infrastructure











requirements

BIM maturity [22]






























Si 1N

1113944

N

j1Sij (1)



ConsultantsG

over

nor

Regulatory

Technology

Society

Participant

BIM PROJECT


Soware

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy





(TE-1)

(TE-2)

(TE-3)

(SO-1)

(SO-2)

(SO-3)

(PA-1)

(PA-2)

(PA-3)

(PA-4)

Network Hardware

Coordination

Owner

Policy

Infrastructure


BIM Facilities




Appl

icatio

n











system


3


disciplines


system






restoration system








shortcomings







perfectly





project


made no investments


application



manager


in BIM usage


application





application



project management






End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again


















32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References


















































BIM-CMM BIM-AM

BIM-AMM


Model

ApplyingEnvironment

Research




CMM-AM











Related work


Section 1Background

Section 5Findings

Section 4Case study



BIM-AMM






BIM-AMM











422 Society Issues








Stage 3 integration













BIM-CMM [13]






Infrastructure











requirements

BIM maturity [22]






























Si 1N

1113944

N

j1Sij (1)



ConsultantsG

over

nor

Regulatory

Technology

Society

Participant

BIM PROJECT


Soware

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy





(TE-1)

(TE-2)

(TE-3)

(SO-1)

(SO-2)

(SO-3)

(PA-1)

(PA-2)

(PA-3)

(PA-4)

Network Hardware

Coordination

Owner

Policy

Infrastructure


BIM Facilities




Appl

icatio

n











system


3


disciplines


system






restoration system








shortcomings







perfectly





project


made no investments


application



manager


in BIM usage


application





application



project management






End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again


















32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References
















































Related work


Section 1Background

Section 5Findings

Section 4Case study



BIM-AMM






BIM-AMM











422 Society Issues








Stage 3 integration













BIM-CMM [13]






Infrastructure











requirements

BIM maturity [22]






























Si 1N

1113944

N

j1Sij (1)



ConsultantsG

over

nor

Regulatory

Technology

Society

Participant

BIM PROJECT


Soware

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy





(TE-1)

(TE-2)

(TE-3)

(SO-1)

(SO-2)

(SO-3)

(PA-1)

(PA-2)

(PA-3)

(PA-4)

Network Hardware

Coordination

Owner

Policy

Infrastructure


BIM Facilities




Appl

icatio

n











system


3


disciplines


system






restoration system








shortcomings







perfectly





project


made no investments


application



manager


in BIM usage


application





application



project management






End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again


















32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References
















































422 Society Issues








Stage 3 integration













BIM-CMM [13]






Infrastructure











requirements

BIM maturity [22]






























Si 1N

1113944

N

j1Sij (1)



ConsultantsG

over

nor

Regulatory

Technology

Society

Participant

BIM PROJECT


Soware

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy





(TE-1)

(TE-2)

(TE-3)

(SO-1)

(SO-2)

(SO-3)

(PA-1)

(PA-2)

(PA-3)

(PA-4)

Network Hardware

Coordination

Owner

Policy

Infrastructure


BIM Facilities




Appl

icatio

n











system


3


disciplines


system






restoration system








shortcomings







perfectly





project


made no investments


application



manager


in BIM usage


application





application



project management






End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again


















32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References














































BIM-CMM [13]






Infrastructure











requirements

BIM maturity [22]






























Si 1N

1113944

N

j1Sij (1)



ConsultantsG

over

nor

Regulatory

Technology

Society

Participant

BIM PROJECT


Soware

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy





(TE-1)

(TE-2)

(TE-3)

(SO-1)

(SO-2)

(SO-3)

(PA-1)

(PA-2)

(PA-3)

(PA-4)

Network Hardware

Coordination

Owner

Policy

Infrastructure


BIM Facilities




Appl

icatio

n











system


3


disciplines


system






restoration system








shortcomings







perfectly





project


made no investments


application



manager


in BIM usage


application





application



project management






End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again


















32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References













































Si 1N

1113944

N

j1Sij (1)



ConsultantsG

over

nor

Regulatory

Technology

Society

Participant

BIM PROJECT


Soware

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy





(TE-1)

(TE-2)

(TE-3)

(SO-1)

(SO-2)

(SO-3)

(PA-1)

(PA-2)

(PA-3)

(PA-4)

Network Hardware

Coordination

Owner

Policy

Infrastructure


BIM Facilities




Appl

icatio

n











system


3


disciplines


system






restoration system








shortcomings







perfectly





project


made no investments


application



manager


in BIM usage


application





application



project management






End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again


















32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References
















































system


3


disciplines


system






restoration system








shortcomings







perfectly





project


made no investments


application



manager


in BIM usage


application





application



project management






End

No

Yes Yes

Assess again


















32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References


















































32 36 38 36 34 352





apply20 28 20 20 24 224







352

32

296

224

241522

12

156

128

Software

Hardware

Network

Laws and codes

Standards

Policy

Person with ability










6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References












































6 Conclusions











Applicationphase



















Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References














































Data Availability


Additional Points




Acknowledgments


References








































Building Information Modeling Application Maturity Model ...

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