Building Energy Efficiency and the Role of Utilitiescs620/EE_Buildings.pdfBuilding Energy Efficiency...
Transcript of Building Energy Efficiency and the Role of Utilitiescs620/EE_Buildings.pdfBuilding Energy Efficiency...
1 January 2014 Prasad Vaidya
Building Energy Efficiency and the
Role of Utilities January 2014
Prasad Vaidya
2 January 2014 Prasad Vaidya
A Building is not a Car
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Outline
Challenges and Opportunities Design
Construction
Operations
Intro to Simulation Tool Utility Involvement Proposed Utility Program for Mumbai Discussion
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Challenges and Opportunities
Design
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Building Energy Consumption Growth
Source: 18th Electric Power Survey
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Ahmedabad Surat Pune Nagpur Mumbai Chennai Bangalore
MU
Consumption Growth from FY11-22
Comm
Res
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Higher Commercial Consumption Growth
Source: 18th Electric Power Survey
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
Ahmedabad Surat Pune Nagpur Mumbai Chennai Bangalore
Consumption Growth from FY11-FY22
Comm
Res
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The Need
Mumbai will add about 32 Million SF of commercial floorspace per year till 2016.
Typical buildings consume 30% more energy than ECBC levels.
Less than 1% of new the building stock achieves green building certification.
Current rating systems do not ensure performance.
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The Opportunity
We already know how to do super-efficient buildings
New construction allows us to lock in efficiency for the life of the building
New construction offers the opportunity for design optimization
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Typical Weekday Loadshapes
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Source: DSM Plans and Reports from Utilities
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Loadshapes – Cumulative and Impact of Commercial Building EE
Assumes equal contribution from each consumer type
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
CommericalEE
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Whole Building Energy Performance
~250 kWh/m2
~175 kWh/m2
~80 kWh/m2
BAU ECBC Infosys -Hyd
~60 kWh/m2
CEPT-Amd
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Savings Opportunity with Design
30 50
110
190
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Envelope Products (Insulation + Glazing)
Envelope Products + Architectural Design
Whole Building Product Upgrades
kWh/
sqm
savi
ngs
Savings product and equipment upgrades
Savings with performance focused design
Whole Building Product Upgrades +
Design
30 30
20
110 110
80
Typical Office Building – Warm Humid Climate
Note: EPI for BAU ~250 kWH/sqm and EPI for ECBC ~175 kWH/sqm
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Infosys - Hyderabad
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CEPT NZE - Ahmedabad
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NZE Features
North-South Orientation
Daylight Autonomy for 300 L and 75% time for over 90% of spaces
Window to Wall Ratio 19%
Shading and light shelves on South
U-factor Wall: 0.78, Roof 0.41
Glazing: U 1.59, SHGC, 0.31/0.21, VT 0.6/0.41
Lighting at 4.7 W/m2 with daylighting and vacancy sensor control of lights
Office equipment control with occupancy sensor control
Mixed mode ventilation and zoning for level of conditioning
Radiant cooling floor and ceiling panels for simulation lab and basement floor
VRF for Dedicated Outdoor Air System at 3.51 COP with CO2 control, VRF for equipment rooms 3.51 COP
Air cooled chiller 3.35 COP (ARI)
Passive cooling in non summer months with underground tank and evaporative fluid cooler
Premium efficiency pump motors with VFDs
Rooftop PV 27 kW
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What happens in
Construction
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Design Construction Process Map
Concept Design
Preliminary Design
Detailed Design
Contract Negotiation
Construction 4-8 weeks 4-8 weeks 6-12 weeks 4-6 weeks
One concept selected
Building footprint structure
fixed
Tender documents
ready
Construction Start
ULB Permit 8-20 weeks
9 months min Interiors Occupancy
2 months min
Occupancy Certificate
4 months – 10 months 9 months – 3 years
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Energy Efficiency Potential – Timeline
Design Construction Operation Pre-Design
Pote
ntia
l for
ene
rgy
Savi
ngs
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Implementation Success Study
50%
70%
90%
Selection Draft CD Review
CD Review Draft Field Verification
Verification
Project Stage
Implementation Rate
100% 96%
100%
78%
88% 85%
88%
91% 94%
82%
2005 (9 projects) 2004 (14 projects) Program Average (24 projects)
92% 88%
80%
91%
Source: Greden 2006
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Selection Construction Documents Construction
Mechanical Lighting Design/Controls
Glazing Envelope Insulation
Daylighting Controls
Implementation Success by Measure
Source: Greden 2006
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Daylighting Controls – No Coordination
Source: Vaidya 2005
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Lights are always on at the same level, even after dark. The lighting level is less than full load, suggesting dimming, but always to the same level regardless of daylight.
