BUILDING GREEN VIA DESIGN FOR

DECONSTRUCTION AND ADAPTIVE REUSE  

By

Tarek Saleh and Abdol Chini

Rinker School of Building ConstructionUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, FL - USA

CMS 2009 Conference

University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands12-15 June 2009

 

I. Background Informationi. Green End-of-Use Optionsii. LEED-NC Assessment System

II. Problem Statementi. Building Demolitionii. Consumption of Building Materialsiii. Environmental Concerns

III. Design for Deconstructioni. Overviewii. LEED-NC and Design for Deconstructioniii. CASE STUDY: Global Ecology Research Center

IV. Design for Adaptive Reusei. Overviewii. LEED-NC and Design for Adaptive Reuseiii. Case Study: Corporate HQ Renovation for Multiple Lifecycles

V. Information Documentationi. Building Information Modeling

VI. Close Out

Green End-of-Use OptionsBuilding Reuse

RenovationRelocationAdaptation

Component Reuse

Similar or Different ApplicationHigh/Low Value Use

Material Reuse

Similar or Different ApplicationHigh/Low Value Use

Material Recycling

Up-cyclingRe-cyclingDown-cycling

Construction ConsumptionWorldwide

Co2 Emissions

Sustainable or “Green” Building• is an outcome of a design which focuses

on increasing the efficiency of resource use — energy, water, and materials — while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment during the building's lifecycle, through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal.

Building Rating Systems

• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

(LEED) is a certification system that measures

how well a building performs in energy savings,

water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, and

improved indoor environmental quality.

Building DemolitionThe trend today is to demolish a building either when

It is no longer serving its purpose

the building’s useful life has expired

Traditional methods of demolition

Implode or “blow up” the buildings Use a crane, a wrecking ball, and a front-end loader.

147 MT/year of C&D waste due to renovations/demolition in USA

59 MT (40%) are being recycled 88 MT are being landfilled

Design for Deconstruction

A concept that emerged in the 1990s

to reduce the environmental impacts from landfilling and increase

the stream of used and recycled building materials

At the design stage, architects and engineers should:

Select building elements and materials that could potentially be

recovered for reuse and recycling

Employ design practices that facilitate the recovery of materials

with high capacity for recycling and reuse

Advantages of Deconstruction

Environmental advantages

Preserves the embodied energy of the salvaged materials

Decreases the amount of fossil fuel for manufacturing and

transportation of new materials

Preserves landfill space

Economic advantages

Minimizes the tipping fees

Establishes a capital return on the cost of salvaged materials.

LEED-NC and Design for Deconstruction

The proposed design for deconstruction credit should consist of:

A Weight Factor (WF) for each end-of-use option

Percentages, by weight, of different materials with the capacity

for reuse, up-cycling, re-cycling, and down-cycling

An Achieved Product (AP)

The points associated with each AP bracket

The Weight Factor

Is based on the environmental benefits of the end-of-use option

End-Of-Use Option Weight Factor (WF)

Reuse 8

Up-cycle 6

Re-cycle 4

Down-cycle 2

Landfill 0

The Achieved Product (AP) Is a result of multiplying the WF of each end-of-use option by the

weight percentage of materials associated with that option.

Each AP obtained falls within a bracket that has a number of

LEED-NC points associated with it.

Achieved Product and LEED Points

Achieved Product (AP) LEED Points

AP < 1.5 No points

1.5 ≤ AP < 2 1 point

2 ≤ AP < 2.5 2 points

2.5 ≤ AP 3 points

CASE STUDY: Global Ecology Research Center

Reuse Up-cycle Re-cycle Down-cycle

Steel 0.90% 7% 0.90%Concrete 45.75%

Concrete slab 0.90% 6% 22.80%

Percentages W.F. A.P.  Reuse 1.80% 8 0.144  

Up-cycle 0% 6 0Re-cycle 13% 4 0.52  

Down-cycle 68.55% 2 1.371  Landfill 15% 0 0  

Total A.P. 2.035  

Total LEED points earned in MR Credit 8: 2

LEED-NC and Design for DeconstructionMaterial Credit 8: Design for Deconstruction

1 – 3 Points

Intent

Establish a sustainable deconstruction plan by employing design

strategies that facilitate the ease of disassembly of buildings with the

capacity for material reuse or recycling thus reducing the demand

for raw materials, minimizing waste, and reducing environmental

impacts resulting from the extraction and processing of new

materials.

RequirementsMaximize the AP by the ease of disassembly of different systems,

modular construction, and selecting building materials with the

capacity for reuse or recycling at the end of the building’s useful life.

Potential Technologies and Strategies Include components that are field connected using easily

removable mechanical fasteners.

Avoid using adhesives or welds unless they may be easily

removable to permit material reuse.

Avoid nails by using screws/bolts in wood frame connections.

Minimize the use of cast-in-place concrete and masonry laid in

Portland cement mortars.

Submittals Deconstruction Strategy Statements – a thorough description of the

different strategies that designers devised to ease the disassembly of

the material at the end of the building’s life cycle.

