BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

ASSIGNMENT -2SUBMITTED BY :

PRASHANT MALLICKAYAN KAR

ASHISH KUMARNAIMISHA DAS

SUSHMA TANUJAKRISHNA KUMARPOORNIMA IYER

NAWAZ SHAIKANIKET SATONE

NONIKA RAJSRISRAVYA

LOW COST MATERIAL

DESIRED PROPERTIES • PROPER SELECTION OF MATERIALS• SHOULD BE ECOMICAL• LOW MAINTAINANCE REQUIRED• SHOULD HAVE HIGH DURABILITY• ECO-FRIENDLY• SHOULD BE EASILY AVAILABLE

DISADVANTAGES• MATERIAL MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE ALL THE TIME • MATERIAL MY NOT BE AVAILABE ALWAYS IN REQUIRED AMOUNT

TECHNIQUES ON ROOFING AND

FLOORING

INTRODUCTION• Affordable housing is a term used to describe

dwelling units whose total housing cost are deemed “Affordable” to a group of people within a specified income range.

• Structural floors/roofs account for substantial cost of a building in normal situation. Therefore, any savings achieved in floor/roof considerably reduce the cost of building.

• Traditional Cast-in-situ concrete roof involve the use of temporary Shuttering which adds to the cost of construction and time. Use roofing components where shuttering is avoided prove to be economical, fast and better in quality.

METHODS OF ROOFING• Currently, in India, the construction practice

largely follows use of RCC for roofing. The use of RCC has proliferated because of the ease with which it can be executed and a warped sense of it being stronger and cheap.

• Some of the methods are : madras terrace flat roofs

Vaults and domes pre casting or prefabrication

Materials other than RCC

MADRAS TERRACE ROOFING SYSTEM

• Wooden beams are placed upon opposite walls across the width of the room, 18 to 24 inches apart. In case room spans are wider, steel sections are placed dividing the room into shorter spans, along which teak beams run.

• High density and high strength clay bricks, made to special thin size measuring 1”x3”x6”, are used in Madras terracing.

• Properly mixed and matured lime mortar is used for bonding the flat tiles that are placed at an angle of 45o to the wall, or diagonally across the room width.

• These terrace tiles, placed on the edge, ensured tensile strength. • The roof is cured for a minimum of one week to achieve early

setting. • Thereafter, a three-inch thick layer of broken bricks or brick bats

would be laid. This layer provides the compressive strength and load bearing capacity to the roof

VAULTS AND DOMES• These are made with similar sized blocks as used

for walls. The units vary from 100mm to 150 mm thick and use of the various thicknesses is dependent upon the span.

• Both vaults and domes can be filled with light building debris like Styrofoam and mixed with clinkers to get a levelled floor above. This way the intermediate floor also takes care of the waste generated around a building.

PREFABRICATING METHODS• Some of the prefabricated roofing/flooring

components found suitable in many low cost housing projects are:

i. Precast RC Planks. ii. Prefabricated Brick Panels iii. Precast RB Curved Panels. iv. Precast RC Channel Roofing

v. Precast Hollow Slabs vi. Precast Concrete Panels

vii. L Panel Roofing viii. Trapezon Panel Roofing

ix. Un reinforced Pyramidal Brick Roof

MATERIALS OTHER THAN RCC

• Thatch is roofing made of plant stalks in overlapping layers Wheat straw, widely used in England, France and other

parts of EuropeSeagrass, used in coastal areas where there

are estuaries such as Scotland. Has a longer life than straw. Claimed to have a life in excess of 60 years.

Rye straw, commonly used in a barn.Raffia palm leaves:A well organised raffia palm leaves is

mainly used as roof houses in Nigeria especially among the Igbos.

Rice straw, commonly used in Eastern Asia.Water reed, commonly used in Ireland for Thatching.

• Shingle is the generic term for a roofing material that is in many overlapping sections, regardless of the nature of the material.

• Ceramic tile. High cost, life of more than 100 years.

• Membrane roofing. Membrane roofing is in large sheets, generally fused in some way at the joints to form a continuous surface. Thermoset membrane Liquid roofing Asphalt roll roofing Bituminous waterproofing.