Lab Lights 2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
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3.0
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4.0
4.5
0:01
0:56
1:51
2:46
3:41
4:36
5:31
6:26
7:21
8:16
9:11
10:0
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11:0
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11:5
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12:5
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13:4
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14:4
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15:3
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16:3
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17:2
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18:2
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19:1
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20:1
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21:0
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22:0
1
22:5
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23:5
1
Time
Amps
Calculated Potential Amps Measured Amps
Lights are always on at the same level, even after dark. The lighting level is less than full load, suggesting dimming, but always to the same level regardless of daylight.
Classroom and Lab Building
Source: The Weidt Group 2005
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Photosensor looks directly at the electric lights
Classroom and Lab Building
Source: Vaidya 2005
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What about
Operations
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Effect of Training and Monitoring
Source: HVAC Training and Quality Assurance, Tom Downey, Proctor Engineering Group, Ltd.
Measured Savings as a Percent of Achievable Savings (Running Average)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Disaster when Feedback was Removed Production with Feedback Maintained Program Startup, Learning Curve with Technician Feedback
Monthly Data
Source: The Weidt Group
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Long-term Energy Performance
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Assisted Scenario
Integrity Scenario
Unassisted Scenario
Milestone
CNC History
Tom Downey Effect
Performance Goal
Source: The Weidt Group
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Submetered Energy Use
Monitoring system displays energy enduse data It also displays the modeled energy use Online web enabled interface to view, compare and download data
The system provides data on current performance
Source: The Weidt Group
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Comparing Metered and Modeled
On a daily basis, the lighting energy matches pretty close to the modeled value. However, the actual operation may differ.
Source: The Weidt Group
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Comparing Metered and Modeled
The hourly data shows that the lighting during occupied hours is less than modeled; however the lighting during unoccupied hours is much higher
Source: The Weidt Group
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Expected vs Actual Performance
Source: Frankel 2008
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Is this the right conclusion?
Although in aggregate the energy modeling in the sample above accurately predicted sample-wide energy savings (except for high energy buildings), the degree of variation in predictive accuracy on individual projects was substantial. It is clear that much work needs to be done to better align energy modeling accuracy with actual building performance outcome if this tool, as currently implemented, is to effectively serve the design community in delivering high performance buildings. The wide variability of energy modeling accuracy on an individual project basis implies significant flaws in any life-cycle energy savings comparisons undertaken by the affected projects, and calls into question how effectively this tool is used to predict the performance outcome of any given project. There is a clear need for better data on actual building use characteristics to better correlate modeling inputs with building use characteristics. –Frankel 2008
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Reasons for Variation
Simulation tool defaults are not appropriate
Modelers assumptions are not correct Building is built differently Building is occupied and operated
differently Actual weather is different
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Simulation Tools
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ECOnirman WBP Compliance Tool
eetools.in
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Utility Involvement
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Market Transformation
Increasing Energy Efficiency
Number of buildings
Laggards Middle of the market
Early Adopters
Codes Standards
Incentive Programs
Rating and Recognition
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Codes / Incentives / Rating
Energy Conservation Building Code - 2007 Sets minimum standard that is enforced by local
governments in the building proposal approval
Incentives offset first costs Tax rebates
Utility DSM programs
Rating, Labeling and Recognition programs LEED
GRIHA
BEE 5 Star Rating
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Status of ECBC at State Level
Notification Issued Rajasthan, Odisha, &
Puducherry
Notification in progress UP, Karnataka and
Uttarakhand
Amendment Initiation Punjab, Kerala, Gujarat
Next, in 2013 MP, Haryana, Chhattisgarh,
AP, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra
Notification Issued
Notification in Progress
Amendment Initiation
Next, in 2013
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Rating and Recognition Programs As of June 2013
BEE’s Star Rating Program 136 buildings awarded star rating
Of these 33 have a 5-star rating
LEED – India 362 buildings certified
2,111 buildings registered in the program
GRIHA 17 buildings certified
350 buildings registered in the program
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DSM Programs in the USA
Cost of Conserved Energy: $0.012 to 0.028 per kWh
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Utility Program Examples
Intervention Types Capacity building potential
Persistence of learning
Utility account-ability to the
SERCs
Involvement of utility
personnel in program
Specific to a building
project
Training and Resource Center High MediumB Low Medium No
Component Rebates Low Low High Low with good tools Yes
Design review with recommendations Medium Medium High High Yes
Whole Building performance incentive Low Low High High Yes
Design assistance with incentives High High High Medium Yes
Codes and Standards Depends High Negotiated High No
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Proposed Program For Mumbai
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The Need
Mumbai will add about 32 Million SF of commercial floorspace per year till 2016.