A list of Building’s Elements, Components, and Materials –

including their expected service life, weight, and end of life options

A Set of the Deconstruction Blueprints and Drawings –

including all the design information and specifications such as key

structural properties, locations of wiring systems, and photographs

of connections used. Ideally the blueprints should be digital, made

readily available, and kept up to date.

Calculations 

% of materials reused = Total weight of materials designed for reuse (tons) x100% Total weight of the project (tons) % of materials up-cycled = Total weight of materials designed for up-cycling (tons) x100% Total weight of the project (tons) % of materials re-cycled = Total weight of materials designed for recycling (tons) x100% Total weight of the project (tons) % of materials down-cycled = Total weight of materials designed for down-cycling (tons)x100% Total weight of the project (tons) 

Design for Adaptive Reuse

Designing for adaptive reuse requires architects and engineers to:

to recover the majority of the building’s components: exterior

walls, roofs, foundations, decking, exterior skin and frames

to reconfigure the majority of the interior non-structural

elements: interior walls, doors, floor coverings, ceiling systems

permits renovations that preserve the structures’ material values

for the building to host a new function. It is important due to:

The rapid change of work that demands more inventive and

flexible work place designs. The increase in rebuilding costs, the focus on the environmental

drawback of new buildings, and the effects of obsolescence.

Overview The quality of a building is measured by its potential to be

transformed from a spatial to a material concept.

Building Performance Advantages

More Efficient Use of SpaceIncreases LongevityImproves Operating Performance

Environmental BenefitsReduces Embodied and Replacement Energy

Reduces amount of demolition waste

Economic BenefitsLowers the initial costs for the purchase and transportation of new materials for a new buildingQuicker and significantly less expensive renovation process

Federal, state, and local tax incentives

LEED-NC and Design Adaptive Reuse

The proposed credit is intended for architects and engineers to

design a flexible building that has the ability to adapt the majority of

its exterior shell and most of its interior non-structural components

during its life cycle to major renovations leading to a new building

use with minor changes to the structural integrity of the building.

There are a number of reasons that cause building modifications, renovations, and even a complete destruction:

Change in ownership

Alternate demography and residential units

Future growth and expansion

LEED-NC and Design Adaptive Reuse

Material Credit 9: Design for Adaptive Reuse

1 - 3 points

Intent

Coordinate designs for building interior modules and building

structural system that permit reconfigurations of space layout

increasing the longevity of buildings, improving its operating

performance, and allowing for spatial flexibility for future reuse.

LEED-NC and Design Adaptive Reuse

Requirements

MR Credit 9.1 – ADAPTIVE REUSE: Maintain 75% of Building elements1 point

Design for maintaining 75% of building elements based on surface area such as existing walls, floors, and roofs in the structure and envelope

MR Credit 9.2 – ADAPTIVE REUSE: Maintain 95% of Building elements1point

Design for maintaining an additional 20% (95% total based on surface area) of building elements such as existing walls, floors, and roofs in the structure and envelope.

MR Credit 9.3 – ADAPTIVE REUSE: Maintain 50% of Building’s Interior

1 point

Design for recovering 50% based on surface area of the interior non-structural elements of the building such as the interior walls, doors, floor coverings, ceiling systems, and so on.

Potential Technologies and Strategies

Design the building for flexibility by choosing a structural

system that allows spaces to be reconfigured such as simple

consolidation of MEP service points within the building reducing

the length of lines and the points of entanglement and conflict

with other elements.

Consider also designing access pathways for changes to building utilities and infrastructure.

Adopt the “open-space” concept when designing offices with modular wall panel systems.

LEED-NC and Design Adaptive ReuseSubmittals

Reconfiguration strategy statements - Architects and engineers shall provide statements

presenting detailed strategies as to how and to what extend the building’s structural and

spatial adaptability is provided.

A list of building’s elements, components, and materials - includes the specifications of the

elements, components, and materials used in constructing the building in addition to their

expected service life and a proposed handling strategy during the building’s rehabilitation

process.

A set of the reconfiguration blueprints and drawings – Architects and engineers shall

include building plans and detailed specifications elaborating on specific design strategies

justifying the adaptability features. Ideally the blueprints should be digital, made readily

available, and kept up to date.

Calculations

% of recovered interior components = Area of interior components designed for recovery(sm) x100% Total area of interior components (sm) % of recovered structural envelope = Area of structural envelope designed for recovery (sm) x100% Total area of structural envelope (sm)

Building Information Modeling

The BIM schedule should include: Different materials quantities and weights, End-of use options for these materials, The surface area of different structural elements and non-structural components,

Suggested deconstruction and/or reconfiguration strategies associated with the different materials, components, and elements.

This study suggests that different information related to the

deconstruction or reconfiguration of the building should be

embedded directly in a schedule in the BIM model.

Close Out The environmental and economical outcomes of designing for

adaptive reuse or deconstruction deserve a better recognition.

The USGBC should recognize the magnitude of these outcomes

by offering two separate credits, for an added total of six points in

the Material and Resources category. Material Resources Credit 8 – Design for Deconstruction

Material Resources Credit 9 – Design for Adaptive Reuse

Owners, investors, and stakeholders will be more willing to invest

in pursuing these points and in turn expanding their environmental

gains and benefiting from the long-term return on their investment.

Thank You!