Building a Spectral Irradiance Scale - the basis for the ......CORM 2008 #1 Building a Spectral...
Transcript of Building a Spectral Irradiance Scale - the basis for the ......CORM 2008 #1 Building a Spectral...
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CORM 2008 #1
Building a Spectral Irradiance Scale
- the basis for the measurement of light
Arnold A. Gaertner
Institute for National Measurement Standards
National Research Council Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
CORM 2008
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York, USA
2008-June-10
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CORM 2008 #2
Outline
1. Basic light measurement
• spectral irradiance
2. Calibration Chains
• light sources
• basic NMI techniques
3. NRC-INMS Spectral Irradiance
• present scale
• comparison results
• planned scale
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CORM 2008 #3
Photometry
- how much?
- absolute measurement of a quantity (Q) of light
Colorimetry
- what colour?
Basic Light Measurement:
Q Km S( ) V ( ) d
X Km S( ) x ( ) d
Y Km S( ) y ( ) d
Z Km S( ) z ( ) d
x_
z_
y_
V,defined
S( ) = measured output of light source
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CORM 2008 #4
Photometric and Colorimetric detectors are not easy to make
Basic Light Measurement: filtered detectors
V( )
detector R( )ST ( ) V ( ) d
ST ( ) R( ) d
SS ( ) R( ) d
SS ( ) V ( ) d
Spectral Correction Factor
ST( ) and SS( ) need to be measured
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CORM 2008 #5
Basic Light Measurement: S( )
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CORM 2008 #6
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Basic Light Measurement: S( )
measured
expected
Require a known S( ) source
- absolute spectral measurements
- relative spectral measurements
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ir
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CORM 2008 #7
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
• reproducible
• stable during operation
• uniform spatial output
• sensitivity to alignment
• inverse square law behaviour
• uniform (‘smooth’) spectral output
• sensitivity to electrical operating parameters (current, voltage)
• robust
• sensitivity to handling
• small aging effect
• safety
• high internal pressure ?
• kilowatts of UV ?
• ease of use
• simple to operate
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CORM 2008 #8
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
vacuum lamps
gas-filled lamps
tungsten-halogen lamps
high-temperature black-bodies
(HTBB)
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CORM 2008 #9
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
- geometrical quantity- what part of (flux from) the light from the lamp is to be measured?
- total flux
- intensity
- radiance
- irradiance
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CORM 2008 #10
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
- total flux
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CORM 2008 #11
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
- intensity
Iflux
solidangle
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CORM 2008 #12
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
- radiance
LAp
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CORM 2008 #13
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
- irradiance
EA
flux
receiverarea
distance
orientation
unit watt m 2
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CORM 2008 #14
Basic Light Measurement: known S( ) source
EA
unit watt m 2
d
d
dE E dE
EdE
dunit watt m 2 m 1
watt cm 2 nm 1
irradiance spectral irradiance
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CORM 2008 #15
Calibration Chain: measurement of unknown lamp
Estandard
Eunknown
istandard
iunknown
E unknown
E standard
iunknown
istandard
E unknown E standard
istandardiunknown
calibration factor
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CORM 2008 #16
Calibration Chain: one link
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
transfer instrument
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CORM 2008 #17
Calibration Chain: links to ‘Standard Lamp’
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
transfer instrument
National Measurement Institute (NMI)
NMIs provide the ‘top’ of the calibration chain
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CORM 2008 #18
Calibration Chain: links to ‘Standard Lamp’
Possible methods of calibrating the ‘Standard Lamp’
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
Absolute Radiometer
Calibrated Detector
(filter radiometer)
detector based
Primary Standard Source
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
source based
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CORM 2008 #19
Calibration Chain: detector based - direct
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
Absolute Radiometer
Calibrated Detector
(filter radiometer)
detector based
i
filter radiometer
narrow wavelength band
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CORM 2008 #20
Calibration Chain: detector based - direct
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
Absolute Radiometer
Calibrated Detector
(filter radiometer)
detector based
To calibrate over an extended spectral range many filter radiometers are required
extrapolation is not valid
interpolation formula
least-squares fit to data
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CORM 2008 #21
Calibration Chain: source based
Primary Standard Source
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
source based
Synchrotron Source
e-
Black-Body Source
T
Output can be calculated from first principles
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CORM 2008 #22
Calibration Chain: source based - HTBB
Primary Standard Source
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
source based
L ,Tc1
5 expc2
T1
T=?
