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Transcript of Building a Secure Energy Future
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Building a Secure Energy Future
Professor Steve Halls
Murdoch UniversityPerth, Western Australia
US Depart of Commerce andDepartment of Industry and Resources, Western Australia
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2100 Energy Situation 10 billion people roughly with the same standard of
living as a typical OECD citizen in 2006
Therefore, each person will use approximately
200GJ/year
This leads to an annual energy requirement of2000EJ (1 EJ = 1018J)
This is some 5 times current global energy supply.
How are we going to meet this need?
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Potential Energy Sources in 2100
Source
NegaWatts including
energy efficiency
Conventional Fossil
Fossil plus carbon
sequestration
Solar and wind
Biomass /Bioenergy
Total
Supply (EJ/yr)
1000
100
200
500
200
2000
Source - Adapted from Azar 2005
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Questions
What are the: biomass resource and modern bioenergy technologies to beused to provide heat, electric power and transport fuels atvarious scales from domestic to commercial applications?
environmentally sound indicators of most relevance to the
utilization of biomass? future development of bioenergy technologies for
greenhouse gas mitigation?
opportunities relating to the greater uptake of bioenergy
projects, particularly at the small scale?
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What is Biomass?A wide range of products originally derived from
photosynthesis which provide a chemical storeof solar energy.
What is bioenergy?Heat, light, power and transport fuels all derivedfrom biomass resources including organic waste
material (residues).
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Biomass Bioenergy
Wood process residues Forest arisings
Energy crops
Animal manures
Municipal wastes
Crop residues
Process steam Low grade heat
Electricity
Gaseous fuels
Liquid fuels
Chemical feedstocks
NOTE: Bioenergy involves a wide range oftechnologies some of which are moreenvironmentally sound than others.
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Bioenergy is a system consisting of:
a sustainably produced biomass resource; the collection and storage of the resource;
processing of the biomass to be ready for use;
conversion of biomass to useful energy forms;
useful application of the heat, power or bio-fuels produced;
any environmental emissions and resulting implications,including protection of indigenous forests and biodiversity;
social benefits and their implications for health, comfort,
rural employment, sustainable lifestyle, equity anddevelopment.
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Bioenergy is a mature technology
It provides 13 % of world consumer energy supply but mainly fromusing non-commercial firewood and animal dung in developingcountries.
Carbon sink and C arbon offset benefits are fairly well understood.
In the USA, for example 42,000 GWh of electric power is generatedyearly from wood waste etc.
4 billion litres (and growing rapidly) of bio-ethanol fuel is usedannually in the USA, as well as in Europe, Brazil etc.
600 service stations retail biodiesel in Europe.
Australian service stations are beginning to sell biodiesel
BP Australia in partnership with Primary Energy will be the largestethanol producer in Australia
Western Australia has the largest number of biofuel companies in thewhole of Australia
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Biofuels
Ethanol produced from sugar crops, whey and ligno-
cellulose by fermentation / hydrolysis / saccharification Methanol produced from biomass by gasification then
passing the Syngas over a catalyst at high pressure andtemperature
Biodiesel produced by the esterification of lipids (oils)that are derived from a variety of sources such asoilseed crops, palm oil, microalgae, animal and humanexcreta
Environmentally, biofuels have significantly lower CO2emissions.
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Bio-hydrogen and fuel cells
Fuel cells and hydrogen may be the future power
source for both vehicles and buildings followingthe growing trend towards distributed generation.
Biomass can provide fuels for fuel cells viamethane or methanol when using high
temperature fuel cells such as solid oxide designsor methanol reformers.
The biomass gasification route to produce CO andH is another option - but it must be clean gas.
Murdoch University in Western Australia hasdeveloped a bacterial battery that produces bio-hydrogen for use in miniature fuel cells
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1) Trees are grown in strips to reduce the soilsalinity problem by lowering the water table.
2) The biomass is used to produce activated
carbon, eucalyptus oils, and green electricityvia a gasification plant which earns renewableenergy certificates that can be traded .
3) A carbon sink can be claimed by the landowners.
Harvesting is the main problem yet to be solved.
The integrated oil mallee project in WesternAustralia an example of a win/win/win project.
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Conclusions Bioenergy includes a broad range of technologies used at large
and small scales in both developed and developing countries.
Bioenergy is determined by the source of biomass, land use,alternative treatments avoided for organic wastes, and the typeof energy conversion process involved.
Biomass derived energy will play a small (approximately 10
15 %), but significant contribution in meeting energy needs notonly in the year 2100 but in the near term (approx 100EJ/year in2005 = 0.5 current global food system).
A further 100 EJ/year could be derived from organic wastes also
giving rise to significant environmental benefits relating to wastedisposal.
Further technology development particularly in the area ofgasification is required along with research into distributed
generation applications.
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Thank you for your attention!
Contact details for Prof Steve Halls
E-mail: [email protected]: +61-404455943
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Carbon reduction-strategies
Reduced energy use via technical energy efficiency
measures, lifestyle changes and slowed population
growth
Reduction in the emission of CO2 per unit primaryenergy supply via increased use of renewables
(including biomass, wind, solar and hydro), nuclear
and natural gas at the expense of coal and oil
Carbon sequestration from fossil fuels and biomass
Source - Adapted from Azar 2005
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Power generation cost ranges
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SolarPV
1000MW
Wind
18,000MW
Advanced coal
CCGT
Bioenergy - combustion
125,000MW
Cost reductions from power generation project experience curves 1985 to2001 leading to further uptake of renewable energy technologies.
Biomass combustion is amature technology compared
with wind or solar PV, but whatwill be the trends for:
Biomass gasification? Pyrolysis?
Methanol hydrogen?
Distributed generation?
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Small scale bioenergytechnologies can becompared for investmentcosts and performance
efficiencies, but a full lifecycle analysis comparisonhas yet to be undertaken.