• Metal roofing.

LOW COST FLOORING

TECHNIQUES

1. Cork

Cork is harvested from the bark of the cork oak tree commonly found in the forests of the Mediterranean. The trees are not cut down to harvest the bark, which will grow back every three years, making it an ideal renewable source. It has anti-microbial properties that reduce allergens in the home, is fire retardant, easy to maintain and acts as a natural insect repellent too. Cork, like wood can be finished in a variety of paints and stains to suit any color scheme or design style. Its durability allows for uses in any part of the house. Cork floors, depending on the quality, can last between 10-30 years.

2. Bamboo 

It shares similar characteristics as hardwood. It is durable, easy to maintain and is easy to install.

Bamboo, while usually very light, is available in many hues that will work in any setting or decor. Its varied grains and wide array of colors give it an edge over traditional flooring by allowing for customization

3. Linoleum

Linoleum is created from a concoction of linseed oil, cork dust, tree resins, wood flour, pigments and ground limestone. Like cork, it is fire retardant and water resistant.

It has a long shelf life and will hold up to a lot of wear and tear.

4. Vinyl flooring

Vinyl flooring give sus the variety at an efficient cost. It is available in design that resembles even hardwood and stone. It is a sort of cheap and best option available for flooring. It is stain resistant and water resistant.

Disadvantages

It is susceptible to decolouration when it comes in contact with rubber.

5. Laminate

Laminate flooring captures that grandeur of wood or stone without breaking the bank.

• It is not easily affected by moisture .• Requires less care

6. P.E.T Berber Carpet

It is made of recycled plastic bottles, and has a minimal impact to the environment.

There are several benefits to this recycled material. It is durable, spill resistant and comes in a variety of aesthetically pleasing colors and patterns. It typically has a flecked appearance making it suitable to most color schemes. There are drawbacks too. Berber can be easily snagged causing it to unravel if not repaired promptly. The recycled material can be a little rough to walk on in your bare feet. Overall, it’s a very economical material and deserves a serious look.

7. Rubber

Rubber flooring made from recycled tires is usually found at the local gym or on the neighborhood playground. It is slowly finding its way into our kitchens, sunrooms and bathrooms as a versatile, beautiful and lasting option. It is great to walk on and water resistant. It also comes in many color and pattern options.

• Brown paper Bag Flooring

• Bottle cap flooring• Painted floor• Old coin Flooring• Wine Cork Floor

UNIQUE FLOORING TECHNIQUES

Brown paper bag flooring 60Rs sq/ftThis involves everyday brown paper bags by gluing down their scraps in a random organic pattern & then covering with a thin layer of polyurethane Bottle cap flooring 30 Rs sq/ftThough it requires around 120 caps /sq.ft but yes it’s a recycled or rather reclaimedmaterial. & yes it requires a lot of dedicationBottle caps are treated like mosaic tiles. Floor is prepared with fine thin mortar and then caps are arranged in randon or pattern. Gaps are filled with groutand finished with a sealer

Painted floor < 60 Rs /sq.ft

If you are having a sturdy wooden floor but its look is a problem. Painted floors cn be the solution.just jazz the floor finish with coats of paint in your on designed pattern and colour!st slighltly sand the current floor get rid of any varnish etc. select a durable zeroVOC paint design your own floor. Though in traffic areas wear and tear will be there cover it with a coat of water based polyurethane for longer protection Old coin flooring(penny flooring) 200Rs/sq.ftThe old coins might have lost their worth now. But it can be used as flooring. Using approx. 200 oins/ sq.ft. 1st level the surface and clean it. Apply construction adhesive or epoxy glue. The key is using only as much adhesive as it is required to keep the penny down

Wine cork flooring < 60 Rs /sq.ftCork floors are beautiful and feel great under foot. But yes they are not the cheapest option. Hence a less expensive way to have a similr experience is to cover your flooer with wine corks. It’ll require around 72 corks /sq.ftFor installation 1st glue down the cork then nail them together onto the sub floor before grouting the to the egdes

THANK YOU