Planck equation
High Temperature Black Body Source
T L( ,T)
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CORM 2008 #23
Calibration Chain: detector and source based
Primary Standard Source
Standard Lamp
Unknown Lamp
Lm m,Tc1
m
5 expc2
mT1
m measured value
T
Lm
msource based
Absolute Radiometer
Calibrated Detector
(filter radiometer)
detector based
and
Measure the BB output at one wavelength
HTBB
T Lm ( m,T)i
filter radiometer
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CORM 2008 #24
Calibration Chain: present NRC scale
FEL
1000W
incandescent
quartz-halogen
1975 19901987
1985
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CORM 2008 #25
International Comparisons (CCPR)
FEL
1000W
incandescent
quartz-halogen
(2000-2004)
CCPR = Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry
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CORM 2008 #26
International Comparisons (CCPR)
FEL
1000W
incandescent
quartz-halogen
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CORM 2008 #27
International Comparisons (CCPR)
FEL
1000W
incandescent
quartz-halogen
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CORM 2008 #28
Calibration Chain: next NRC spectral irradiance scale
transfer lamps(incandescent)
working standard lamps(incandescent)
client lamps(incandescent)
Cryogenic Radiometer
Transfer Radiometer
High-Temperature
Black-Body
Filter Radiometer
absolute detector
transfer detector
calibrated source (irradiance mode)
(incandescent)
temperature measuring detector
Detectorand
Sourcebased
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CORM 2008 #29
Calibration Chain: measurement of HTBB temperature
HTBB
T Lm ( m,T)i
filter radiometer
5 filter radiometers
- all should give same T
HTBB output
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CORM 2008 #30
Calibration Chain: measurement of HTBB temperature
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CORM 2008 #31
Calibration Chain: measurement of HTBB temperature
HTBB
T Lm ( m,T)i
filter radiometer
Initial Measurements
- 5 filter radiometers
- linear pyrometer (LP3)
- Thermometry Group
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CORM 2008 #32
Calibration Chain: present/next NRC scale comparison
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CORM 2008 #33
Calibration Chain: next NRC spectral irradiance scale
transfer lamps(incandescent)
working standard lamps(incandescent)
client lamps(incandescent)
Cryogenic Radiometer
Transfer Radiometer
High-Temperature
Black-Body
Filter Radiometer
absolute detector
transfer detector
calibrated source (irradiance mode)
(incandescent)
temperature measuring detector
Detectorand
Sourcebased
transfer facility
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CORM 2008 #34
Calibration Chain: transfer facility (under construction)
Transfer standard lamps
(incandescent)
High-Temperature
Black-Body
Filter Radiometer
high temperature
blackbodytransfer standard lamps
spectroradiometerfilter radiometers
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CORM 2008 #35
Calibration Chain: transfer facility (under construction)
high temperature
blackbodytransfer standard lamps
spectroradiometerfilter radiometers
Transfer standard lamps
(incandescent)
High-Temperature
Black-Body
Filter Radiometer
transfer instrument
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CORM 2008 #36
Calibration Chain: transfer facility (under construction)
high temperature
blackbodytransfer standard lamps
spectroradiometerfilter radiometers
Transfer standard lamps
(incandescent)
High-Temperature
Black-Body
Filter Radiometer
transfer instrument
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CORM 2008 #37
Building a Spectral Irradiance Scale
1. Basic light measurement
• why spectral irradiance
2. Calibration Chains
• light sources
• basic NMI techniques
3. NRC-INMS Spectral Irradiance
• present scale
• comparison results
• planned scale
transfer lamps
(incandescent)
working standard lamps
(incandescent)
client lamps
(incandescent)
Cryogenic Radiometer
Transfer Radiometer
High-Temperature
Black-Body
Filter Radiometer
Summary
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CORM 2008 #38
Building a Spectral Irradiance Scale
C. Bamber
L.P. Boivin
F. Gauthier
R. Gerson
D.J. Woods
J.R. Pekelsky
J.C. Zwinkels
transfer lamps
(incandescent)
working standard lamps
(incandescent)
client lamps
(incandescent)
Cryogenic Radiometer
Transfer Radiometer
High-Temperature
Black-Body
Filter Radiometer
Acknowlegments