Typical buildings consume 30% more energy than ECBC levels.
Less than 1% of new the building stock achieves green building certification.
Current rating systems do not ensure performance.
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The Opportunity
Exceeding ECBC by 10% can save more than 100 kWh/m2/year, and peak demand by 50% compared to BAU buildings.
With a mature program we could save 192 MU and 40 MW peak demand over 3 years in Mumbai.
A pilot program can save 24 MU and 5 MW of peak demand.
Building Design provides opportunity for much larger savings
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Barriers to EE identified
Lack of public awareness and thus the absence of a premium for energy efficient real estate
Cost of energy efficiency technologies and the unwillingness of developers or owners to look beyond a 2-3 year payback
Owners/ developes do not get reliable ROI information.
Cost of getting objective energy and financial analysis
Lack of expertise for EE in the larger design industry
Lack of easy design and analysis tools
Designers experience a 10% increase in effort for EE.
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Program Overview
Program Baseline is ECBC performance
Savings are Certified by BEE recognized professionals or institutions
Design Assistance to Design Professionals and Customers provided by empanelled experts
Performance Incentive to Design Professionals for achieving program performance criteria
Performance Incentive to Customers for achieving program performance criteria
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Program Target Market
Non Residential Residential
Speculative Real Estate
Owner Occ.
Whole Building Opportunity
Tenant Fit out Opportunity
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Program Performance Criteria
Whole Building Design Exceed ECBC Whole Building performance by
10%
Lighting System Design Exceed ECBC Lighting System performance
by 25%
HVAC System Design Exceed ECBC HVAC system performance by
25%
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Design Assistance Activities
Building Permit
Occupancy Begins
Design Meetings,
Modeling, and Design Review
M&V and Certification
of Savings
Design Document
Review
Construction Review, Site Inspection
Typical Design, Construction and Occupancy
Program Activities for Design Assistance and M&V
Construction Begins
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M&V Methodology
Savings calculations using Appendix B to ECBC and IPMVP Volume III, Option D or Option B.
The participants install end-use sub-meters for lighting and HVAC energy end uses.
After Construction: On site verification of measures installed and project savings and incentives.
After 1 year of Operation: Calibrated energy models to calculate actual savings and incentives.
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Pilot Program Benefit Costs
1,000,000 SF per year Cost of Conserved Energy (CCE) With EUL of 20 years = 1.19
With EUL of 10 years = 1.54
With EUL of 5 years = 2.37
CCE is the additional cost that must be invested in order to implement an energy efficiency measure; CCE includes not only the cost of the measure itself but the interest on money borrowed to pay for it.
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Stakeholders
Building Industry Practitioners Corporate Owners Academic Institutions Professional Industry Organizations Certification Agency Non-profit Advocacy Groups Regulatory Commission Utilities
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Discussion Points
What are the implementation challenges? What’s in it for the utility? What’s in it for the public? What are the challenges of selling this? Who else could be partners in cost or
benefits? Which stakeholders have not been listed?
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Acknowledgements
Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation Institute for Sustainable Performance of Buildings
Regulatory Assistance Project CEPT University
The Weidt Group USAID